About the Authors Christian Bickenbach Christian Bumke Bernd Grzeszick Roland Ismer,

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1 About the Authors Christian Bickenbach, Dr. iur., is professor of administrative law at the University of Potsdam, Faculty of Law, Germany. He studied and made his academic qualifications at the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, which confers him the venia legendi for constitutional law, administrative law and constitutional history. His research interests are among others basic rights, legislative procedural law, administrative procedural law and environmental law. His main publications are Das Bescheidungsurteil als Ergebnis einer Verpfl ichtungsklage (2006) and Die Einschätzungsprärogative des Gesetzgebers (2014). Christian Bumke, Dr. iur., holds the Commerzbank-Stiftung Chair of Foundations of Law at the Bucerius Law School in Hamburg. His publications include Die Ausgestaltung der Grundrechte (The Configuration of Fundamental Rights, 2009), Die Konstitutionalisierung der Rechtsordnung (The Constitutionalization of the Legal Order, 2000, co-authored with G.F. Schuppert) and Casebook Verfassungsrecht (2015, 7th ed., co-authored with A. Voßkuhle). Bernd Grzeszick, Dr. iur., LL.M., is professor for public law, public international law and philosophy of law at the University of Heidelberg, and director at the Heidelberg Center for American Studies. He studied law at the universities of Bonn, Freiburg and Heidelberg, and Cambridge. Before being appointed at Heidelberg, he held chairs at the universities of Münster, Erlangen-Nuremberg, and Mainz. His publications cover public law, media law, European law, public international law, history of law, and philosophy of law. Roland Ismer, Dr. iur., MSc. Econ (LSE) is a professor for Tax Law and Public Law at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany. He studied law and economics at the universities of Constance, Geneva, and Munich, as well as at the London School of Economics. He obtained his doctorate from and completed his habilitation at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich. His research focuses on tax law, legal aspects of climate change as well as law and economics. Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 K. Meßerschmidt, A.D. Oliver-Lalana (eds.), Rational Lawmaking under Review, Legisprudence Library 3, DOI /

2 406 About the Authors Ulrich Karpen, Dr. iur., is professor of constitutional and administrative law at the University of Hamburg, and has also taught at the University of Sydney and the China-EU-School of Law in Beijing. He studied in Kiel and Cologne and was Fulbright-Hays-Scholar at the University of California in Berkeley. He was a deputee in the Hamburg-State Parliament ( ), where he chaired the judicial committee, and is a member of the board of The Hamburg-Foundation for Politically Persecuted Persons. He is author of Hochschulplanung und Grundgesetz (1987, 2 vols.) and Access to Higher Education in the Federal Republic of Germany (1988), and editor of The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany (1988; Spanish version, 1992; French version, 1996); Gesetzgebungslehre neu evaluiert/ Legistics Freshly evaluated (2008); and Legislation and Legisprudence in Europe. A Comprehensive Guide for Scholars and Practitioners (2016, with H. Xanthaki). Gregor Kirchhof, Dr. iur., LL.M., is professor of public law, finance and tax law at the University of Augsburg. He studied in Freiburg, München and London, and has been scientific assistant of Prof. Dr. Dr. Udo Di Fabio at the universities of Munich (LMU) and Bonn, as well as deputy professor of state and administrative law at the LMU. His publications include Die Allgemeinheit des Gesetzes (Tübingen, 2009), Grundrechte und Wirklichkeit (Heidelberg, 2007), Öffentliches Wettbewerbsrecht (Heidelberg, 2014, co-edited with S. Korte and S. Magen) and Was weiß Dogmatik? Was leistet und wie steuert die Dogmatik des Öffentlichen Rechts (Tübingen, 2012, co-edited with S. Magen and K. Schneider). Gertrude Lübbe-Wolff, Dr. iur., Dr. h.c., LL.M. (Harvard) is professor of public law at the University of Bielefeld. She obtained her doctorate in law at the University of Freiburg and her habilitation at the University of Bielefeld. Professor Lübbe- Wolff holds the Leibniz Research Prize (2000) and the Hegel Prize (2012), and was Justice of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany (Second Senate) from 2002 to Currently, she is a Fellow at the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin. Her publications include, among many others, Die Grundrechte als Eingriffsabwehrrechte (1988), Recht und Moral im Umweltschutz (1999), Wie funktioniert das Bundesverfassungsgericht? (2015), and Die Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zum Strafvollzug und Untersuchungshaftvollzug (2016). Klaus Meßerschmidt, Dr. iur., is adjunct professor of public law at Humboldt University of Berlin and lecturer at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg. He obtained his doctorate in law at the University of Trier (1986) and his habilitation at the University of Berlin (2000). His research concentrates on legisprudence, originating from his postdoctoral thesis on legislative discretion ( Gesetzgebungsermessen ), and environmental law. His teaching interests are in constitutional and European law. His recent publications include a textbook on European Environmental Law ( Europäisches Umweltrecht, München, C. H. Beck, 2011). A. Daniel Oliver-Lalana, Dr. iur., LL.M. (Genova), is currently a Ramón y Cajal Fellow at the University of Zaragoza s Law Faculty, where he lectures on jurisprudence. His works include a book on legal communication ( Legitimidad a través de

