EXPANSION AND CONFLICT

Transcription

1 EXPANSION AND CONFLICT

2 JEFFERSON AS PRES Wins election of 1800, Burr is his VP Tried to integrate DR ideas into existing Federalist policies Began paying off debt, cut government spending, canned Whiskey tax, use local militia instead of standing army Madison is Secretary of State Enforces an Embargo Act- bans trade with both GB and France

3 LOUISIANA PURCHASE Napoleon wants to take over all of Europe, but to do so he needs money Land bought for $15 million.03 cents an acre Basically doubles the size of the US, helps with trade

4 LOUISIANA PURCHASE Meriwether Lewis and William Clark funded to explore the new territory Ultimate goal being to reach the Pacific Map the country Survey the land- plants, animals May September 1806 Sacagawea helped guide them

5 OTHER FAMOUS EXPLORERS Zebulon Pike: 1805 explored much of the upper Mississippi, the Arkansas River, and Colorado. The trip provided Americans with their first detailed description of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains. John C Fremont Followed after Lewis and Cark- explored West- mainly Oregon Trail Father Kino Missionary from Spain to explore Spanish territories in the West (CA, NM, AZ). Mapped the region. Discovered that Baja California was not an island- peninsula. Fur Traders Circuit Riders- clergy sent to make the rounds to western settlements, spreading religion

6 THE WAR OF 1812

7 WAR OF 1812 CAUSES British impressment of American sailors Impressment- legal form of kidnapping. British would force Americans to work their ships until they could prove legal citizenship of America- this process could take years. Internal conflict over commerce- Both countries stop US from trading with one another GB forces countries to get OK through them to trade with France British military aid to Native Americans in the Northwest Natives were trying to fight off settlers, using the British support

8 ELECTION OF MADISON Since both France and England were becoming a threat to the US, Madison imposes Non Intercourse Act- bans trade with countries, but leaves door open for President to reinstate trade with whichever country removed its restrictions. Supposed to pin GB and France against each other- fails.

9 WAR OF 1812 Fought between United States and Great Britain

10 WAR OF 1812 Battle of Washington British defeat Napoleon, full attention to US. Troops march into Washington and set buildings- including the Capitol and the White House on fire. Dolly Madison was able to save important documents, GW portrait.

11 WAR OF 1812 Battle of Fort McHenry Baltimore. Brits unable to penetrate the Fort. Flag still standing in the morning- Star Spangled Banner - Francis Scott Key

12 WAR OF 1812 Battle of New Orleans British want to finish off the US, New Orleans being a key port, newly acquired territory from France. Jackson rushes to New Orleans and requires the help of every able bodied man - so not a REAL army vs 8,000 British, Brits unable to beat US line, Jackson wins- looks like a hero HOWEVER This was all AFTER the Treaty of Ghent was signed- meaning??

13 END OF WAR OF 1812 Treaty of Ghent Signed by British and Americans in Belgium All won land to be returned and Canada to be worked out in the future Solved issues that began the war? NOPE Effects of War: Britain and France have newfound respect for US Growth in national pride US manufacturing increases Native American resistance decreases

14 RISE OF NATIONALISM

15 POST WAR OF 1812 Rise in nationalism in the country- greater sense of national pride- more loyalty to the United States as a whole opposed to just state or region

16 ECONOMIC NATIONALISM American leaders came up with plan to bring country together. Program included creating a new national bank, protecting American manufacturers from foreign competition, and improving transportation in order to link the country together John C Calhoun Second Bank of United States- Congress passed Congress passes tariff to protect manufacturers- taxed imports to drive up their prices, stay competitive Calhoun proposed plan to improve nation s transportation- Madison vetoed, went to business owners, state and local governments paid for roads and canals

17 JUDICIAL NATIONALISM John Marshall took on important cases established power of federal government over the states Martin v Hunter: Supreme Court is the final court of appeal (land, Virginia Court disobeyed) McCulloch v. Maryland: Second Bank was constitutional because the necessary and proper clause meant that the federal govt could use any method for carrying out its powers, as long as the method was not expressly forbidden in the Constitution. States could also not interfere with fed govt exercising constitutional rights within their state. Gibbons v Ogden: Federal govt control over interstate commerce including coast and other waterways dividing states (steamboat monopoly)

18 NATIONALIST DIPLOMACY US wants to begin expanding borders and asserting itself in world affairs Spain still owned Florida, slaves would escape southern states into Florida, Americans not allowed to enter Spanish territory. They would use the escaped slaves to help raid settlements in Georgia- of course the Americans hated this General Jackson seized Spanish settlements in Florida and got rid of the governors Adams- Onis Treaty Spain ceded the territory. By 1824, all of Spain s territories had declared independence

19 NATIONALIST DIPLOMACY GB, Austria, Prussia, Russia (later France)= Quadruple Alliance- stop movements against monarchies in Europe All but GB proposed helping Spain get territories back US response? Monroe Doctrine- US would stop foreign interference with Latin American affairs

