THE LAW OF TREATIES PROFESSOR PIERRE BODEAU-LIVINEC. Outline 9. REQUIRED READINGS (printed format) Legal instruments and documents.

Transcription

1

2

3 THE LAW OF TREATIES PROFESSOR PIERRE BODEAU-LIVINEC Outline 9 REQUIRED READINGS (printed format) Legal instruments and documents 1. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 For text, see The Work of the International Law Commission, 8th ed., vol. II, United Nations Publication, 2012, p Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties, 2011 (without commentaries) For text, see The Work of the International Law Commission, 8th ed., vol. II, p United Nations Depositary Notifications concerning the accession of the State of Palestine to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: C.N , C.N , C.N , C.N , C.N , C.N , C.N Situation in Palestine, International Criminal Court, Office the Prosecutor, Decision of 3 April Case law 5. Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971, paras Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1997, paras Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002, paras , Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, paras

4

5 LAW OF TREATIES SELECTED ISSUES Outline 1. The Making of Treaties The capacity to conclude treaties The Cameroon-Nigeria Case (2002) Formulating Reservations to treaties The Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties (ILC, 2011), a brief overview 2. The Life of Treaties Treaty Interpretation The Namibia Advisory Opinion (1971) Treaty Implementation The Belgium-Senegal Case (2012) 3. The End of Treaties Causes for Suspension or Termination of Treaties The Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Case 9

6

7 United Nations Depositary Notifications concerning the accession of the State of Palestine to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: C.N , C.N , C.N , C.N , C.N , C.N , C.N

8 Reference: C.N TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification) ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ROME, 17 JULY 1998 STATE OF PALESTINE: ACCESSION The Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting in his capacity as depositary, communicates the following: The above action was effected on 2 January The Statute will enter into force for the State of Palestine on 1 April 2015 in accordance with its article 126 (2) which reads as follows: For each State ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to this Statute after the deposit of the 60th instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the Statute shall enter into force on the first day of the month after the 60th day following the deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. 6 January 2015 Attention: Treaty Services of Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of international organizations concerned. Depositary notifications are issued in electronic format only. Depositary notifications are made available to the Permanent Missions to the United Nations in the United Nations Treaty Collection on the Internet at under "Depositary Notifications (CNs)". In addition, the Permanent Missions, as well as other interested individuals, can subscribe to receive depositary notifications by through the Treaty Section's "Automated Subscription Services", which is also available at Reference: C.N TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification) ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ROME, 17 JULY 1998 CANADA: COMMUNICATION 1 The Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting in his capacity as depositary, communicates the following: The above action was effected on 16 January (Original: English) The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and has the honour to refer to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the Secretary-General's communication of 6 January 2015, C.N TREATIES-XVIII.10, relating to that treaty. The Permanent Mission of Canada notes that this communication was made pursuant to the Secretary-General's capacity as Depositary for the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The Permanent Mission of Canada notes the technical and administrative role of the Depositary, and that it is for States Parties to a treaty, not the Depositary, to make their own determination with respect to any legal issues raised by instruments circulated by a depositary. In that context, the Permanent Mission of Canada notes that 'Palestine' does not meet the criteria of a state under international law and is not recognized by Canada as a state. Therefore, in order to avoid confusion, the Permanent Mission of Canada wishes to note its position that in the context of the purported Palestinian accession to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 'Palestine' is not able to accede to this convention, and that the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court does not enter into force, or have an effect on Canada s treaty relations, with respect to the 'State of Palestine'. 23 January Refer to depositary notification C.N TREATIES-XVIII.10 of 6 January 2015 (Accession: State of Palestine). Attention: Treaty Services of Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of international organizations concerned. Depositary notifications are issued in electronic format only. Depositary notifications are made available to the Permanent Missions to the United Nations in the United Nations Treaty Collection on the Internet at under "Depositary Notifications (CNs)". In addition, the Permanent Missions, as well as other interested individuals, can subscribe to receive depositary notifications by through the Treaty Section's "Automated Subscription Services", which is also available at 12