3 About the Authors 407 la comunicación, 2011), a socio-legal study on data protection law ( Derecho y cultura de protección de datos, 2012, with J.F. Muñoz) and The Rationality and Justifi cation of Legislation (2013, co-edited with L. Wintgens). Matthias Rossi, Dr. iur., holds a chair for Public Law, European Law and Legistics at the Law Faculty of University of Augsburg. He studied law at Trier and Nancy (France) and did his practical training in Berlin, Paris and Haifa. He received a Doctor Iuris from the Humboldt-University in Berlin (1997), where he also completed his Habilitation (2004). His principal fields of research are constitutional law and European law including national and European legislation. His work also covers information law and data protection. Helmuth Schulze-Fielitz, Dr. iur., studied law and social sciences in Göttingen, Frankfurt am Main and Marburg, completed his doctorate at the University of Augsburg (1977) and his habilitation at the University of Bayreuth (1986). After his professorship at the Bundeswehr-University in Munich, he has held the chair for public law, environmental law and administration sciences at the University of Würzburg ( ). His main publications include Sozialplanung im Städtebaurecht (1979), Der informale Verfassungsstaat. Aktuelle Beobachtungen des Verfassungslebens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Lichte der Verfassungstheorie (1984), Theorie und Praxis parlamentarischer Gesetzgebung (1988), and Staatsrechtslehre als Mikrokosmos (2013). Jan Sieckmann, Dr. iur., is professor of public law at the University of Erlangen- Nürnberg. He studied law and philosophy and completed his doctorate at the University of Göttingen. After obtaining his habilitation at the University of Kiel (1997), he was appointed professor of public law at the University of Bamberg ( ). He has also been DAAD-visiting professor at the University of Buenos Aires ( ). His main fields of research are legal philosophy, argumentation theory, and human rights. He is the author of The Logic of Autonomy (Oxford, 2012) and Recht als normatives System (Baden-Baden, 2009). Angelika Siehr, Dr. iur., LL.M. (Yale), is a professor for German public law (especially constitutional law), public international law and philosophy of law at the University of Bielefeld, Germany. She studied law (and political science) at the universities of Marburg, Lausanne and Kiel, as well as at the Yale Law School. She obtained her doctorate and did her habilitation at the Humboldt-University in Berlin. Her main publications are Die Deutschenrechte des Grundgesetzes (2001) and Das Recht am öffentlichen Raum (2016). Christian Waldhoff, Dr. iur., is currently Dean of the Faculty of Law of Humboldt- University Berlin and holds the Chair for Public Law and the Law of Public Finance. His main research interests pertain to constitutional law and history, the law of public finance, law and religion, and the law of parliamentary procedure. He is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Federal Ministry of Finance and has litigated before the Federal Constitutional Court for various public institutions.

