RECONSTRUCTION. American I Mr. Hensley SRMHS
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1 RECONSTRUCTION American I Mr. Hensley SRMHS
2 United States AFTER Civil War
3 Reconstruc<on (1865 to 1877) Reconstruc<on is the era aeer the Civil War when the U.S. gov t: Brought the seceded Southern states back into the Union Ended slavery & tried to protect newly emancipated slaves Rebuilt the na<on aeer more than four years of figh<ng
4 Reconstruc<on: Reconstruc<on occurred in 2 phases: Presiden<al Reconstruc<on ( ) was lenient in order to allow Southern states to quickly rejoin the Union; It was ini<ated by President Lincoln but carried out by President Andrew Johnson
5 Reconstruc<on: Reconstruc<on occurred in 2 phases: Congressional Reconstruc<on ( ) was directed by Radical Republicans in Congress who wanted a stricter plan that protected the rights of former slaves & kept Confederate leaders from regaining power in the South
6 Lincoln s Reconstruc<on Plan Before the Civil War came to an end (& before his death), Lincoln proposed his Ten-Percent Plan This plan was very lenient & allowed former Confederate states could reenter the Union when: 10% of its popula<on swore an oath of loyalty to the USA States ra<fied the 13 th Amendment ending slavery
7 Lincoln s Reconstruc<on Plan Radical Republicans in Congress rejected Lincoln s plan because: It did nothing to protect ex-slaves or to keep Confederate leaders from regaining power in the South Wanted 50% of state popula<ons to swear an oath of loyalty When the Civil War ended & Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, there was no Reconstruc<on Plan in place
8 Presiden<al Reconstruc<on When Lincoln was assassinated in 1865 VP Andrew Johnson tried to con<nue Lincoln s policies: His Presiden<al Reconstruc<on plan was lenient towards Southerners States could come back into the USA once they ra<fied the 13 th Amendment
9 Presiden<al Reconstruc<on Johnson s Reconstruc<on plan hoped to quickly re-unify the na<on But, this plan did not require strict regula<ons to protect former slaves Southern states passed black codes to keep African-Americans from gaining land, jobs, vo<ng rights, & protec<on under the law Johnson pardoned 13,000 ex-confederates
10 Radical Republicans Led by Thaddeus Stevens, many radical Republicans in Congress opposed Johnson s plan & pushed for laws to protect African-Americans: Created the Freedman s Bureau Pushed for the 14 th Amendment
11 The Freedman s Bureau The Freedman s Bureau was established in 1865 to offer assistance to former slaves & protect their new ci<zenship: Provided emergency food, housing, medical supplies Promised 40 acres & a mule Supervised labor contracts Created new schools
12 The Role of Freedman s Bureau Agents Many former abolitionists moved South to help freedmen, called carpetbaggers by Southern Democrats
13 A Freedman s Bureau School
14 Historically Black Colleges in the South The emphasis on education led to the creation of black universities, such as Morehouse College in Atlanta
15 The 14 th Amendment Congress feared Johnson would allow viola<ons of civil rights so it draeed the 14 th Amendment: Clarified the idea of ci<zenship to include former slaves All ci<zens were en<tled to equal protec<on under the law & cannot be deprived of life, liberty, property without due process of law Tennessee was the only Southern state to accept the amendment
16 Equal Protec<on
17 Uses of 14 th Amendment Equal protec<on under the laws Women s rights Gay rights Used in 1960 s to jus<fy expanded Civil Rights laws Disability laws (ADA), Fair Housing laws Ageism Marital/family status
18 Johnson vs. Radical Republicans President Johnson opposed these new protec<ons because he felt it would slow reconstruc<on: Johnson vetoed the Freedman s Bureau bill & encouraged Southern states to not support the 14 th Amendment This backfired when Republicans increased their control of Congress in the 1866 elec<ons
19 With a dominance in Congress, moderate & radical Republicans took control & began Congressional Reconstruc<on in 1867: Did not recognize the state gov ts approved under Johnson s Plan Made Reconstruc<on more strict
20 Congressional Reconstruc<on The Reconstruc<on Act of 1867 required that any Confederate state that wanted to re-enter the Union had to: Ra<fy the 14 th Amendment Allow African-American men the right to vote in their states Keep Confederate leaders from returning to power
21 Created 5 military districts to protect former slaves & to enforce reconstruction
22 Johnson s Impeachment (1868) President Johnson obstructed Congressional Reconstruc<on: He fired military generals appointed by Congress to oversee Southern military zones He violated a new law called the Tenure of Office Act when he tried to fire his Secretary of War who supported Congress plan
23 Radical Republicans used this as an opportunity to impeach the president To impeach is to formally charge an elected official of wrongdoing The House of Representa<ves voted to impeach Johnson
24 AEer an 11 week trial, the Senate fell 1 vote short of removing the president from office Johnson argued that removal could only occur due to high crimes & misdemeanors but no crime had been committed But Johnson did promise to enforce Reconstruction on for the remainder of his term & he did!
25 The Senate trial of Johnson s impeachment was the holest <cket in town
26 In 1868, Civil War hero Ulysses Grant won the presidency & worked with Congress to reconstruct the South: By 1868, most Confederate states had been re-admiled to the Union under Congressional Reconstruc<on Under Grant, the last Southern state would re-enter the Union
27 Because of Congressional Reconstruc<on, African-American men in the South could vote for the first <me
28 Re-Admission of the South
29 In 1870, the 15 th Amendment gave black men the right to vote Prohibited any state from denying men the right to vote due to race But the amendment said nothing about literacy tests, poll taxes, & property qualifica<ons
30 Conclusions As a result of Congressional Reconstruc<on ( ): All eleven Southern states were readmiled into the Union The 13 th, 14 th, & 15 th Amendments provided protec<on & opportunity for African-Americans in the South But, this was difficult to enforce & sustain as Democrats slowly took back control of Southern states
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