Appendix(S1:(Systematics(of(the(Micrurus'fulvius(complex(and(taxonomic(

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1 Streicher et al. 1 Appendix(S1:(Systematics(of(the(Micrurus'fulvius(complex(and(taxonomic( revision(of(micrurus'tener( Introduction(( Coralsnakes*of*the*genus*Micrurus*Wagler*1824*from*North*and*Central*America*have*a* complicated*taxonomic*history,*likely*because*they*have*a*highly*conserved*morphology* (Boulenger*1896;*Schmidt*1933;*1958;*Slowinski*1995)*and*many*species*possess*color* pattern*polymorphism*(schmidt*1958;*roze*1996;*campbell*and*lamar*2004).*although* molecular*data*have*been*used*to*explore*enzyme*diversity*in*venoms*(e.g.*tanaka*et*al.* 2010;*Renjifo*et*al.*2012;*Margres*et*al.*2013;*CarbajalSSaucedo*2013),*most* phylogenetic*analyses*of*dna*for*species*involved*in*the*micrurus'fulvius*(linneaus* 1776)*complex*(sensu*Castoe*et*al.*2012)*have*been*restricted*to*the*nominate*form* (Slowinski*1995;*Castoe*et*al.*2007;*Pyron*et*al.*2011,*2013)*or*this*and*M.'tener*(Baird* and*girard*1853).*renjifo*et*al.*(2012)*found*m.'fulvius*and*m.'tener*forming*a* monophyletic*group*sister*to*m.'diastema*(duméril,*bibron,*and*duméril*1854),*another* species*found*in*mexico.*thus,*the*relatedness*of*these*morphologically*similar*snakes* remains*uncertain*due*to*low*species*coverage*with*at*least*16*species*occurring*in* Mexico.** In*the*main*text*we*present*evidence*that*M.'tener*is*a*species*comprised*of* individuals*that*possess*one*of*two*divergent*mitochondrial*haplogroup*types,*but* collectively*have*nuclear*dna*variation*consistent*with*a*single*species*that*recently* expanded*northward.*although*it*is*beyond*the*scope*of*our*study*to*discuss*the*

2 Streicher et al. 2 systematics*of*all*north*american*micrurus*in*monographic*form*(which*we*believe*is* desperately*needed),*our*molecular*findings*have*important*implications*for*the* systematics*of*these*snakes.*our*expanded*sampling*of*species*from*mexico*warrants* discussion*given*that*the*distribution*of*genetic*variation*challenges*(1)*currently* hypothesized*relationships*and*distributions*and*(2)*the*validity*of*several*taxa.*we* provide*below*an*overview*of*the*taxonomic*implications*from*our*study*and* justifications*for*synonymizing*m.'bernadi'(cope*1887)*and*m.'tamaulipensis*lavins Murcio*and*Dixon*2004*with*M.'tener.*We*also*recommend*not*recognizing*the*multiple* subspecies*that*have*been*described*from*this*taxon.* Subspecies,(geographic(range(extent,(and(close(relatives(of(Micrurus'tener(( Our*sampling*included*representatives*of*all*subspecies*of*M.'tener'currently* recognized,*m.*t.*tener,*m.*t.'fitzingeri*(jan,*1858),*m.'t.*maculatus*roze*1967,*and*m.*t.* microgalbineus*brown*and*smith*1942*(table*s1).*we*sampled*60*individuals*of*m.'t.' tener,*three*individuals*of*m.'t.'fitzingeri*(m51,*m432,*and*m516),*two*individuals*of*m.' t.*maculatus*(m206*and*m332;*type*locality),*and*four*individuals*of*m.'t.' microgalbineus'(m200,*m209,*m448,*m449*[possibly*also*m431,*see*below]).*these* subspecies*are*differentiated*from*one*another*by*a*combination*of*scale*counts,* geography,*number*of*black*body*rings,*and*the*size*of*the*nuchal*ring*(roze*1996;* Campbell*and*Lamar*2004;*LavinSMurcio*and*Dixon*2004).*Interestingly*three* subspecies,*m.*t.*fitzingeri,*m.*t.*maculatus,*and*m.*t.*microgalbineus,'occur*in*close* geographic*proximity*in*mexico*and*are*thought*to*intergrade*(fig.*1,*b).*we*sampled*all*

3 Streicher et al. 3 four*subspecies*in*our*mitochondrial*analysis*and*none*of*them*was*found*to*be* monophyletic*(fig.*1,*a).*we*sampled*m.'t.'maculatus,*m.'t.'microgalbineus,*and*m.'t.' tener*in*our*nuclear*phylogenetic*analysis*and*found*that*while*individuals*from*mexico* possessed*more*private*alleles*(and*thus*longer*branch*lengths*in*general),*none*of*the* Mexican*subspecies*were*monophyletic*relative*to*the*other*subspecies*of*M.'tener'(Fig.* 1,*C).*However,*collectively*all*three*subspecies*of*M.'tener*were*found*to*be* monophyletic*relative*to*m.'fulvius.*thus,*we*report*no*genetic*evidence*in*support*of* recognizing*the*subspecies*of*m.'tener*as*distinct*evolutionary*entities.** We*report*a*novel*locality*record*from*the*Mexican*state*of*Veracruz*for*a* specimen*that*possesses*mitochondrial*dna*from*m.'tener*(m214,*field*id*jac*22605;* Fig.*1;*A*and*B).*This*locality*was*included*in*Castoe*et*al.*(2012),*but*not*discussed*for* its*novelty*relative*to*previous*estimates*of*the*distribution*of*m.'bernadi*+*m.'tener'+* M.'tamaulipensis*(sensu*Campbell*and*Lamar*2004;*LavinSMurcio*and*Dixon*2004).*The* specimen*is*from*near*the*los*tuxtlas*mountain*range,*renowned*for*its*endemic* biodiversity*(perezshigareda*&*navarro*1980).*we*initially*identified*specimen*m214*as* M.'diastema*given*the*collection*locality*(no*individuals*of*M.'tener'have*been*reported* near*the*isthmus*of*tehuantepec).*interestingly,*fraser*(1973)*noted*that*m.'diastema' from*veracruz*had*fewer*ventral*and*subcaudal*scales*than*m.'diastema*populations* from*the*yucatan*peninsula*(the*origin*of*our*outgroup*sample*of*m.'diastema,*m50;* Fig.*1,*A)*and*Guatemala/Honduras.*Thus,*although*we*lack*the*geographic*sampling*to* speculate*with*any*confidence,*our*discovery*of*an*individual*with*m.'tener* mitochondrial*dna*from*an*area*where*m.'diastema*should*be*the*only*species*of*

