Jeffersonians and the Early Republic. Jeffersonian Vision. More facts surrounding Presidential Election of /15/

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1 Jeffersonians and the Early Republic Chapter 11 Jeffersonian Vision Objectives as he entered office: Reconcile American people under D-R vision. Purge gov t of Feds. Set Republican course--make gov t more for citizens More facts surrounding Presidential Election of 1800 Peaceful switch in party leadership Federalists doomed by split in party (Adams faction v. Hamilton faction) Jefferson s support came from South and West 3/5 Compromise was a huge factor in Jefferson s win. 1

2 Judiciary Act of 1801 Federalists try to keep control of Judicial Branch Lame duck President Adams and Congress pass Judiciary Act of 1801 Called for more federal courts and positions (to be filled by Feds.) Republicans fight Judiciary Act of 1801 Republicans attack judicial review 1802: New Congress repeals the Judiciary Act of 1801 Attempt to purge many of Federalist Midnight judge positions already in place Judge Impeachments Federal Judge John Pickering impeached and convicted Justice Samuel Chase was impeached but acquitted Ended constitutional crisis. 2

3 Marbury v. Madison (1803) Marbury appointed justice of the peace by Adams Secretary of State John Marshall (and Chief Justice) had been in charge of giving commissions under Adams. New Secretary of State James Madison refused to give Marbury his commission. Marbury v. Madison Con t Original Jurisdiction: The right of a court to hear a case first. Appellate Jurisdiction: The right of a court to review a case from a lower court U.S. Supreme Court has original jurisdiction when cases: Involve ambassadors and foreign officials State v. State State Government v. Federal Government Appellate jurisdiction over anything in Article III of U.S. Constitution Marbury v. Madison, Pg. 3 Judiciary Act of 1789 gave U.S. Supreme Court power to issue writs of mandamus. Writ of Mandamus: A legal order requiring a public official to do his duty. Marbury went straight to U.S. Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus Chief Justice John Marshall believed that Marbury was legally entitled to his commission. 3

4 Marbury v. Madison, Pg. 4 Thomas Jefferson and most Democratic- Republicans believed in strict interpretation of Constitution. Did not believe that U.S. Supreme Court could give orders to other two branches There had been no judicial review Believed in Compact Theory If U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Marbury, they would ignore ruling Would create a Constitutional crisis Marbury v. Madison: The Ruling Marbury was due his commission But, the Judiciary Act of 1789 section on writs of mandamus were unconstitutional They did not have original jurisdiction in this case Cannot order another branch of gov t to perform a duty Therefore, U.S. Supreme Court could not issue the writ Outcomes: Judicial Review Avoided potential Constitutional Crisis Jefferson s Beliefs Constitution should be read strictly. Believed in states rights National government should only involve itself in matters that affected all states and foreign affairs. 4

5 Jefferson s Economic Vision Farmers were the center of his economic policies Farmers exemplified republicanism Self-reliant Industrious Concerned with public good Jefferson and Territorial Expansion Must expand to help farmers increase production Would motivate people to be farmers. Drawing people out of cities keeps wealth from being concentrated Defend American borders Secure Republican control of government Jefferson tries to reconcile with Federalists Did not attack national bank Though he did cut the excise tax he found to be unconstitutional Fed gov t lost over $1 million in annual revenue Did not totally purge Federalists from their posts Midnight judges were different as it was an attack by Feds on federal system 5

6 Jefferson and Foreign Affairs No entangling alliances Reduced size of navy to 2500 Did fight Barbary Pirates in Tripoli in ( ) Fought after US stopped paying tribute for use of Mediterranean Gained some respect worldwide Maintain peace: war hurts economy, property, divides country, increases debt United States Sectionalism: Northeast 80-85% farmers Poor farm land Small farms Dairy farming and livestock raising Many forced to move to cities Growing manufacturing area E.Pennsylvania to New England United States Sectionalism: South Worn out land Tobacco market no longer profitable Wheat and grain failed Turn to cotton production in deep south in early 19th c. 6

7 10/15/14 Cotton gin transforms South Eli Whitney 1790: 3000 bales a year 1820: 335, : cotton = 50% of NATION S exports Led to growth of textile factories in the Northeast Extremely reliant on slavery United States Sectionalism: Trans-Appalachia Popuation growth grew fro 100,000 in 1790 to over a million in 1820 Bountiful farm land River cities Rough, colorful people Very lonesome life Louisiana Purchase (1803) Spain ceded Louisiana to France in 1800 Jefferson bought Louisiana for $15 million Doubled size of America Removed foreign threat from U.S. border Lewis and Clark explored the area Question of constitutionality 7

8 War in Europe impacts US War between France and England in 1803 Britain begins impressing over U.S. sailors and seizing ships to stop trade with France America had been a neutral trade partner Thousands of sailors impressed Non-Importation Act: Congress prohibits importation of British products France seized ships going toward Britain as well Leopard-Chesapeake Incident (1807) British ship Leopard stops Chesapeake off Virginia coast Killed 3, wounded 18 Britain seized 4 deserters Britain admitted they were wrong Jefferson ordered British ships out of US waters (ignored by Britain) Many Americans wanted war Jefferson withdraws American ships from Atlantic Infant economy Weak navy Embargo Act (1807) American ships forbidden from sailing into foreign ports and forbidden from exporting all goods Peaceful coercion The warring countries were reliant on U.S. for food and natural resources Britain benefits from lack of competition American exports fall 80%; Imports fall by 50% New England hurt most NE still had a number of Federalists Southern and Western farmers also hurt as they could not sell their goods 8

9 Embargo Act (1807) Con t Citizens openly defy embargo Federalists beginning to gain power New England discusses secession Congress repeals in March, 1809 Election of 1808 James Madison (D- R) wins election n 1808 Madison broke with Federalists in 1790s over foreign policy and National Bank Non-Intercourse Act (1809) Replaced Embargo Act Reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France Trying to end economic problems of Embargo Act while maintaining our rights as a neutral country. More economic coercion Ironically, made us more self-reliant 9

10 Macon s Bill No. 2 (1810) Replaced Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 America would begin trading with whomever, between Britain and France, withdrew their trade restrictions first. Britain & France had put in trade restrictions when U.S. put embargo U.S. would keep embargo against country who acted last Napoleon withdrew trade restrictions to put wedge between Britain and U.S. U.S. put embargo against Britain Britain takes U.S. ships End of American Neutrality U.S. openly trades with France, ending neutrality Would lead to War of 1812 War Hawks Call for war against Britain strongest in South and West Areas still had lots of debt to Britain Britain still occupying Great Lakes area Instigating Native Americans (Scalp Buyers) Hurts westward expansion (and Jeffersonian agrarian ideals) New England wanted peaceful trade Hurting unity in U.S. 10

11 War Hawks Con t New, young, Republican leaders wanted war against Britain and Native Americans Led by Henry Clay (KY) and John C. Calhoun (SC) Battling the Native Americans Tecumseh and The Prophet form a confederacy of Native Americans Rejected white ownership of land Refused to cede land to white expansionists Battle at Tippecanoe (1811) William Henry Harrison and army advanced on Tecumseh s headquarters at Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers Native Americans crushed Tecumseh escapes to help British in War of