4 Index A Accountability, 287, 324, 328, 383, 392 Administrative law, 100, 105, 129, 135, 145, 374, 389, 397 Administrative rule-making, 9, 129, 145, 146 Arbitrariness, 72, 90, 114, 164, 171, , 195, 196, 199, 202, 218, 222, 223, 225, 226, 237, 302, 304, 308, 310, 396 Asylum seekers judgment, 250, 273, 282, 285, 298, 310, 395, 398, 399 B Balancing, 5, 14, 34, 68, 137, 223, 224, 272, 300, 303, 349, 350, , , , 371 autonomous, , 359 legislative, 13, 277, 334, 349, of normative arguments, , 358, 359, Better legislation. See Better regulation Better placed argument, 286, 397 Better regulation, 7, 35, 40, 46, 296, 305, 309, 378 Burden of justification, 69, 81, 82, 133, 204, 253, 304, 390 Bureaucracy, 38, 42, 47, 48, 52, 392 C Chenery doctrine, 389, 390 Codetermination judgment (Mitbestimmungsurteil), 174, 251, 268, 273, , 374, 383 Coherence principle, 10, 82, 83, 192, 210, 212, 224, 340, 359, 362 Common good, 8, 34, 36, 89, 97, 98, 100, 110, 157, 199, 296, 302, 308, 333, 334 Comparative law, 266, 311, 374, 381, 385 Compensation, 73, 81, 253, 254 Compensation theory, 385, 386 Competition, 229, 304 Confidence in the law, 89, 97, 200 Conseil Constitutionnel, 22, 24, 26 Consistency principle, 10, 61, 65, 66, 69, 158, 189, 190, Constitutionalism, 20, 138, 139, 382, 387, 388 Constitutional state, 64, 102, 155, 157, , 205, 300, 316, 333, 368 Consultation, 39 41, 43, 46, 47, 264, 392 Context of justification, 142 Counter-majoritarian difficulty, 23, 29 Court of Justice of the European Union, 2, 9, 25, 61, 63, 82, 83, 116, 143, 212, 229, 289, 389, 395 D Defense rights, 272, 281 Defi cit of legal certainty, 8 Delegated legislation, 129, Deliberative democracy, 386 Democracy principle, 7, 11, 20, 65, 71, 72, 74 78, 80, 135, 139, 171, 194, 198, 235, , 285, 318, 320, 329, 332, 333, 337 Democratic rationality, 71 73, 78, 84 Determinacy, mandate of, 167, 272, 338, 341 Due post-legislative process, 258, 282, 292 Due process of lawmaking, 4, , 378, 379, 381, , 388 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 K. Meßerschmidt, A.D. Oliver-Lalana (eds.), Rational Lawmaking under Review, Legisprudence Library 3, DOI /

5 410 E Economic rationality, 296, 297, 308, 309 Effectiveness, 7, 12, 116, 161, 181, 284, 297, 304, , 316, 324, 341 Effi cacy, 12, 49, 53, 261, 289, 304, 305, 309, 370 Effi ciency, 3, 7, 12, 307, 384, 386, 393 Electoral threshold, 269, 271 Equality principle, 10, 67, 68, 98, 108, 114, 118, 196, 197, 199, 200, 202, 207, 209, , , , 263, 269, 338, 341, 364, 396 new formula, 199, 203 Equality rights, 10, 189, 190, Equal treatment, 27, 51, 114, 196, 207. See also Equality principle European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), 2, 25, 26, 82, 269, 279, 290 European Court of Justice (ECJ). See Court of Justice of the European Union Evidence-based lawmaking, 7 Evidence-based review, 378 Ex ante evaluation, 50, 243, 244, 309, 393, 395. See also Impact assessment Experimental legislation, 310, 398 Experts, 40, 41, 43, 46 48, 52, 53, 112, 162, 172, 179, 249, 263, 279, 388 Ex post evaluation, 11, 260, 261, 263, 276, 285, 286, 288, , 393, 394 External legislative process, 243, 300, 319 F Freedom rights, 10, 189, 190, G Generality of the law, 89, , 105, 108, 109, , , 316 Globalization, 206, 304, 394 Good governance, 297, 392 H Hartz IV judgment, 3, 272, 277, 278, 282, 309, 310, 374, 383, 386, 388, 392, 397, 398 Human dignity, 192, 238, 240, 250, 251, 262, 263, 265, 266, 281, 300, 309, 383 Human rights, 21, 23, 24, 28, 92, 93, 95, 103, 112, 113, 388 I Impact assessment, 37, 49 51, 53, 258, 274, 279, 307, , 391, 393 Impact review, 275, 279, 290, 292, 379 Intense substantive control, 175, 395 Intensity of review, 176, 180, 277 Inter-branch dialogue, 394 Interest group, 221 Internal legislative process, 235, 243, 249, 319, 340 Index J Judicial activism, 6, 11, 19, 25, 26, 28, 228, 235, 262, 287, 291 Judicial self-restraint, 161, 375, 388, 397 Justifiability, 71, 102, 356 Justification of legislation, 2, 5, 7, 131, 243, 277, 278 L Latent purposes or functions, 12, 116, , 331, 332, 341 Legal certainty, 66, 74, 89, 97, 111, 112, 198, 248, 263, 275, 285, 338 Legal duty, 147, 238, 329 Legal sociology, 318, 319 Legal State. See Rule of law Legal theory, 130, 196, 318, 319, 342, 380 Legislative capture, 6, 221, 277, 392 Legislative discretion, 78, 81, 311, 328 Legislative drafting, 7, 33, 39, 53 Legislative fact-finding, 3, 11, 235, 241, 242, 247, 273, 311 Legislative facts, 3, 11, , 264, 272, 273, 275, 276, 280, 288, 383, 388 Legislative leeway. See Legislative margin Legislative margin, 158, , 275 Legislative proceedings, , 251 Legislative purpose, 9, 303, 336, 389 Legislative reasoning, 386, 390 Legisprudence, 1, 4 6, 12, 14, 147, 270, 296, 312, 319, 340, 342, 374, 381 Legistics, 48 quality, 35, 38, 40, 44, 47, 51, 52 Legitimation, 62, 73, 80, 298, 368 Lobbies, 41, 42, 221 M Majority rule, 318, 333 Manifest error test, 175, 264, 277, 283, 304, 395, 397, 398 Margin of appreciation, 147, 240, 248, 262, 278, 281 Method of legislation, 2, 259, 291, 299, 384