4 Streicher et al. 4 coralsnake*with*a*monadal*and*tricolored*dorsal*pattern*(m.'limbatus*and*m.'elegans' are*snakes*with*a*bicolor*and*triadal/pentadal*dorsal*pattern,*respectively),*warrants* future*investigation.* Based*on*our*mitochondrial*phylogenies*(Fig.*S2),*we*find*support*for*the*M.' fulvius*clade*(m.'tener*and*m.'fulvius)*being*sister*to*m.'nigrocinctus*(girard,*1855),'a* species*with*notable*color*pattern*polymorphism*from*central*america*and*mexico*(see* Campbell*and*Lamar,*2004),*or*to*a*clade*of*M.'elegans'(Jan*1858)*and*M.'nigrocinctus* (Fig.*1,*A;*Fig*S2).*Micrurus'diastema,'M.'fulvius,*M.'nigrocinctus,*M.'tener,*belong*to*the* monadal*group*of*new*world*coralsnakes*(slowinski*1995;*campbell*and*lamar*2004;* Renjifo*et*al.*2012).*Micrurus'elegans*and*M.'laticollaris*(Peters*1869)*belong*to*the* Central*American*triadSbearing*group.*Thus,*our*phylogenetic*analyses*of*mitochondrial* DNA*may*suggest*that*the*monadal*and*Central*American*triadal*color*groups*are*nonS monophyletic.* Justification(for(synonymizing(Micrurus'bernadi(with(M.'tener' Castoe*et*al.*(2012)*defined*the*Micrurus'fulvius*complex*as*including*M.'bernadi,*M.' fulvius,*m.'tener,*and*m.'tamaulipensis.*the*association*between*m.'tener*and*m.' fulvius'was*well*established*(see*campbell*and*lamar*2004)*and*the*close*phylogenetic* affinities*of*m.'tener*with*m.'tamaulipensis*were*suspected*(lavin*murcio*and*dixon,* 2004;*next*section).*However,*the*inclusion*of*M.'bernadi*in*the*M.'fulvius*complex*was* largely*unprecedented*(castoe*et*al.*[2012]*incorrectly*attributed*the*placement*to* LavinSMurcio*and*Dixon*[2004]).*Schmidt*(1933)*posited*that*it*was* possible*that*the*

5 Streicher et al. 5 coloration*of*the*specimen,*in*which*the*black*rings*are*reduced*to*a*series*of*dorsal* spots,*is*an*individual*anomaly. *Although*he*did*mention*that*the*holotype*of*M.' bernadi'was*the*northernmost*record*in*mexico*for*a*coralsnake*outside*of*m.'tener,* Schmidt*(1933)*did*not*clearly*indicate*what*species*the*color*pattern*anomaly*would*be* referable*to.*in*contrast,*pérezshigareda*and*smith*(1990)*hypothesized*that*m.'bernadi* was*a*close*relative*of*m.'diastema,*which*also*occurs*in*eastscentral*mexico.** Castoe*et*al.*(2012)*included*M.'bernadi*in*the*M.'fulvius*complex*because*a* single*individual*of*this*taxon*had*a*microsatellite*profile*that*clustered*with*m.'tener.* Although*Castoe*et*al.*(2012)*did*not*specifically*report*it,*this*individual*(M431,*Field*ID* ITAH*1189;*Table*S1;*Fig.*5)*was*identified*as*M.'bernadi*on*the*basis*of*the*possessing* the*distinctive* saddled *color*pattern*observed*in*the*holotype.*we*included*specimen* M431*in*our*study,*and*like*Castoe*et*al.*(2012)*found*with*microsatellites,*our*nuclear* and*mitochondrial*dna*data*suggest*it*is*indeed*nested*within*m.'tener'(fig.*1,*a*and*c).* Our*mitochondrial*analyses,*which*included*M.'diastema'as*an*outgroup,*further* supported*this*relationship*(fig.*1,*a;*fig.*s2).*however,*specimen*m431*was*collected* about*7*km*south*of*huejutla*de*reyes*in*hidalgo,*which*is*over*50*km*north*of*the*type* locality*of*m.'bernadi*in*zacualtipan,*hidalgo.*the*collection*locality*of*specimen*m431* occurs*where*the*ranges*of*m.'t.'microgalbineus*and*m.'bernadi*putatively*overlap* (Campbell*and*Lamar*2004).*Distinguishing*these*taxa*morphologically*is*not* straightforward*as*scale*count*data*overlap*in*both*sexes*(condition*of*m.'t.' microgalbineus*[m.'bernadi*in*brackets]:*ventrals,*males*198s204*[ ],*females* 216S225*[ ];*subcaudals,*males*41 45*[45 48],*females*32 38*[34 39],*temporals*

6 Streicher et al *[1+1])*and*both*taxa*possess*color*pattern*polymorphism*(Schmidt*1958;*Roze* 1996;*Campbell*and*Lamar*2004).*Thus,*it*is*possible*that*specimen*M431*is*an* individual*of*m.'bernadi,*but*it*is*equally*likely*that*it*is*an*aberrant*color*morph*of*m.'t.' microgalbineus.*to*differentiate*between*these*possibilities,*we*sequenced* mitochondrial*dna*from*three*additional*specimens*referable*to*m.'bernadi,*all* originating*from*near*cuetzalan,*puebla*(m201,*field*id*jac*22468;*m236*field*id*ens* 10590;*and*M246,*Field*ID*ENS*10790).*These*specimens*had*also*been*included*in*the* microsatellite*screening*portion*of*castoe*et*al.*(2012;*their*fig.*1,*a),*but*not*the* preliminary*population*genetic*analysis.*cuetzalan*is*a*wellsknown*locality*for*m.' bernadi*that*is*included*in*the*species*account*provided*by*campbell*and*lamar*(2004).* This*locality*is*only*40*km*straightSline*distance*from*Necaxa,*Puebla*another*locality* that*has*yielded*multiple*specimens*of*m.'bernadi*(schmidt,*1958).*the*three*specimens* from*cuetzalan*all*have*m.'tener*mitochondrial*haplotypes*(fig.*1,*a),*although*they* belong*to*a*different*haplogroup*than*specimen*m431*from*hidalgo.*thus,*while*we* encourage*future*exploration*of*this*issue*via*genetic*comparisons*with*material*from* near*the*type*locality*of*m.'bernadi,'we*believe*our*genetic*data*and*a*lack*of* morphological*autapomorphies*warrant*synonymizing*m.'bernadi*with*m.'tener.*** Justification(for(synonymizing(Micrurus'tamaulipensis(with(M.'tener' Micrurus'tamaulipensis*was*described*on*the*basis*of*four*specimens*collected*from* pine*oak*forest*in*a*small*region*of*tamaulipas*known*as*the*sierra*de*tamaulipas.*in* the*original*description,*lavinsmurcio*and*dixon*(2004)*indicated*phylogenetic*affinities*

