General George Washington 1 st President of the United States of America

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1 facebook Wall Photos Flair Boxes George Washington Logout General George Washington 1 st President of the United States of America Wall Info Photos Boxes Write something Share View photos of George (3) Send George a message Poke message Information Networks: NYC / Philly Birthday: Feb. 22, 1731 Political: None Religion: Anglican/Episcopalian Hometown: Pope s Creek, VA Friends Tommy J A Hams Henry Knox Edmund Martha John Adams George Washington to John Adams I am honored to have John Adams by my side to be my Vice-President. The first order, of business, get rid of this FAKE NEWS, and create a knowledgeable cabinet! March 4, 1789 Martha Washington to George Washington I am honored and inspired to support my husband as the first President of the United States of America, elected unanimously! April 30, 1789 George Washington Although I did not really want to be, I was selected as the President of the Constitutional Convention. Summer of 1787 George Washington I am honored to be the next Major General of the Continental Army!! GO USA!!!! June 14, 1775 George Washington I fought in the French and Indian War and kept my unit together when General Braddock was killed in action! George Washington become a surveyor in Culpepper County, Virginia at 17 years old 1748 George Washington I am honored to have been able to lease the property of Mount Vernon from my brothers widow since 1754, and am now purchasing it for myself. I love this place! 1862

2 facebook Wall Photos Flair Boxes Ronald Reagan Logout General George Washington 1 st President of the United States of America Wall Info Photos Boxes View photos of George (3) Send George a message Poke message Information Networks: NYC / Philly Birthday: Feb.22, 1732 Political: None Religion: Anglican/Episcopalian Hometown: Pope s Creek, VA 3 Albums Photos Me in Office Updated last week Me in War Updated Basic Information Networks: Washington D.C. Sex: Male Birthday: February General: June 15, 1775 December 23, 1783 Presidential Terms: (2) April 30, 1789 March 4, 1797 Death: December 14, 1799 (67) Hometown: Pope s Creek, Virginia Relationship Status: Married to Martha Dandridge Custis Washington Children: None. Step-Children: John Parke, Martha Parke Political Views: None (Only President to not have a political party) Religious Views: Anglican/Episcopalian Personal Information Education: Surveyor s Certificate: College of William and Mary in VA Activities: Self-Reflection, breeding French hounds with Virginia hounds to create the American foxhound, leading the Continental Army, running the country Interests: Favorite Music: Favorite Plays:: Favorite Books: Contact Information Farming tobacco and wheat, distilling whiskey Whatever they play at the balls, I love to dance all night Plays have been banned, but I make my soldiers act out my favorites Anything of Shakespeare, I own more than 1200 books Address: 3200 Mount Vernon Hwy, Mt Vernon, VA, Phone Number: Send me a postcard

3 George Washington Inaugurated: April 30, 1789 Step 1: Create a Cabinet Department of State: Thomas Jefferson Department of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Department of War: General Henry Knox Attorney General: Edmund Randolph Set the precedent for future presidents Vice President: John Adams: "the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived."

4 JOHN ADAMS John Adams Vice President

5 Judiciary Act 1789 Step 2: Passing the Judiciary Act of 1789 Provided 6 Supreme Court Justices 13 district courts, 3 courts of appeals John Jay first Chief Justice

6 Step 3: Ratify the Bill of Rights : December 15, 1791 Step 4: Address the Nations Debt American Revolution let the nation in deep debt

7 HAMILTON S FOUR PART PLAN Provide for the Assumption of the National Debt Settle accounts between the Federal and State governments Provide for the payment of the National Debt Provide for the Reduction of the National Debt

8 Nuts and Bolts Alexander Hamilton and his Assumption Plan Government needed to have the ability to borrow money 1790: asks Congress to fully ASSUME all federal and state debts $22 Million in state debt $11 Million in debt to foreign nations $43 Million to citizens (from the war) Food Horses Supplies Bonds (IOU from the government + interest) then pay off Taxes Land sales Why would Hamilton plan to accept all the debts? Wealthy creditors, bankers, and merchants would have a stake in the federal government s success and confidence in its financial stability Renew the faith in public credit