9 Reference: C.N TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification) ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ROME, 17 JULY 1998 ISRAEL: COMMUNICATION 1 The Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting in his capacity as depositary, communicates the following: The above action was effected on 16 January (Original: English) The Permanent Mission of Israel to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as depositary to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, and refers to the communication by the depositary, dated 6 January 2015, regarding the Palestinian request to accede to this Statute (Reference number C.N TREATIES- XVIII.10). 'Palestine' does not satisfy the criteria for statehood under international law and lacks the legal capacity to join the aforesaid Statute under general international law, as well as under the terms of the Rome Statute and of bilateral Israeli-Palestinian agreements. The Government of Israel does not recognize 'Palestine' as a State, and wishes to place on record, for the sake of clarity, its position that it does not consider 'Palestine' a party to the Statute and regards the Palestinian request for accession as being without any legal validity or effect. 23 January Refer to depositary notification C.N TREATIES-XVIII.10 of 6 January 2015 (Accession: State of Palestine). Attention: Treaty Services of Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of international organizations concerned. Depositary notifications are issued in electronic format only. Depositary notifications are made available to the Permanent Missions to the United Nations in the United Nations Treaty Collection on the Internet at under "Depositary Notifications (CNs)". In addition, the Permanent Missions, as well as other interested individuals, can subscribe to receive depositary notifications by through the Treaty Section's "Automated Subscription Services", which is also available at Reference: C.N TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification) ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ROME, 17 JULY 1998 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: COMMUNICATION 1 The Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting in his capacity as depositary, communicates the following: The above action was effected on 16 January (Original: English) The United States Mission to the United Nations presents its compliments to the United Nations and refers to the U.N. Secretary-General's depositary notification C.N TREATIES- XVIII.10, dated January 6, 2015, regarding the purported accession of the State of Palestine to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, done at Rome July 17, 1998 (the Rome Statute). The Government of the United States of America does not believe the State of Palestine qualifies as a sovereign State and does not recognize it as such. Accession to the Rome Statute is limited to sovereign States. Therefore, the Government of the United States of America believes that the State of Palestine is not qualified to accede to the Rome Statute. 23 January Refer to depositary notification C.N TREATIES-XVIII.10 of 6 January 2015 (Accession: State of Palestine). Attention: Treaty Services of Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of international organizations concerned. Depositary notifications are issued in electronic format only. Depositary notifications are made available to the Permanent Missions to the United Nations in the United Nations Treaty Collection on the Internet at under "Depositary Notifications (CNs)". In addition, the Permanent Missions, as well as other interested individuals, can subscribe to receive depositary notifications by through the Treaty Section's "Automated Subscription Services", which is also available at 13

10 Reference: C.N TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification) ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ROME, 17 JULY 1998 STATE OF PALESTINE: COMMUNICATION 1 The Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting in his capacity as depositary, communicates the following: The above action was effected on 6 February (Original: English) The Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine to the United Nations presents his compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as Depositary, and has the honor to refer to depositary notification C.N TREATIES-XVIII.10, dated 23 January 2015, conveying a communication of Canada regarding the accession of the State of Palestine to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, dated 17 July The Government of the State of Palestine regrets the position of Canada and wishes to recall United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 of 29 November 2012 according Palestine nonmember observer State status in the United Nations. In this regard, Palestine is a State recognized by the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the international community. As a State Party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which enters into force on 1 April 2015, the State of Palestine will exercise its rights and honor its obligations with respect to all States Parties. The State of Palestine trusts that its rights and obligations will be equally respected by its fellow States Parties. 9 February Refer to depositary notification C.N TREATIES-XVIII.10 of 23 January 2015 (Communication: Canada). Attention: Treaty Services of Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of international organizations concerned. Depositary notifications are issued in electronic format only. Depositary notifications are made available to the Permanent Missions to the United Nations in the United Nations Treaty Collection on the Internet at under "Depositary Notifications (CNs)". In addition, the Permanent Missions, as well as other interested individuals, can subscribe to receive depositary notifications by through the Treaty Section's "Automated Subscription Services", which is also available at Reference: C.N TR5ATI5S-EXIII.13 (Depositary Notification) RVM5 STATUT5 VF TO5 INT5RNATIVNAH CRIMINAH CVURT RVM5, 1L 7UHJ 1YY9 STAT5 VF PAH5STIN5: CVMMUNICATIVN 1 The Secretary-8 eneral of the United Nations, acting in his capacity as depositary, communicates the following: The above action was effected on G February (Vriginal: 5nglish) 6The Permanent Vbserver of the State of Palestine to the United Nations presents his compliments to the Secretary-8 eneral of the United Nations, in his capacity as Depositary, and has the honor to refer to depositary notification C.N.G.0312.TR5ATI5S-EXIII.13, dated 0 7anuary 0312, conveying a communication of Israel regarding the accession of the State of Palestine to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, dated 1L 7uly 1YY9. The 8 overnment of the State of Palestine regrets the position of Israel, the occupying Power, and wishes to recall United Nations 8 eneral Assembly resolution GL/1Y of 0Y November 0310 according Palestine non-member observer State status in the United Nations. In this regard, Palestine is a State recognized by the United Nations 8 eneral Assembly on behalf of the international community. As a State Party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which enters into force on 1 April 0312, the State of Palestine will exercise its rights and honor its obligations with respect to all States Parties. The State of Palestine trusts that its rights and obligations will be equally respected by its fellow States Parties. Y February Refer to depositary notification C.N.G.0312.TR5ATI5S-EXIII.13 of 0 7anuary 0312 (Communication: Israel). Attention: Treaty Services of Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of international organizations concerned. Depositary notifications are issued in electronic format only. Depositary notifications are made available to the Permanent Missions to the United Nations in the United Nations Treaty Collection on the Internet at under "Depositary Notifications (CNs)". In addition, the Permanent Missions, as well as other interested individuals, can subscribe to receive depositary notifications by through the Treaty Section's "Automated Subscription Services", which is also available at 14