7 Streicher et al. 7 between*m.'tamaulipensis*and*m.'tener:*"on*comparison*to*the*only*other*species*of* coral*snake*in*the*region*(m.'tener),*it*is*obvious*that*the*latter*species*is*its*closest* relative."*our*study*included*mitochondrial*dna*from*a*specimen*collected*in*the*sierra* de*tamaulipas*(m326,*field*id*jac*24615).*importantly,*specimen*m326*is*from*near* Acuña,*where*the*paratype*of*M.'tamaulipensis*was*collected*(UMMZ*95201).*We*found* that*mitochondrial*dnas*placed*specimen*m326*as*nested*between*two*samples*of*m.' bernadi'from*puebla*(fig.*1,*a).*morphological*similarities*to*the*two*subspecies*of*m.' tener*that*occur*closest*to*the*range*of*m.'tamaulipensis,*m.'t.'maculatus*and*m.'t.' microgalineus*(fig.*1,*b),*were*noted*in*the*original*description*(lavinsmurcio*and*dixon,* 2004).*Interestingly,*these*three*forms*occur*in*a*putative*zone*of*intergradation* between*subspecies*of*m.'tener*(fig.*1,*b;*campbell*and*lamar,*2004).*comparisons*of* morphology*among*snakes*from*this*region*suggest*overlap*in*characteristics*that*have* been*used*to*diagnose*species*and*subsspecies*(condition*of*m.'t.'maculatus,*m.'t.' microgalbineus,*and*m.'tamaulipensis,*respectively):*ventrals*in*males* ,* ,* ;*ventrals*in*females* ,* ,*209;*subcaudals*in*males*43 45,* 41 45,*42 46;*subcaudals*in*females,*31,*32 38,*31;*temporals*1+1,*1+1,*1+1/2.*In*their* diagnosis*lavinsmurcio*and*dixon*(2004)*state*that'm.'tamaulipensis'differs*from*m.' tener*by*the*presence*of*a*black*head*cap*that*extends*beyond*the*tip*of*the*parietal* scales*four*to*six*scales.*this*statement*is*misleading*because*they*are*actually*referring* to*the*width*of*the*first*black*band,*the*nuchal*band,*and*not*just*the*cap*as*they*state.* Another*misleading*statement*in*the*diagnoses*is*that*M.'tamaulipenis'lacks*a*yellow* head*ring*across*the*interparietal*suture*(present*in*m.'tener),*which*could*be*

8 Streicher et al. 8 interpreted*as*some*of*their*specimens*having*a*virtually*complete*yellow*head*ring,* except*for*the*suture.*the*extensive*black*cap*with*fusion*to*the*nuchal*ring*has*been* reported*for*individuals*of*m.'bernadi'(roze*1996),*and*can*also*be*seen*in*the* population*of*m.'diastema*in*the*northeastern*yucatan*peninsula,*some*that*have* extensive*red*coloration,*sometimes*even*including*the*tail.*the*only*character*used*to* definitively*differentiate*m.'tamaulipensis*from*m.'tener*is*the*presence*of*three*colors* on*the*tail*(black,*yellow,*and*red).*although*most*individuals*of*m.'tener*have*yellow* and*black*tails,*there*are*many*examples*of*specimens*with*red*suffusions*on*the*tails* (typically*occurring*as*red*blotches*or*rings*in*the*center*of*yellow*rings;*e.n.*smith*pers.* obs.).*given*the*levels*of*color*pattern*polymorphism*known*to*occur*within*m.'tener,* the*utility*of*color*pattern*characters*for*differentiating*taxa*especially*in*mexico*is* highly*subjective*and*possibly*dubious.*in*light*of*the*evidence*from*scale*counts*and* genetics*that*do*not*clearly*distinguish*it*from*m.'tener,*we*suggest*recognizing*m.' tamaulipensis*as*a*junior*synonym*of*m.'tener.* Based*on*our*collective*findings,*we*present*below*a*revised*species*account*for* M.'tener*including*new*synonymies,*diagnostic*comparisons*with*closely*related*and* sympatric*species,*an*updated*geographic*distribution,*and*comments*on*morphological* variation*in*this*widespread*species*of*venomous*snake.** ' '

9 Streicher et al. 9 Micrurus'tener((Baird(and(Girard,(1853)( Figs.*1 6*and*S1 S9* Elaps'tenere*Baird*and*Girard,*1853,*Cat.'N.'Am.'Rept.*1:172*[22,*156].*Syntypes:*Originals*lost,* USNM*1121*designated*lectotype*(Roze,*1996).*Type*Locality:*New*Braunfels,*Texas.* USA.* Elaps'tristis*Baird*and*Girard,*1853,*Cat.'N.'Am.'Rept.*1:172*[23].*In*Part.*Syntypes:*USNM*1123* (M'.tener)*and*1124*(M.'fulvius,'from*Mississippi).*Type*Locality:*Rio*Grande,*W*of*San* Antonio,*Texas,*USA.* Elaps'fitzingeri*Jan,*1858,*Rev.'Mag.'Zool.*10:514S527*[521,*Pl.*1].*Syntypes:*All*lost*except*for* NMW*18297.*Type*Locality:*Guanajuato,*Mexico*(Smith*and*Taylor,*1950).* Elaps'tener* *Günther,*1859,*Proc.'Zool.'Soc.'London*1859:79S89*[86].* Elaps'fulvius*var.*fitzingeri' *Jan,*1863,*Elenco*Sist.*Ofidi*1S143*[113].* Elaps'fulvius'tener* *Cope,*1875,*Bull.'U.S.'Natl.'Mus.'1:1S104*[34].* Elaps'bernadi*Cope,*in*FerrariSPerez,*1886,*Proc.'U.S.'Natl.'Mus.*9:125S199*[190].*[Nomen' nudem]*syn.(nov.* Elaps'bernadi*Cope,*1887,*Bull.'U.S.'Natl.'Mus.*32:1S98[87]*Holotype:*ANSP*14767,*Type*Locality:* Zacualtipan,*Hidalgo,*Mexico.*syn.(nov.* Elaps'fulvius* *Boulenger,*1896,*Cat.'Snakes'British'Mus.*3:1S727*[422].*In*Part.* Micrurus'bernadi* Schmidt,*1933,*Field'Mus.'Nat.'Hist.'Publ.,'Zool.'Ser.*20:29S40*[40]*syn.(nov.* Micrurus'fitzingeri* *Schmidt,*1933,*Field'Mus.'Nat.'Hist.'Publ..'Zoo.'Ser.*20:29S40*[38].* Micrurus'fulvius'tenere* *Schmidt*1933,*Field'Mus.'Nat.'Hist.'Publ..'Zoo.'Ser.*20:29S40*[40].* Micrurus'fitzingeri'fitzingeri* *Brown*and*Smith,*1942,*Proc.'Biol.'Soc.'Washington*55:63S66*[63].* Micrurus'fitzingeri'microgalbenius*Brown*and*Smith,*1942,*Proc.'Biol.'Soc.'Washington*55:63S66*

