10/22/2018. Space in the News: Incredibly Weird Microbes Found Deep Underground Could Change Search for Life on Mars Presented by: Jonn van Oosten

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1 ASTR Space Science: Practice & Policy Today: NASA s Authorization & Appropriations Processes Next Class: Mock Hearing on NASA Re-Authorization; Reading: review House Science committee website linked on class website; read Chap. 4 in Beyond Sputnik. Exam 2 on Friday. It covers all lectures, homework, and reading from Oct. 5 through Oct. 24. You may bring one sheet (front & back) of notes to the Exam. Space in the News: Incredibly Weird Microbes Found Deep Underground Could Change Search for Life on Mars Presented by: Jonn van Oosten A microscopic view of cyanobacteria, colored fuchsia, growing on a rock fragment. Astronomy 4800 Space Science: Practice & Policy Astronomy 4800 Space Science: Practice & Policy Two Types of Budgets : Two Parts of a Whole Discretionary Budget: Mandatory Spending Budget: Typically introduced as discretionary budget bill by current administration. Authority is established annually by Congress. Makes up larger portion of annual spending. Required by laws that span multiple years, such as Social Security or Medicare. ~ $1 Trillion ~ $3 Trillion NASA s Pie NA 1

2 Where does NASA s budget fit in? OMB (The Office of Management and Budget) The proposed federal budget comes from the executive branch. OMB accountants work with the president to draft a budget as a statement of policy. Bill gets passed on to legislators for further debate and reconstruction. Mick Mulvaney To get NASA s proposals both authorized and appropriated they must be appealing to the individual legislators that oversee committees. Thus they propose projects that: employ their constituents boost local economies employ veterans promote certain political values further particular technologies or simply cater to the views of the legislators What is a House Sub-Committee? What is a Senatorial Sub-Committee? House Budget Temporary resolution of the federal budget Budget Temporary resolution of the federal budget Transportatio n Armed Services Science, Space and Technology Veterans Affairs and many others Defense Healthcare Commerce & Science Veterans Affairs Environment Space Energy Oversee more specific issues Health Research Space & Competitiveness Cybersecurity Oversee more specific issues Why do you think both paralleled sets of committees exist? Authorization Authorizations vs. Appropriation Recommend funding target Authorizations are valid for multiple years The House Science and Technology Armed Services The Health, education, labor and pensions Armed services 2

3 How a Bill Becomes a Law Appropriations Approve the expenditure of money for federal agencies and programs Appropriations are made on a yearly basis The House Committee on Appropriations 12 subcommittees 52 Members The Committee on Appropriations 12 subcommittees 31 Members Authorization Recommend funding target Authorizations are valid for many years Exits in both the House and the Appropriations Approve the expenditure of money for federal agencies and programs Appropriations are made on a yearly basis Exists in both the House and the Class Exercise: Do you see the need for both the Authorization and the Appropriations? Authorization Appropriations Recommend funding target Approve the expenditure of money for federal agencies and programs The Methods for Understanding Space Policy Incremental Punctuated Equilibrium Seeds Primeval Policy Soup Garbage Can Small changes to existing policy, eventually leading to a significant change. Long periods of policy stability are disrupted by short, intense periods of change. Though many seeds are planted, only a few are watered and grow into full policies. New ideas float around until they bump into others to become a bigger idea. Politics, creation and amendments to proposals, and the issues all mingle together in a trash can till they get worked out. Why Policies Evolve What Drives Space Policy: The Known Sputnik Led to NASA & Apollo Missions Human Fatalities Apollo 1, Challenger... The Unknown SETI: Intelligent Life Planetary Protection Agency Microbes 3

4 1st Monday in February What are some examples of other things that could drive Space Policy? Realistically Proposing Policy Today 1. Policy ideas can come from anyone: Student, business, senator, president 1. Get senator to Sponsor your Policy. Play Politics Help senator s home district 2. Survive committees Partisan Try Bipartisanism or gaining partisan support 3. Pass in both house and senate Hope you promised enough to each Senator 4. Veto or Enacted Alternate Resolutions Executive Branch Continuing Resolution No new projects Stops lots of new work (Passing the budget without this resolution is congress job.) Omnibus Bill Lumps proposals together such that they can no longer be nitpicked at an individual level. OMB Office of Management and Budget Executive Order Back to the Moon Position appointments Veto Agency Coordination Treaties (Jim Bridenstine) NASA Administrator Internal roles Leads NASA s overall vision. Provides clear leadership. Helps create/provide NASA s Budget guidelines. Chairs Executive and Senior Management councils. NASA exists as a separate entity to the federal government. Is run similarly to a large corporation, whose main client is the federal government. Administrator acts as the chief executive officer of NASA. External Roles Acts as representative to the Federal government. Seeks to advocate for NASA s needs to Legislators. Represents Executive branch and Must Act to advocate for current administration s priorities. Let s review Executive Branch States his priorities. Drafts first budget. OMB Reviews budget proposals Submit their budget requests September - December Legislative Branch Budget committees produce a budget resolution Congress sets the overall federal spending level Full Votes on Bill House- conference to accept bill Vetoes OR Signs Autumn Spring and Summer October 1st House of Representatives Full House Votes on Bill The New Fiscal Year Receive their funding Starts all over again.. 4

5 1st Monday in February Let s review Executive Branch States his priorities. Drafts first budget. OMB Reviews budget proposals Submit their budget requests September - December Legislative Branch Budget committees produce a budget resolution Congress sets the overall federal spending level Full Votes on Bill House of Representatives Full House Votes on Bill House- conference to accept bill Vetoes OR Signs Autumn Spring and Summer October 1st The New Fiscal Year Receive their funding Starts all over again.. NASA 2019 Budget $19.9 Billion (0.42% of national budget) $10.5 Billion for the Moon Advance commercial space industry. Stop funding the International Space Station by Supersonic X-plane End education and public outreach? 5