11 Reference: C.N TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification) ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ROME, 17 JULY 1998 STATE OF PALESTINE: COMMUNICATION 1 The Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting in his capacity as depositary, communicates the following: The above action was effected on 6 February (Original: English) The Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine to the United Nations presents his compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as Depositary, and has the honor to refer to depositary notification C.N TREATIES-XVIII.10, dated 23 January 2015, conveying a communication of the United States of America regarding the accession of the State of Palestine to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, dated 17 July The Government of the State of Palestine regrets the position of the United States of America and wishes to recall United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 of 29 November 2012 according Palestine non-member observer State status in the United Nations. In this regard, Palestine is a State recognized by the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the international community. As a State Party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which enters into force on 1 April 2015, the State of Palestine will exercise its rights and honor its obligations with respect to all States Parties. The State of Palestine trusts that its rights and obligations will be equally respected by its fellow States Parties. 9 February Refer to depositary notification C.N TREATIES-XVIII.10 of 23 January 2015 (Communication: United States of America). Attention: Treaty Services of Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of international organizations concerned. Depositary notifications are issued in electronic format only. Depositary notifications are made available to the Permanent Missions to the United Nations in the United Nations Treaty Collection on the Internet at under "Depositary Notifications (CNs)". In addition, the Permanent Missions, as well as other interested individuals, can subscribe to receive depositary notifications by through the Treaty Section's "Automated Subscription Services", which is also available at 15