10 Streicher et al. 10 [63].*Holotype:*Strecker*Museum*14984.*Type*Locality:*Antiguo*Morelos,*Tamaulipas,* Mexico.* Micrurus'fulvius'maculatus*Roze,*1967,*Am.'Mus.'Novitat.*2287:1S60*[27].'Holotype:*ZMH*5685.* Type*Locality:*Tampico,*Tamaulipas,*Mexico.* Micrurus'fulvius'microgalbineus* *Roze,*1967,*Am.'Mus.'Novitat.*2287:1S60*[26].' Micrurus'fulvius'fitzingeri* *Roze,*1967,*Am.'Mus.'Novitat.*2287:1S60*[29].* Micrurus'fulvius'tener** *Frost*and*Collins,*1988,'Herpetol.'Rev.*19:73S74*[73].** Micrurus'tener' *Collins,*1991,*Herpetol.'Rev.*22:42S43*[43].* Micrurus'diastema'bernadi* *PérezSHigareda*and*Smith,*1990,*Bull.'Maryland'Herpetol.'Soc.' 26:5S13*[5].*syn(nov.* Micrurus'tener'fitzingeri* *Campbell*and*Lamar,*2004,*The'Venomous'Reptiles'of'the''Western' Hemisphere'1:1S475*[195].* Micrurus'tener*maculatus* *Campbell*and*Lamar,*2004,*The'Venomous'Reptiles'of'the''Western' Hemisphere'1:1S475*[196].** Micrurus'tener*microgalbineus* *Campbell*and*Lamar,*2004,*The'Venomous'Reptiles'of'the'' Western'Hemisphere'1:1S475*[195].* Micrurus'tamaulipensis*LavinSMurcio*and*Dixon,*2004,*Phyllomedusa*3:3S7*[4].*Holotype:*ITT* 751.*Type*Locality:*Sierra*de*Tamaulipas,*Rancho*La*Sauceda,*Tamaulipas,*Mexico.*syn.( nov.( * English(and(Spanish(names:(Texas*Coralsnake,*Coral*Tejano,*Coralillo*Tejano* Distribution(and(habitat:*Across*a*variety*of*habitats*spanning*arid*to*high*elevation* regions*of*the*central*mexican*plateau,*cloud*forests*of*the*sierra*madre*oriental,*the* Edwards*Plateau*region*of*central*Texas,*and*wooded*areas*of*Louisiana*and*east*Texas,*

11 Streicher et al. 11 USA.*This*species*also*inhabits*tropical*wetSforests*of*the*Gulf*coast*of*Mexico*extending* as*far*south*as*the*isthmus*of*tehuantepec*(fig.*1,*b).*collection*localities*for*specimens* used*in*our*study*ranged*in*elevation*from*6*m*(louisiana,*usa)*to*2155*m*(guanajuato,* Mexico)*above*sea*level.** Description:'Adult*body*sizes*that*can*range*from* *mm*but*is*generally*less* than*800*mm*total*length.*ventral*scale*counts*range*from* *in*males*and* *in*females.*Subcaudal*scale*counts*range*from*38 48*in*males*and*26 41*in*females.* Temporal*scales*can*have*either*the*condition*1+1*or*1+2.*There*are*between*10*and*27* black*body*rings*(although*not*always*complete)*in*males,*and*10*to*26*in*females.* There*are*between*3 12*tail*rings*in*males*and*2 8*tail*rings*in*females.** Similar(species:(The*closest*extant*relative*of*M.'tener*is*likely*M.'fulvius*(Fig.*1,*A*and* C).*These*taxa*can*be*differentiated*by*the*condition*of*the*black*nuchal*band*where*it* does*not*reach*the*tips*of*the*parietal*scales*in*m.'fulvius*(where*it*does*in*m.'tener,'but* is*obscured*by*a*black*nuchal*cap*in*specimens*from*the*sierra*de*tamaulipas).*the* extent*that*this*band*extends*onto*the*parietals*varies*across*populations*of*m.'tener* (as*does*the*relative*completeness*of*the*parietal*light*ring;*e.g.*campbell*and*lamar,* 2004,*their*Fig.*26;*LavinSMurcio*and*Dixon,*2004,*their*Fig.*1).*In*Mexico,*the*only*other* coralsnakes*that*possibly*have*overlapping*ranges*with*m.'tener*are*m.'browni,' diastema,'m.'limbatus*and*m.'elegans.*micrurus'elegans*has*black*body*rings*disposed* in*triads*or*pentads*alternating*over*white*rings*and*between*orange*rings*(m.'tener*is* monadal*or*bicolored*throught*the*body).*micrurus'limbatus*is*a*bicolored*red* (orange)/black*snake,*that*either*has*black*saddles*or*narrow*rings*over*a*red*or*dark*

12 Streicher et al. 12 orange*body.*both*m.'browni*and*m.'diastema*also*have*body*dorsa*with*a*highly* variable*number*of*black*rings,*10 27*and*0 62,*respectively.*M.'diastema*has* populations*with*the*body*dorsum*bicolored*or*tricolored*and*monadal,*and*both* species*can*have*very*narrow*yellow*rings.*both*species*overlap*and*surpass*in*meristic* characters*the*variation*seen*in*m.'tener,*although*these*two*species*also*need*to*be* reevaluated*taxonomically*based*on*our*extension*of*the*m.'tener*distribution*into* Veracruz,*and*they*both*contain*several*distinctly*recognizable*subspecies*in*need*of* molecular*evaluation.*in*general*m.'tener*in*mexico*has*a*black*mental*scale*and*black* anterior*infralabials*(first*three),*dark*pigmentation*over*the*chinsshields,*and*black* color*extending*widely*into*the*gular*area.*in*m.'diastema*from*north*of*the*isthmus*of* Tehuantepec*the*black*color*on*the*infralabials*and*mental*scale*tends*to*be*reduced*or* absent,*the*chin*tends*to*be*relatively*free*of*dark*color,*and*the*gular*area*tends*to*be* relatively*reduced*of*black*coloration,*at*least*medially*and*just*behind*the*head.* Micrurus'browni'is*very*similar*in*color*to*M.'tener,*but*adult*males*and*even*some*large* adult*females*of*this*species*differ*from*both*m.'tener*and*m.'diastema*in*having* supracloacal*tubercles.* Color(pattern(polymorphism:*Complex*variation*in*color*pattern*has*been*widely* documented*in*the*monadal*group*of*micrurus*(savage*and*slowinski*1992).*varying* degrees*of*melanistic*coloration*are*known*to*occur*in*m.'tener*from*texas;*sometimes* resulting*in*envenomation*based*on*misidentification*(gloyd*1938;*campbell*and*lamar* 2004).*This*melanistic*phenotype*is*particularly*abundant*around*San*Antonio,*Texas,* USA*(Werler*and*Darling*1950).*Interestingly,*our*revised*concept*of*M.'tener*increases*