9 Paying off the debt Arguments For and Against: Dangerous centralization of power at Federal level. Boon to speculators Bought worthless notes for pennies on the dollar. Rewarding Government paid its bills Risk Citizens and veterans lose out. Fueled tension between new wealthy and War Veterans left behind Northerners owned most of the bonds and much of the tax money that would be used to pay off the bonds would come from southern states Southern states paid off their war debts why shouldn t every one else do the same? Creditors could dominate society

10 Hamilton s Concept Establishing a National Bank Needed a system to manage the debts and interest payments Issue bank notes i.e.: paper $$ Promote trade and encourage investment, stimulate the economy Opposition came from Southerners claiming: Northern merchants would own most of the bank s stock A bank is not an enumerated power of the federal government in the Constitution Jefferson strongly disagrees with its creation Increase the wealth of the already wealthy stockholders Not Constitutional Overpower the state banks Help wealthy businessmen in cities rather than farmers

11 Hamilton s Response? The Good Old Elastic Clause: Congress has the power to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution its powers If Congress can collect taxes, regulate trade, provide for common defense: Then it makes sense to have a bank Bill passes Congress Washington signs it into law with a 20 year contract

12 THE RESIDENCE ACT Madison and Jefferson would come together to convince southerners in Congress to vote for Hamilton s plan In exchange for the southerners support of the bank, they would move the capital to the border of the Potomac River, between Virginia and Maryland Offset the strength of the northern states in Congress ***THIS IS PASSED BY CONGRESS BEFORE HAMILTON S ASSUMPTION PLAN (2 WEEKS PRIOR).

13 Raising Revenue with Tariffs Tariff of 1789 Required importers to pay a % of the value of their cargo when they brought it into the US Raise money Pay off debt Protect American manufacturers from foreign competition Pass a tax on whiskey

14 Opposing a High Tariff Guess who??? The Southerners! Southern plantation owners would have to pay a higher price for imported goods and materials This is the only part of the plan that does not pass Congress

15 Consequences of Assumption Effect #1: Who benefits the most? North, wealthy, industrialists Effect #2: Sectionalism begins Intensified North vs. South differences Effect #3: Financiers win (a.k.a. Hamilton s friends) Class divisions grow: Wealthy make $ and poor get nothing! Effect #4: Farmers lose (a.k.a. Jefferson s friends) THIS BEGINS THE DIVIDE THAT RESULTS IN THE CIVIL WAR

16 Testing the New Government Remember Shay s Rebellion? What happened? The Whiskey Rebellion 1971: direct tax on manufacture of whiskey Enraged western farmers who made extra $$ by turning corn into whiskey Refused to pay the tax

17 WHISKEY REBELLION 1794: Pennsylvania farmers terrorized tax collectors, stopped court proceedings, robbed the mail, destroyed whiskey-making stills (of the ones who actually paid the tax) In July, nearly 400 whiskey rebels near Pittsburgh set fire to the home of John Neville, the regional tax collection supervisor Viewed this tax as yet another instance of unfair policies dictated by the eastern elite and negatively affected American citizens on the frontier

18 Response Washington leads 13,000 troops to put down the rebellion Upon arrival, the rebels had already dispersed without putting up resistance Militia apprehends 150 men and try them for treason Lack of 2 witnesses, only 2 men tried, Washington later pardons Not repealed until Jefferson in 1802 Washington considers this the first pass of the test of the new government

19 The Rise of Political Parties What has happened up until now that might make opposing political parties form? Ratification of the Constitution Strength of Federal Government Hamilton s Financial Plan Constitutional Interpretation

20 Federalists Led by Alexander Hamilton Strong Central government Order and Stability Ruling Power given to the wealthy and educated Government should promote manufacturing, shipping, trade Loose interpretation of the Constitution Protective tariffs protect domestic industries Favored National Bank Pro-British Supporters: John Jay John Adams

21 Democratic-Republicans Led by Thomas Jefferson Strong State governments Civil liberties and trust in the people Ruling power given to ALL landowners Government should promote agriculture Cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens Strict interpretation of the Constitution Protective tariffs burden farmers Opposed National Bank Pro-French Supporters: Aaron Burr James Madison