6 Index 411 Monitoring and revision duties, 258, 262, 275, 279, 281, 284, 285, 292 Münchhausen trilemma, 138 N New Public Management, 131, 305 O Omission duty of, , 244, 249, 253 legislative, 264, 272, 284 R Rationality of legislation, 6, 7, 9, 28, 130, 309, 318 Rationality review, 28, 156, 158 Rational lawmaking, 1 8, 11 14, 19, 33, 163, 169, 170, 172, 181, 237, 243, 260, 262, 277, 377, 391, 393 Rechtsstaatsprinzip. See Rule of law Retroactivity, prohibition of, 66, 74 Retrospective evaluation, 260 Rule of law, 12, 62, 135, 163, , 174, 176, 190, 210, 211, 296, 302, 309, 311, 325, 328, 332, 337, 341 P Pareto-optimality, , 358, 359 Parliamentary debate, 51, 109, 145, 305 Pharmacies judgment (Apothekenurteil), 133, 156, 303, 374 Plausibility test, 253, 268, 274 Pluralism, 245, 277, 334 Policy cycle, 12, 286 Political compromise, 29, 34, 40, 44, 81, 138, 145, 155, 173, 398, 399 Political question doctrine, 11, 21, 80, 235, 249 Politics, law and, 21, 37, 43, 64, 311, Preambles, 44, 132. See also Statement of reasons Predictability, 90, 168, 171, 198 Prerogative of appreciation, , 278, 279, 281, 285 Principle of coherence. See Coherence principle Principle of consistency. See Consistency principle Procedural review, See also Process review Process review, 5, 13, 277, 278, 287, 374, 375, 378, 385, 387, 388 Prognosis, legislative, 175, 176, 235, , 247, , 262, , 274, 275, 278, 288, 289, 305, 306, 310, 311, 392, 394, 399 Proportionality, 1, 9, 13, 28, 66, 68, 74, 77, 108, 113, 114, 130, 136, 143, 144, 157, 162, 163, 174, 176, , , 215, 220, 221, 226, 239, 242, 247, 251, 262, 266, 272, 277, 289, 290, 303, 310, 329, 336, 341, 356, 357, 367, 368, 385, 387, 389, Proportionality in the strict sense, 200, 202, 356, 357 Prospective evaluation. See Ex ante evaluation Protection rights, 267, 272 S Self-regarding duties, 280, 390 Semi-procedural review, 4, 277, 394 Separation of powers, 10, 11, 76, 89, 90, 98, , 111, 136, 140, 189, 190, 205, 235, 236, 246, , 263, 272, 275, 279, 280, 310, 316, 329, 398 Smoking ban judgment, 68, 69, 155, 158, 166, 167, 170, 191, 201, 203, 207 Sovereignty parliamentary, 22, 24 popular, 139, 335 Statement of reasons, 71, 137, 139, 141, 142, 341. See also Justification of legislation Statutory reservation, 100, Subsidiarity principle, 1, 115, 116, 143, 144, 272, 303 Subsistence minimum, 3, 250, 309, 383. See also Hartz IV judgment Substantive review, 2, 13, 79, 81, 291, 373, , 382, , 391, 392, 394, 395, 399 Sunset clause, 288, 388 Supreme Court, 21 Swiss Constitution, 261, 297, 302, 303, 306, 308 Symbolic legislation, 11, 12, 316, 318, 320, 322, 324, 325, 329, 331, 332, 334, Systemic rationality (Systemgerechtigkeit), 9, 63, 85, 210, 211, 218 T Tax law, consistency and coherence in, 165, 166, 210 Time pressure, 33, 39, 51, 310

7 412 Index Transparency, 91, 141, 243, 260, 277, 301, 303, 310, 312, 329, 381, 382, 392 Truthfulness of legal norms (Normenwahrheit), 12, 323, 329, 331, 337 U Ubermaßverbot, 137, , 243, 247 Untermaßverbot, 137, 265 US Supreme Court, 2, 390 V Venire contra factum proprium doctrine, 198 W Watchdog, court as, , 392 Wednesbury test, 397 Wisdom rule, 102, 105, 299