20 MISSOURI COMPROMISE Missouri applies for statehood as a slave state- initiates discussion about slave states expanding westward The Union currently had 11 slave and 11 free states- allowing a state on either side would upset the balance in the Senate Missouri Compromise allowed for Missouri to enter as slave and Maine as free- also prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of Missouri s southern border

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22 ELECTION OF 1824 Four men ran favorite sons - all heavily supported from leaders and members in their region, all Republicans WEST Henry Clay- Kentucky- National bank, protective tariff, nationwide internal improvements Andrew Jackson- Tennessee- undeclared, ran on his Heroism popularity NEW ENGLAND John Quincy Adams- Massachusetts- internal improvements, not a tariff SOUTH William Crawford- Georgia- States rights & strict interpretation of the Constitution Jackson wins popular vote, no one wins electoral college so vote goes to the House House picks Adams,

23 ELECTION OF 1824 Jackson won popular vote- no one won Electoral College Election went to House of Representatives to pick from the top three candidates Clay eliminated, began his support for Adams Adams won House vote Jackson s nephew accused Clay of winning votes for Adams so he could get Secretary of State position- corrupt bargain

24 PRESIDENCY OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS Son of John Adams- which numbered President? Proposed a program of nationalist legislation that included internal improvements, a national university, astronomical observatories, and funding for scientific research Instead, he only was granted money to improve rivers and harbors and for extending the National Road His opponents thought it would be extravagant to spend the taxpayers money on such projects

25 ELECTION OF 1828 John Quincy Adams v Andrew Jackson The campaign turned into mudslinging- candidates criticized each other s personalities and morals. Adams claimed that Jackson was incompetent. Jackson portrayed himself as the candidate of the common man and said that Adams was an out-of-touch aristocrat Jackson won- support from the west and south, rural voters felt he would represent their interests

26 JACKSON S DEMOCRACY Spoils System - replaced cabinet members with strong supporters (friends, not always qualified for their job titles). opened up democracy to more average citizens Supported new way of picking Presidential candidates Previously chosen by caucus- congressional party chose candidates Wanted to replace with national nominating conventionstate delegates met to chose candidates

27 UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE Voting rights to landowning or taxpaying white men= only rich men have a say in politics During the 1824 election- reason why Jackson did not win Jackson openly supported the idea of all men being allowed to vote, regardless of owning land This made him super popular (quickly more southern and western states allowed for all men to vote) Gave Jackson an easy win in 1828 because he seemed to relate to those he wanted voting for him

28 INDIAN REMOVAL ACT Jackson supported moving Natives to the Great Plains Indian Removal Act, which allocated funds to relocate Native Americans. Although most Native Americans resettled in the West, the Cherokee of Georgia refused. They sued the state, and the case reached the Supreme Court. Cherokee Nation v Georgia Georgia passed laws that denied them basic human rights. Supreme Court ruled that they are a separate nation so their argument was void Cherokee & Georgia came to agreement, non Natives not allowed to live on Native territory Worcester v Georgia Family refuses to leave Native territory. Ruled Georgia not allowed to deny him the right to live here because it violates his rights, would fall under international talks- so he technically sided with the Cherokee

29 TRAIL OF TEARS Jackson disagreed with this ruling Forced Natives to relocate to the West Trail of Tears 16,000 people Many were forced to start marching in summer Many died from the heat and various other diseases The rest kept in stockades and were forced to leave in the fall More death from diseases, the cold, and starvation Approx 4,000 died

30 NATIONAL BANK Jackson felt The Second Bank of the United States only benefitted the rich Bank was actually instrumental in keeping nation s money stable However it stopped smaller banks from loaning too much money, needed gold or silver. Helped inflation, but did not help people that needed easy credit (West) Many resented and distrusted such a central power seemingly made to only help the already rich Again, Jackson opposed the Supreme Court s decision, felt the bank was unconstitutional and vetoed the renewal of their charter to extend another 20 years

31 NATIONAL BANK 1832 Election Jackson removed the governments deposits, forcing the bank to get back all of its loans Placed the deposits in smaller pet banks in various states Deposits were never returned to the Second Bank and the charter never renewed

32 NULLIFICATION CRISIS Early 1800 s, South Carolina s economy was weak- blamed the tariffs They purchased most of their goods from GB and GB purchased cotton from the South in return- tariffs made these products very expensive- these were products not able to be made in the South Tariff of Abominations- another tariff on imported goods South Carolina threatened to secede (withdraw) from the Union John C Calhoun- VP- was torn between supporting the nation and supporting his South Carolinians Instead he supported nullification- because the states had created the Union, they had the right to declare a federal law null (not valid)

33 NULLIFICATION CRISIS ANOTHER tariff passed and South Carolina called a convention and declared the tariffs unconstitutional Jackson saw the declaration as an act of treason- sent a warship to Charleston Force Bill passed- President can use military force to enforce acts of Congress Henry Clay (Senator) push through a bill that would lower the tariffs within two years, SC repealed its nullification of the tariffs