22 Evolution of Political Parties Think about this: How have the parties changed over time?

23 Westward Expansion People are moving into the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River How did we get this area??? Native Americans living here Friendly with the British British leave after the Revolution and the Indians have no more protection

24 Indian Wars of the Northwest Territory Since the Revolution, the Northwest Territory has had conflict between settlers and Native Americans. Treaties left the Native Americans with the land north of the Ohio River, their hunting grounds. Settlers since 1787, had been pushing into their territory Resulted in clashes and Native Americans raided the settlements Settlers wanted government intervention

25 Battle of Fallen Timbers August 20, 1794 Called this because a tornado had just taken down trees, which the Natives thought would stop the response of the Americans Last major conflict in the Northwest Territory Indian War General Anthony Wayne vs. Shawnee, Lenape, and Miami American Victory Treaty of Greenville

26 Treaty of Greenville Native Americans agree to stay to the north and west of the line and Americans would stay south and east Flow of Americans to the new land OHIO Americans give Native Americans $20,000 goods now, $9,500 goods every year

27 Foreign Affairs 1789: French Revolution Third Estate 98% of population, least representation (taxation without representation) Monarch abusing their power Break away from the Estates General Storm the Bastille (Prison fortress) for weapons Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Due Process, sovereignty among people 1791: Constitutional Monarchy Added a Legislative Branch

28 How is America involved? France French aid to US during Revolutionary War US paying debt to whichever government is in power Trade with French West Indies Britain Trade relations with British West Indies

29 The International Game Begins 1793: France declares war on Great Britain French troops occupied land in Belgium, threatened British trade routes British aiding Belgium and Austria Prussia financially America trades with both, gets stuck in the middle, has to pick only 1 BEST friend!

30 Foreign Policy Federalists: horrified by the chaos and opposes entering Democratic-Republicans: admires the fight for liberty and supports Washington: 1793: issues a Neutrality Proclamation that the US will be friendly and impartial to both nations BUT both those nations feared continued trade and began stopping American ships and seizing cargo

31 Great Britain is mean Navy intercepts all neutral ships going into French ports British soldiers (still in forts in America) were inciting Native Americans to attack western settlers Congress really close to declaring war

32 John Jay s adventure to England Avoid war Goals: 1. Payment for damages to ships/ recognition of neutrality 2. British troops out of the western territory to stop Native American attacks 3. Re-open trade with British Caribbean 4. Southern slave owners want compensation for freeing their slaves during the Revolutionary War

33 Jay s Treaty Weak negotiations US Agreement to pay debts owed to British merchants + interest Secure trade British West Indies In return British agree: Withdraw troops from America (over 18 months) Stop aiding the Native Americans GREAT BRITAIN S RESPONSE: Refuses to recognize US trade with France Will not stop impressment of US sailors

34 American Response to Jay s Treaty Angered Democratic-Republicans Accuse Federalists of being Pro-British US gave up too much and did not get much in return Federalists liked it because it kept the peace Congress fiercely against it Washington agrees to the treaty Prevents war with Great Britain Protects the fragile American economy

35 Pinckney s Treaty 1795: Spain joined Britain against France Signing of Jays Treaty made Spain nervous Spain feared that America and Britain would join forces to take Spanish territory in North America GOAL: Keep the US happy and to not join Britain

36 Pinckney s Treaty (cont d) Spain gives the US the right to navigate the Mississippi River and to use the port of New Orleans for trade Gives up claims to Ohio River Response: Won broad acceptance, especially the western farmers who wanted to use of the Mississippi River to get crops to market

37 Washington s Farewell Address 32 pages, handwritten with Alexander Hamilton Gives his core beliefs for his hope for the future of the country Warns against: Put the National Government first, NOT political parties Geographical distinctions local factors cause petty disputes Greatest threat: long-term alliances with other nations only trade with loose connections

38 FINAL THOUGHTS "NATIONAL UNION" formed the bedrock of "collective and individual happiness" for U.S. citizens. As he explained, "The name of AMERICAN, which belongs to you, in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of PATRIOTISM, more than any appellation derived from local distinctions."