13 Streicher et al. 13 the*levels*of*color*pattern*polymorphism*known*from*the*species*(to*include*black* heads*and*nonsringed*saddle*patterns).*the*types*of*color*pattern*polymorphism* observed*in*m.'tener*are*strikingly*similar*to*those*observed*in*several*species*of* colubrid*mimics*inhabiting*similar*regions*of*mexico*(e.g.*sonora'aemula*(cope*1879),*s.' michoacanensis'(dugès*1884),*s.'mutabilis'stickel*1943,*cox*et*al.*2012;*pliocercus' elapoides'cope*1860,'campbell*and*lamar*2004).*interestingly,*these*mimics*include* multiple*(presumably*independent)*instances*of*evolving*the* saddle *that*also*occurs*in* populations*of*m.'tener'previously*referred*to*as*m.'bernadi.** Conclusions(and(future(directions( In*his*review*of*the*genus*Micrurus,*Karl*Schmidt*(1933)*wrote,* The*genus*Micrurus*is* characterized*by*great*uniformity*of*arrangement*of*the*head*shields*and*the*number*of* dorsal*scale*rows.*it*becomes,*therefore,*the*more*necessary*to*scrutinize*the* taxonomic*characters*available.*one*of*the*first*results*of*this*critique*is*to*affirm*the* constancy*and*value*of*the*color*pattern*characters. *Despite*this*recommendation,* much*of*the*subsequent*taxonomy*of*micrurus*has*been*based*on*using*presumed* discrete*color*pattern*characters.*given*the*findings*of*our*study,*we*strongly* recommend*that*data*sources*beyond*color*pattern*and*scale*counts*(e.g.*dna,*viscera,* osteology,*and*dentition)*are*utilized*in*future*endeavors*to*untangle*evolutionary* relationships*among*mexican*snakes*of*the*genus*micrurus.* *

14 Streicher et al. 14 LITERATURE(CITED( * Boulenger,*G.*A.*1896.*Catalogue*of*the*snakes*at*the*British*Museum*(Natural*History).* Vol.*3:727*pp.* Campbell,*J.*A.,*and*W.*W.*Lamar.*2004.*The*Venomous*Reptiles*of*the*Western* Hemisphere.*Cornell*University*Press,*Ithaca,*NY.*Vol.*1:475*pp.** * CarbajalSSaucedo,*A.,*E.*LópezSVera,*M.*BénardSValle,*E.*N.*Smith,*F.*Zamudio,*A.*R.*de* Roodt*and*A.*OlveraSRodríguez.*2013.*Isolation,*characterization,*cloning*and* expression*of*an*alphasneurotoxin*from*the*venom*of*the*mexican*coral*snake* Micrurus*laticollaris*(Squamata:*Elaidae).*Toxicon*66:64 74.** * Castoe,*T.*A.,*E.*N.*Smith,*R.*M.*Brown*and*C.*L.*Parkinson.*2007.*HigherSlevel*phylogeny* of*asian*and*american*coralsnakes,*their*placement*within*the*elapidae*(squamata),* and*the*systematic*affinities*of*the*enigmatic*coralsnake*hemibungarus'calligaster.* Zool.*J.*Linn.*Soc.*151: *** Castoe,*T.*A.,*J.*W.*Streicher,*J.*M.*Meik,*M.*J.*Ingrasci,*A.*W.*Poole,*A.*P.*J.*de*Koning,*J.* A.*Campbell,*C.*L.*Parkinson,*E.*N.*Smith,*and*D.*D.*Pollock.*2012.*Thousands*of* microsatellite*loci*from*the*venomous*coralsnake*micrurus'fulvius*and*variability*of* select*loci*across*populations*and*related*species.*mol.*ecol.*resour.*12: *

15 Streicher et al. 15 * Cox,*C.*L.,*A.*R.*Davis,*J.*ReyesSVelasco,*P.*PonceSCampos,*E.*N.*Smith,*O.*FloresSVIllela* and*j.*a.*campbell.*2012.*molecular*systematics*of*the*genus*sonora*(squamata:* Colubridae)*in*central*and*western*Mexico.*Syst.*Biodivers.*10: ** * Fraser,*D.*F.*1973.*Variation*in*the*coral*snake*Micrurus'diastema.*Copeia*1973:1 17.* * Gloyd,*H.*K.*1938.*A*case*of*poisoning*from*the*bite*of*a*black*coral*snake.*Herpetologica* 1: * LavinSMurcio,*P.*A.*and*J.*R.*Dixon.*2004.*A*new*species*of*coral*snake*(Serpentes,* Elapidae)*from*the*Sierra*de*Tamaulipas,*Mexico.*Phyllomedusa*3:3 8.* * Margres,*M.J.,*K.*Aronow,*J.*Loyacano*and*D.*R.*Rokyta.*2013.*The*venomSgland* transcriptome*of*the*eastern*coral*snake*(micrurus'fulvius)*reveals*high*venom* complexity*in*the*intragenomic*evolution*of*venoms.*bmc*genomics*14:531.** * PerezSHigareda,*G.*and*L.*D.*Navarro.*1980.*The*faunistic*districts*of*the*low*plains*of** ******Veracruz,*Mexico,*based*on*reptilian*and*mammalian*data.*Bull.*Md.***** ******Herpetol.*Soc.*16:54 69.** * PerezSHigareda,*G.*and*H.*M.*Smith.*1990.*The*endemic*coral*snakes*of*the*Los*Tuxtlas**

16 Streicher et al. 16 *******region,*southern*veracruz,*mexico.*bulletin*of*the*maryland*herpetological*society*** *******26:5 13.*** * Pyron,*R.A.,*F.*T.*Burbrink,*G.*R.*Colli,*A.*NietoSMontes*de*Oca,*L.*J.*Vitt,*C.*A.*Kuczynski** *****and*j.*j.*wiens*2011.*the*phylogeny*of*advanced*snakes*(colubroidea),*with*the** ****discovery*of*a*new*subfamily*and*comparison*of*support*methods*for*likelihood*trees.** *****Mol.*Phylogenet.*Evol.*58: ** * Pyron,*R.A.,*F.*T.*Burbrink*and*J.*J.*Wiens.*2013.*A*phylogeny*and*revised*classification*of** ******Squamata,*including*4161*species*of*lizards*and*snakes.*BMC*Evol.*Biol.** ******13:93.** * Renjifo,*C.,*E.*N.*Smith,*W.*C.*Hodgson,*J.*M.*Renjifo,*A.*Sanchez,*R.*Acosta,*J.*H.** *****Maldonado*and*A.*Riveros.*2012.*Neuromuscular*activity*of*the*venoms*of*Columbian** ****coral*snakes*micrurus'dissoleucus*and*micrurus'mipartitus:*an*evolutionary** *****perspective.*toxicon*59: ** * Roze,*J.*A.*1996.*Coral*snakes*of*the*Americas:*Biology,*identification,*and*venoms.* Malabar,*Florida.*Krieger*Publishing,*340*pp.** * Savage,*J.*M.*and*J.*B.*Slowinski.*1992.*The*colouration*of*the*venomous*coral*snakes** ******(family*elapidae)*and*their*mimics*(families*aniliidae*and*colubridae).*biol.*

