netw rks Reading Essentials and Study Guide Growth and Division, Lesson 1 American Nationalism ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Reading HELPDESK

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1 and Study Guide Lesson 1 American Nationalism ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS How did the nation s economy help shape its politics? How did the economic differences between the North and the South cause tension? Reading HELPDESK Content Vocabulary revenue tariff a tax on imports for the purpose of raising money protective tariff a tax on imports designed to protect American manufacturers Academic Vocabulary interpret to explain the meaning of complex material finalize to put in finished form

2 TAKING NOTES: Organizing ACTIVITY As you read about the growth of the United States, complete the graphic organizer below by listing actions that strengthened the federal government after the War of IT MATTERS BECAUSE After the War of 1812, the federal government began building the national road. The government also defended its authority to regulate interstate commerce and declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits for future colonization. Economic Nationalism GUIDING QUESTION How would you characterize the United States during the Era of Good Feelings? The United States had a strong sense of national pride after the War of _ The Columbian Centinel, a Boston newspaper, called this time the Era of Good Feelings. The name now refers to the period of James Monroe s presidency. U.S. leaders had started an ambitious program to bind the nation together during the last two years of James Madison s second term. They created a new national bank. They passed a new tariff that protected U.S. manufacturers from foreign competition. They built new canals and roads to improve transportation. Fighting between national political parties had nearly ended because only the Democratic-Republican Party was still strong. The War of 1812 showed Republican leaders that a stronger federal government was necessary. This idea attracted many people who might have been Federalists to the Republican Party instead. James Monroe won the presidency in 1816 with 83 percent of the electoral vote. The Federalist Party then faded away.

3 The Second Bank Republicans had long opposed the idea of a national bank. They had blocked the charter renewal of the First Bank of the United States in 1811 and offered nothing in its place. The results were terrible. Prices rose rapidly during the War of 1812 because no national bank controlled currency. The government had to pay high interest rates on the loans it took out to pay for the war. These problems led many Republicans to change their minds about a national bank. In 1816 South Carolina Representative John C. Calhoun introduced a bill proposing the Second Bank of the United States. Representative Henry Clay of Kentucky supported the bill. This helped the bill pass that same year. The bank had the power to issue notes that would serve as a national currency. The bank also had the power to control state banks. Tariffs and Transportation Republicans also wanted to protect manufacturers. Inexpensive British goods threatened to put U.S. manufacturers out of business after the War of Congress then created the Tariff of Earlier tariffs, called revenue tariffs, had provided income for the federal government. The Tariff of 1816 was different. It was a protective tariff that raised the prices of imports. Higher import prices would protect U.S. manufacturers. Republicans also wanted to improve the transportation system. In 1816 Calhoun sponsored a federal internal improvement plan. President Madison vetoed the plan. He argued that the Constitution did not give the power to spend money to improve transportation. Road and canal construction began anyway. Businesses and state and local governments funded much of the work. PROGRESS CHECK Explaining Why did many Republicans change their minds about a national bank? Judicial Nationalism GUIDING QUESTION How did the Marshall Court strengthen the national government? Between 1816 and 1824, the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall issued several rulings that helped unify the nation after the war. These decisions gave the federal government control over the states. Martin v. Hunter s Lessee In 1816 the Court decided the case Martin v. Hunter s Lessee. In this ruling, the Court said that it had authority to hear all appeals of state court decisions in cases involving federal statutes and treaties. Denny Martin was a British subject. He had tried to sell land in Virginia that he had inherited from his uncle. His uncle had been a Loyalist. State law said that no "enemy" could inherit land. The case then went to the Supreme Court. The Court ruled that Virginia s action conflicted with Jay s Treaty. This treaty permitted Loyalists to keep the land they had had before