12

13 Situation in Palestine, Office of the Prosecutor, International Criminal Court, Decision of 3 April 2012

14 LeBureauduProcureur TheOfficeoftheProsecutor SituationinPalestine 1. On22January2009,pursuanttoarticle12(3)oftheRomeStatute,AliKhashanactingas MinisterofJusticeoftheGovernmentofPalestinelodgedadeclarationacceptingtheexercise ofjurisdictionbytheinternationalcriminalcourtfor actscommittedontheterritoryof Palestinesince1July Inaccordancewitharticle15oftheRomeStatute,theOfficeoftheProsecutorinitiateda preliminaryexaminationinordertodeterminewhetherthereisareasonablebasistoproceed withaninvestigation.theofficeensuredafairprocessbygivingallthoseconcernedthe opportunity to present their arguments. The Arab League s Independent Fact Finding CommitteeonGazapresenteditsreportduringavisittotheCourt.TheOfficeprovided Palestinewiththeopportunitytopresentitsviewsextensively,inbothoralandwrittenform. TheOfficealsoconsideredvariousreportswithopposingviews. 2 InJuly2011,Palestine confirmedtotheofficethatithadsubmitteditsprincipalarguments,subjecttothe submissionofadditionalsupportingdocumentation. 3. Thefirststageinanypreliminaryexaminationistodeterminewhetherthepreconditions totheexerciseofjurisdictionunderarticle12oftheromestatutearemet.onlywhensuch criteriaareestablishedwilltheofficeproceedtoanalyseinformationonallegedcrimesas wellasotherconditionsfortheexerciseofjurisdictionassetoutinarticles13and53(1). 4. ThejurisdictionoftheCourtisnotbasedontheprincipleofuniversaljurisdiction: itrequiresthattheunitednationssecuritycouncil(article13(b))ora State (article12) providejurisdiction.article12establishesthata State canconferjurisdictiontothecourt bybecomingapartytotheromestatute(article12(1))orbymakinganadhocdeclaration acceptingthecourt sjurisdiction(article12(3)). 5. Theissuethatarises,therefore,iswhodefineswhatisa State forthepurposeof article12ofthestatute?inaccordancewitharticle125,theromestatuteisopentoaccession by allstates,andanystateseekingtobecomeapartytothestatutemustdepositan instrumentofaccessionwiththesecretarygeneraloftheunitednations.ininstanceswhere itiscontroversialorunclearwhetheranapplicantconstitutesa State,itisthepracticeof thesecretarygeneraltofolloworseekthegeneralassembly sdirectivesonthematter.this is reflected in General Assembly resolutions which provide indications of whether an 1 Thedeclarationcanbeaccessedat: C C/279777/ PalestinianDeclaration2.pdf 2 Forasummaryofsubmissionsseehttp:// cpi.int/menus/icc/structure+of+the+court/office+of+the+prosecutor/comm+and+ref/palestine/. applicant is a State. 3 Thus, competence for determining the term State within the meaningofarticle12rests,inthefirstinstance,withtheunitednationssecretarygeneral who,incaseofdoubt,willdefertotheguidanceofgeneralassembly.theassemblyof StatesPartiesoftheRomeStatutecouldalsoinduecoursedecidetoaddressthematterin accordancewitharticle112(2)(g)ofthestatute. 6. Ininterpretingandapplyingarticle12oftheRomeStatute,theOfficehasassessedthatit isfortherelevantbodiesattheunitednationsortheassemblyofstatespartiestomakethe legaldeterminationwhetherpalestinequalifiesasastateforthepurposeofaccedingtothe Rome Statute and thereby enabling the exercise of jurisdiction by the Court under article12(1).theromestatuteprovidesnoauthorityfortheofficeoftheprosecutortoadopt amethodtodefinetheterm State underarticle12(3)whichwouldbeatvariancewiththat establishedforthepurposeofarticle12(1). 7. TheOfficehasbeeninformedthatPalestinehasbeenrecognisedasaStateinbilateral relationsbymorethan130governmentsandbycertaininternationalorganisations,including United Nation bodies. However, the current status granted to Palestine by the United NationsGeneralAssemblyisthatof observer,notasa NonmemberState.TheOffice understandsthaton23september2011,palestinesubmittedanapplicationforadmissionto theunitednationsasamemberstateinaccordancewitharticle4(2)oftheunitednations Charter,buttheSecurityCouncilhasnotyetmadearecommendationinthisregard.While thisprocesshasnodirectlinkwiththedeclarationlodgedbypalestine,itinformsthecurrent legalstatusofpalestinefortheinterpretationandapplicationofarticle TheOfficecouldinthefutureconsiderallegationsofcrimescommittedinPalestine, shouldcompetentorgansoftheunitednationsoreventuallytheassemblyofstatesparties resolvethelegalissuerelevanttoanassessmentofarticle12orshouldthesecuritycouncil, inaccordancewitharticle13(b),makeareferralprovidingjurisdiction. EMBARGOEDUNTILDELIVERY3April ThispositionissetoutintheunderstandingsadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyatits2202 nd plenary meetingon14december1973;seesummaryofpracticeofthesecretarygeneralasdepositaryofmultilateral Treaties,ST/LEG/7/Rev.1,paras8183; 18

15 International Court of Justice Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970) Advisory Opinion I.C.J. Reports 1971, paras

16 20

17 International Court of Justice Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) Judgment I.C.J. Reports 1997, paras

18 22

19 23

20 24

21 25

22 26

23 27

24

25 International Court of Justice Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) Judgment I.C.J. Reports 2002, paras ,

26 30

27 31

28 32

29 33

30 34

31 International Court of Justice Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) Judgment I.C.J. Reports 2012, paras

32 36

33 37

34 38

35 39

36 40

37 41

38