17 Streicher et al. 17 ******J.*Linn.*Soc.*45:* ** * Schmidt,*K.*P.*1933.*Preliminary*account*of*the*coral*snakes*of*Central*America*and* Mexico.*Field*Mus.*Nat.*Hist.*Zool.*Ser.*20:29 40.* * Schmidt,*K.P.*1958.*Some*rare*or*littleSknown*Mexican*coral*snakes.*Fieldiana*Zool.* 39: ** * Slowinski,*J.B.*1995.*A*phylogenteic*analsis*of*the*New*World*coral*snakes*(Elapidae:* Leptomicrurus,*Micruriodes,*and*Micrurus)*based*on*allozymic*and*morphological* characters.*j.*herpetol.*29,* ** * Tanaka,*G.D.,*M.*de*Fátima*D.*Furtado,*F.*C.*V.*Portaro,*O.*A.*Sant'Anna*and*D.*V.* Tambourgi.*2010.*Diversity*of*Micrurus**snake*species*related*to*their*venom*toxic* effects*and*the*prospective*of*antivenom*neutrilization.*plos*negl.*trop.*dis.*4:e622.** * Werler,*J.*E.*and*D.*M.*Darling.*1950.*A*case*of*poisoning*from*the*bite*of*a*coral*snake,* Micrurus'f.'tenere*Baird*and*Girard.*Herpetologica*6: * *

18 Appendix(S2:(Additional(Methods( RADSEQ(LIBRARY(CONSTRUCTION(AND(SEQUENCING( DNA$isolates$were$quantified$using$a$Qubit$fluorometer$and$dsDNA$HS$assay$kit$(Life$ Technologies),$and$approximately$250$ng$of$DNA$for$each$individual$with$the$ restriction$enzymes$sbfi$and$sau3ai)(new$england$biolabs).$following$adaptor$ ligation,$magneticnbead$purified$samples$were$pooled$and$size$selected$for$ fragments$ranging$from$440$and$540$bp$using$a$1.5%$agarose$gel$cartridge$run$on$a$ Blue$Pippin$Prep$(Sage$Science).$RAD$libraries$were$amplified$via$PCR$with$Phusion $ DNA$polymerase$(New$England$Biolabs),$purified$using$magnetic$beads,$and$ quantitated$using$a$dna$7500$chip$on$a$bioanalyzer$2100$(agilent$technologies).$ Amplified$libraries$were$pooled$and$sequenced$on$a$single$Illumina$HiSeq$2500$lane$ using$100$bp$pairednend$reads.$ ESTIMATING(THE(HISTORICAL(RANGE(OF(CORALSNAKES( We$modeled$the$climatic$niche$of$M.)fulvius)and)M.)tener$to$approximate$the$ current$and$last$glacial$maximum$(lgm)$distribution$of$each$species.$we$applied$an$ ecological$niche$modeling$method,$where$environmental$data$are$extracted$from$ current$occurrence$records,$and$habitat$suitability$is$evaluated$across$the$landscape$ using$a$programnspecific$algorithm$(elith$et$al.$2006).$the$presentnday$models$of$ each$species$were$then$projected$on$the$climatic$reconstructions$of$the$lgm$under$ the$assumption$that$the$climatic$niche$of$each$species$remained$conserved$between$ the$lgm$and$present$(elith$et$al.$2010).$$ For$occurrence$data,$we$used$museum$records$downloaded$from$the$Vertnet$

19 Database$( 176$records$for$M.)fulvius$and$128$records$for$M.)tener.$The$current$climate$was$ represented$by$bioclimatic$variables$from$the$worldclim$dataset$v.$1.4$(hijmans$et$ al.$2005)$with$resolution$of$2.5$minutes.$we$followed$the$methodology$of$jezkova$et) al.$(2011)$to$remove$highly$correlated$variables$(i.e.$with$a$correlation$coefficient$>$ 0.9),$resulting$in$selection$of$12$predictor$variables$(out$of$the$19$bioclimatic$ variables).$for$environmental$layers$representing$the$climatic$conditions$of$the$lgm,$ we$used$three$models$of$oceannatmosphere$simulations:$ccsm4,$mirocnesm,$and$ MPINESMNP$(Braconnot$et$al.$2007),$all$available$through$ Climatic$niche$models$were$constructed$in$MAXENT$v.$3.3.3k$(Phillips$et$al.$2008),$ which$estimates$relative$probabilities$of$the$presence$of$species$within$defined$ geographic$spaces,$with$high$probabilities$indicating$suitable$environmental$ conditions$for$the$species$(phillips$et$al.$2004).$our$models$were$confined$to$the$ southeastern$region$of$north$america.$we$used$the$default$parameters$in$maxent$ (500$maximum$iterations,$convergence$threshold$of$ ,$regularization$ multiplier$of$1,$and$10,000$background$points)$with$crossnvalidation$used$as$a$ replicated$run$type.$we$removed$duplicate$presence$records$(resulting$in$a$final$ dataset$of$139$records$for$m.)fulvius$and$115$records$for$m.)tener).$we$ran$20$ replicates$for$each$model,$and$an$average$model$was$presented$using$logistic$ probability$classes$of$climatic$niche$suitability.$the$presencenabsence$maps$were$ determined$using$a$threshold$that$balances$training$omission,$predicted$area$and$ threshold$value$(less$conservative)$and$a$threshold$that$equates$entropy$of$ threshold$and$original$distributions$(more$conservative).$we$used$the$receiver$