4 the war. Thus it had been lawful for the uncle to leave the land to Martin. The decision helped establish the Supreme Court as the nation s court of final appeal. McCulloch v. Maryland This 1819 case involved Maryland s attempt to tax the Second Bank of the United States. The Court first considered the authority of the federal government to create a national bank. The Court decided that the Constitution did give this power under the necessary and proper clause. Marshall said that the Constitution gave the federal government the power to collect taxes and to borrow money. He said the Constitution also gave it the powers to regulate commerce and to raise armies and navies. He concluded that the Constitution s necessary and proper clause allowed the federal government to create a bank. Marshall then argued that a state government could not interfere with an agency of the federal government operating within the state s borders. Taxing the national bank was a form of interference. This interference was thus unconstitutional. Gibbons v. Ogden This 1824 case involved a company that had been given a monopoly by the state of New York. The state allowed the company to control all steamboat traffic on New York waters. The case went to court when the company tried to expand into New Jersey. The Supreme Court declared the monopoly unconstitutional. The Court interpreted that federal controls over interstate commerce granted in a clause of the Constitution included all trade along the coast or on waterways dividing the states. This interpretation guaranteed precedence of federal law over state law in interstate transportation. This interpretation also later allowed for improvement projects controlled by the federal government. All these cases gave the federal government more power. At the same time they gave the state governments less power. The cases helped make the necessary and proper clause and the interstate commerce clause major tools for expanding federal power. PROGRESS CHECK Identifying How did the ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden expand federal power over the states? Nationalist Diplomacy GUIDING QUESTION How would you describe U.S. diplomacy during the Era of Good Feelings? Nationalism within Congress and among voters also influenced the nation s foreign affairs. President Monroe led the United States to expand its borders. The nation made strong statements about its place in global affairs.

5 Jackson Invades Florida Spanish-held Florida was a source of anger and frustration for Southerners. _ Many people escaping slavery had gone there. Americans had no power to capture escaped enslaved people in Spanish territory. Creek groups had gone to Florida _ as U.S. settlers took their lands. These groups united and took the new name Seminole. This new name meant runaway. Americans and Seminoles along the border between Georgia and Spanish Florida staged raids against each other. Seminole leader Kinache warned a U.S. general to stay out of Florida as _ tensions increased. The warning did not have an effect. In late 1817, John C. Calhoun was the secretary of war. He ordered General Andrew Jackson into Florida to stop the Seminole raids. Jackson destroyed several Seminole villages. Then he disobeyed orders and took control of the Spanish settlements of St. Marks and Pensacola. He also removed the Spanish governor of Florida from power. Spanish officials were very angry. They demanded that Jackson be punished. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams defended Jackson, however. He argued that Spain had not kept Florida safe. Adams used this event to pressure Spain in the border talks that had just started. Spain was busy with problems throughout its Latin American empire. Spain gave in and signed the Adams-Onís Treaty in This treaty gave all of Florida to the United States. The treaty also finalized the western border of the Louisiana Purchase. The border now lay along the Sabine, Red, and Arkansas Rivers to the Rocky Mountains. It then followed the 42nd parallel west to the Pacific Ocean. The Monroe Doctrine Rebellions started in Spain s colonies in By 1824 all of Spain s colonies on the American mainland had declared independence. During those years, Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia had formed the Quadruple Alliance. France later also joined this alliance. The nations formed the Alliance to end anti-monarchy movements in Europe. Although Britain objected, in 1823 the Alliance thought about helping Spain regain control of its overseas colonies. Britain and the United States made a great deal of money trading with Latin America. They did not want Spain to get control back. In August 1823, British officials suggested that the two nations make a joint statement. This statement would show support for the independence of the new Latin American countries. At the same time, Russia grew its presence in North America. Russia claimed Alaska. In 1821 Russia said that its empire extended south into the Oregon Country between Russian Alaska and the western United States. Secretary of State Adams strongly advised Monroe to avoid working with the British when dealing with Spain and Russia. Adams did not want the United States to be thought of as Britain s junior partner. Monroe agreed. In 1823 Monroe _ declared that the American continents should not be considered as subjects for colonization by any European power. He made this announcement without consulting the British. The president s proclamation became known as the Monroe Doctrine. It marked the beginning of a long-term U.S. policy of trying to stop European powers from interfering in Latin American political affairs. The Monroe Doctrine supported Washington s policy of avoiding entanglements in European power struggles.

6 PROGRESS CHECK Describing How did the United States acquire Florida?