20 operating$characteristic$to$determine$an$area$under$the$curve$(auc)$value$to$ evaluate$model$performance,$where$auc$values$range$from$0.5$for$a$random$ prediction$to$1$for$perfect$prediction$(raes$and$ter$steege$2007).$ We$found$the$following$AUC$values$for$our$SDMs:$M.)fulvius,$0.967;$M.)tener,$0.928;$ M.$fulvius$complex$ $0.923.$The$less$and$more$conservative$thresholds$corresponded$ to$0.05$and$0.16$logistic$probabilities,$respectively.( ( LITERATURE(CITED( $ Braconnot,$P.$et$al.$2007.$Results$of$PMIP2$coupled$simulations$of$the$MidNHolocene$ $ and$last$glacial$maximum$n$part$1:$experiments$and$largenscale$features.$clim.$ Past$3: $ Elith,$J.$et$al.$2006.$Novel$methods$improve$prediction$of$species'$distributions$from$ $ occurrence$data.$ecography$29: $ Elith,$J.$et$al.$2010.$The$art$of$modelling$rangeNshifting$species.$Methods$Ecol.$Evol.$ $ 1: $ Hijmans,$R.$J.$et$al.$2005.$Very$high$resolution$interpolated$climate$surfaces$for$ $ global$land$areas.$int.$j.$climatol.$25: $ Jezkova,$T.,$V.$OlahNHemmings$and$B.$R.$Riddle.$2011.$Niche$shifting$in$response$to$ warming$climate$after$the$last$glacial$maximum:$inference$from$genetic$data$and$

21 niche$assessments$in$the$chiselntoothed$kangaroo$rat$(dipodomys)microps).$glob.$ Change$Biol.$17: $ $ Phillips,$S.$J.$and$M.$Dudik.$2008.$Modeling$of$species$distributions$with$Maxent:$new$ extensions$and$a$comprehensive$evaluation.$ecography$31: $ $ Phillips,$S.$J.$et$al.$2004.$A$maximum$entropy$approach$to$species$distribution$ modeling.$proceedings$of$the$twentynfirst$international$conference$on$machine$ learning.$ $ Raes,$N.$and$ter$H.$Steege.$2007.$A$nullNmodel$for$significance$testing$of$presenceN only$species$distribution$models.$ecography$30: $ $ $

22 Streicher(et(al.( Table S1 Taxonomic and geographic sampling of the Micrurus fulvius complex. *For additional information related to voucher specimens and specimen locations, contact or No. Lab Taxon Locality (State: Country) GPS Latitude GPS Longitude GenBank* SRA ID* (cyt-b/nd4) ddradseq 1 M431 bernadi( Hidalgo: Mexico KU754310/ KU M236 bernadi( Puebla: Mexico KU754341/ KU M246 bernadi( Puebla: Mexico KU754293/ 4 M201 bernadi( Puebla: Mexico KU754350/ KU M86 fulvius Tampa: Florida: USA KU754348/ KU M87 fulvius Walton: Florida: USA KU754345/ KU M89 fulvius Perry: Mississippi: USA KU754353/ KU754454

23 Streicher(et(al.( 8 M91 fulvius Lake: Florida: USA KU754333/ KU M92 fulvius Highlands: Florida: USA KU754356/ KU M172 fulvius Jefferson: Florida: USA KU754358/ 11 M173 fulvius Highlands: Florida: USA KU754346/ KU M174 fulvius Broward: Florida: USA KU754309/ KU M175 fulvius Liberty: Florida: USA KU754355/ KU M176 fulvius Aiken: South Carolina: USA KU754303/ KU M278 fulvius Palm Beach: Florida: USA KU754305/ KU M314 fulvius Franklin: Florida: USA KU754307/ KU M668 fulvius Orange: Florida: USA KU754365/

24 Streicher(et(al.( 18 M691 fulvius Robeson: North Carolina: USA KU754363/ 19 M736 fulvius Florida: USA (No other data) N/A N/A KU754373/ KU M692 fulvius New Hanover: North Carolina: USA KU754364/ 21 M51 tener fitzingeri( Querétaro: Mexico (No other data) N/A N/A KU754326/ KU M516 tener fitzingeri( Guanajuato: Mexico KU754296/ 23 M432 tener fitzingeri( Guanajuato: Mexico (No other data) N/A N/A / KU M206 tener maculatus( Tamaulipas: Mexico KU754350/ KU M332 tener maculatus( Tamaulipas: Mexico (No other data) N/A N/A KU754330/ N/A 26 M448 tener microgalbineus( 27 M449 tener microgalbineus( KU Hidalgo: Mexico KU754295/ KU Hidalgo: Mexico KU754294/ KU

25 Streicher(et(al.( 28 M200 tener microgalbineus( 29 M209 tener microgalbineus( Hidalgo: Mexico KU754314/ KU Hidalgo: Mexico KU754360/ M88 tener tener Bienville: Louisiana: USA KU754332/ KU M90 tener tener Acadia: Louisiana: USA KU754331/ KU M93 tener tener( Texas: USA (No other data) N/A N/A KU754334/ KU M177 tener tener Val Verde: Texas: USA KU754352/ KU M203 tener tener( Nuevo Leon: Mexico KU754354/ KU M204 tener tener( Nuevo Leon: Mexico KU754342/ KU M207 tener tener( Nuevo Leon: Mexico KU754359/ 37 M208 tener tener( Nuevo Leon: Mexico KU754338/ KU754429

26 Streicher(et(al.( 38 M230 tener tener( Anderson: Texas: USA KU754337/ KU M267 tener tener( McMullen: Texas: USA KU754349/ KU M268 tener tener( Travis: Texas: USA KU754343/ KU M269 tener tener( McMullen: Texas: USA KU754328/ KU M270 tener tener( Travis: Texas: USA KU754371/ KU M275 tener tener( Bandera: Texas: USA KU754300/ KU M279 tener tener( Brazos: Texas: USA KU754324/ KU M281 tener tener( La Salle: Texas: USA KU754316/ KU M282 tener tener( Bandera: Texas: USA KU754327/ KU M283 tener tener( Kendall: Texas: USA KU754340/ KU

27 Streicher(et(al.( 48 M313 tener tener( Cameron: Texas: USA KU754357/ KU M315 tener tener( Hays: Texas: USA KU754302/ KU M316 tener tener( Travis: Texas: USA KU754318/ KU M320 tener tener( Milam: Texas: USA KU754306/ KU M322 tener tener( Milam: Texas: USA KU754329/ KU M323 tener tener( Travis: Texas: USA KU754320/ KU M324 tener tener( Travis: Texas: USA KU754301/ KU M325 tener tener( Jim Hogg: Texas: USA KU754319/ KU M334 tener tener( Dallas: Texas: USA KU754312/ KU M342 tener tener( Jim Hogg: Texas: USA KU754321/ KU

28 Streicher(et(al.( 58 M343 tener tener( Montgomery: Texas: USA KU754361/ 59 M344 tener tener( Harris: Texas: USA KU754308/ KU M347 tener tener( Polk: Texas: USA KU754311/ KU M348 tener tener( Travis: Texas: USA KU754315/ KU M426 tener tener( Montgomery: Texas: USA KU754323/ KU M428 tener tener( Montgomery: Texas: USA KU754322/ KU M445 tener tener( Jim Wells: Texas: USA KU754299/ KU M447 tener tener( Nueces: Texas: USA / KU M453 tener tener( Coahuila: Mexico KU754292/ 67 M574 tener tener( Walker: Texas: USA KU754298/

29 Streicher(et(al.( 68 M575 tener tener( Starr: Texas: USA KU754336/ KU M577 tener tener( Washington: Texas: USA KU754368/ 70 M578 tener tener( Harris: Texas: USA KU754335/ KU M583 tener tener( Menard: Texas: USA KU754362/ 72 M674 tener tener( Jasper: Texas: USA KU754370/ 73 M675 tener tener( Angelina: Texas: USA KU754369/ M676 tener tener( Jasper: Texas: USA KU754366/ 75 M703 tener tener( Goliad: Texas: USA KU754367/ 76 M735 tener tener Travis: Texas: USA (No other data) N/A N/A KU754372/ KU M738 tener tener( Harris: Texas: USA KU754374/ KU

30 Streicher(et(al.( 78 M740 tener tener( Harris: Texas: USA KU754375/ KU M741 tener tener( Harris: Texas: USA KU754376/ 80 M742 tener tener( Harris: Texas: USA KU754377/ KU M743 tener tener( Harris: Texas: USA KU754378/ KU M744 tener tener( Montgomery: Texas: USA / KU M746 tener tener( Montgomery: Texas: USA / KU M747 tener tener( Montgomery: Texas: USA KU754379/ KU M748 tener tener( Harris: Texas: USA KU754380/ KU M749 tener tener( Montgomery: Texas: USA KU754290/ 87 M753 tener tener( Montgomery: Texas: USA KU754381/ KU

31 Streicher(et(al.( 88 M754 tener tener( Montgomery: Texas: USA / 89 M755 tener tener( Brazos: Texas: USA KU754291/ KU M326 tamaulipensis( Tamaulipas: Mexico KU754304/ KU M214 diastema ( Veracruz: Mexico KU754297/ 92 M33 laticollaris Morelos: Mexico N/A N/A KU754347/ KU M15 browni Tabasco: Mexico N/A N/A KU754313/ KU M50 diastema Quintana Roo: Mexico N/A N/A KU754325/ KU M22 elegans Huehuetenango: Guatemala N/A N/A KU754339/ KU M13 nigrocinctus Zacapa: Guatemala N/A N/A KU754344/ KU M28 nigrocinctus Santa Rosa: Guatemala N/A N/A KU754317/ KU754457

32 Streicher(et(al.( Table S2. Best nucleotide model scheme identified by Partition Finder. This scheme was used to conduct Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of concatenated mitochondrial DNA sequences (cytochrome-b and ND4). Locus Sites Model Likelihood BIC Cyt b pos HKY+G Cyt b pos HKY +I Cyt b pos GTR+G ND4 pos HKY+G ND4 pos HKY+I ND4 pos GTR+G

33 Streicher(et(al.( Table S3. Number of RAD tags (unique restriction digestion loci) obtained from Illumina PE100 sequencing of the Micrurus fulvius complex allowing for different levels of percent missing individuals per SNP. Dataset Coverage (Stack depth) Missing data No. RAD tags Read 1 10X 50% 12,914 Read 1 20X 25% 1356 Read 2 10X 50% 7020 Read 2 20X 25% 450

34 Streicher(et(al.( Table S4. Number of nuclear genome-wide SNPs obtained from the Micrurus fulvius complex. Bold indicates the SNP dataset that were used in the main text. Dataset Coverage Missing No. SNPs Read 1 No. SNPs Read 2 Concatenated No. of SNPs Fixed SNPs 10X 50% Fixed SNPs 20X 25% Biallelic 10X 50% 13, ,547 Biallelic 20X 25%

35 Streicher(et(al.( Table S5 Correlation coefficients (Spearman s rho) for comparisons between latitude, longitude, and spatial principal components from Micrurus tener. Correlation coefficient (rho) Correlation coefficient (rho) Micrurus tener (all, N = 36) Micrurus tener (USA only, N = 30) Spatial principal Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude component spc spc spc spc spc spc

36 Streicher(et(al.( spc spc spc spc (

37 Streicher et al. 1 Supporting*Figure*Legends* Figure*S1*(Page*39).!Relationships!between!percent!missing!data!and!principal!component! scores!from!the!most!explanatory!axis!of!the!multivariate!nuclear!dna!snp!analysis.! Figure*S2*(Page*40).!Bayesian!phylograms!of!cytochrome@b!(cyt@b)!and!NADH!dehydrogenase! subunit!4!(nd4)!generated!using!mrbayes.!black!circles!on!nodes!correspond!to!posterior! probabilities!>!0.90.! Figure*S3*(Page*41).!Results!of!k@means!clustering!in!adegenet!(Jombart!2008)!using!a! maximum!of!40!clusters!(30!retained!for!figure)!on!the!22,547!biallelic!nuclear!snp!dataset!from! 45!individuals!of!the!Micrurus(fulvius!complex.!Note!inflection!point!between!two!and!four! clusters!indicated!by!arrow!indicating!optimal!number!of!clusters.!! Figure*S4*(Page*42).!STRUCTURE!analysis!(K=3)!of!Micrurus(tener.!The!expected! heterozygosities!of!each!cluster!are!displayed!as!they!correspond!to!latitude!from!north!to! south.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Figure*S5*(Page*43).!Mismatch!distributions!of!three!mitochondrial!haplogroups!observed!in! the!micrurus(fulvius!complex!(solid!lines).!simulated!distributions!under!a!model!of!spatial! expansion!are!shown!as!well!(dotted!lines).!shapes!of!haplotypes!correspond!to!fig.!s3.! Figure*S6*(Page*44).!!Spearman s!rho!correlation!coefficients!for!comparisons!between!latitude,! longitude!and!nuclear!dna!spatial!principal!components!in!micrurus(tener.!spatial!principal! components!1 10!comprise!the!x@axis!and!demonstrate!that!higher!numbered!axes!have!a!

38 Streicher et al. 2 weak!correlation!with!large@scale!spatial!structure.!comparisons!were!performed!for!all! individuals!of!m.(tener!from!mexico!and!the!united!states!(a!and!b),!and!individuals!of!m.(tener! collected!from!the!putative!range!front!in!the!united!states!(c!and!d).!all!correlation! coefficients!are!presented!as!absolute!in!order!to!display!the!magnitude!of!correlation!on!the! same!scale.!! Figure*S7*(Page*45).!Lagged!scores!from!the!three!most!explanatory!nuclear!DNA!(nucDNA)! spatial!principal!components!(spcs)!in!m.(tener!(a C).!The!distribution!of!two!mitochondrial! (mtdna)!haplogroups!observed!across!the!same!individuals!used!in!the!spcs!analysis!(d).! *Figure*S8*(Page*46).!Alternative!species!distribution!models!for!last!glacial!maximum! predictions!using!the!miroc@esm!and!mpi@esm@p!models.!!

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