American History Unit 1 American Unification (Part II) The Big Picture:

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1 American History Unit 1 American Unification (Part II) The Big Picture: By 1861, sectional issues over states' rights influence over national politics, and slavery erupted in a Civil War between the Union and Confederacy. With a larger population, industrial capacity, and railroad network, the Union army was able to erode the South's greatest strengths, its military leadership and defensive strategy. Key battles turned the tide of the war: Antietam brought an end to "King Cotton diplomacy" and a shift in the Union goal from "preserve the Union" to the emancipation of slaves. Gettysburg marked the beginning of Union success on the battlefield. When the war ended after Appomattox, the U.S. government was divided in how to bring Southern states back into the Union and protect emancipated slaves. President Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plan ( ) proved too lenient and offered little protection for African-Americans and was replaced with a more strict policy developed by Radical Republicans. Despite military districts, new Constitutional amendments, and a Freedman's Bureau, the national government could not sustain Reconstruction attempts against white resistance, Redeemer Democrats, and the KKK. As a result of the "second corrupt bargain," President Hayes ended Reconstruction in Last Unit: The Road to Secession and the Seeds of War Unit Pacing: Day 1 Outbreak of the Civil War: USA vs.csa Civil War: Bull Run-Antietam Day 2 Civil War: Gettysburg-Appomattox End of the War & Reconstruction: Day 3 Examining Recon. Plans Successes of Recon. Day 4 Failures & the End of Recon. Day 5 Unit 1.2 Review Day 6 Unit 1 Review Notes Current Unit: Civil War and Reconstruction Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant George McClellan William T. Sherman Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson Anaconda Plan Blockades Ironclad Merrimack Monitor CSS Hunley Day 7 Unit 1 Test Essentials Questions: 1. Why did the Union win (and why did the Confederacy lose) the Civil War? 2. How did Lincoln's role as president and his war goals change from the beginning to end of the Civil War? 3. In what ways were the battles of Antietam and Gettysburg turning points in the Civil War? 4. What were the major differences between President Johnson's and Radical Republicans' Reconstruction plans and how did these plans impact the nation after the Civil War? 5. How successful were national attempts to reconstruct the South after the Civil War? Next Unit: Postwar Industrialization, Agriculture, and Urban Growth Key Terms and Phrases: Gettysburg Appomattox Gettysburg Address Siege March to the Sea Draft Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation 54 th Massachusetts Appomattox Courthouse Impeach Freedmen's Bureau Jim Crow Law's Literacy Tests NOTES

2 Unit 1.2 Section 1 1. What four advantages did the Union enjoy over the Confederacy? 2. The Southern strategy at the beginning of the Civil War was to fight what type of strategy? 3. Why were the Confederate soldiers so highly motivated during the Civil War? 4. Who was the Confederate commander at the Second Battle of Bull Run? 5. What was the three part plan (the "Anaconda Plan") of the Union at the beginning of the Civil War? 6. What two ironclad ships fought to a draw in 1862, signaling the end of wooden naval ships? 7. The first major battle of the Civil War (a Southern victory) was: 8. What battle was the bloodiest single day of fighting during the entire Civil War? 9. The Union commander at Antietam was: 10. What 1863 Union victory is often called "the turning point of the Civil War?" 11. Who delivered the Gettysburg Address in November 1863? 12. The Union commander who captured Atlanta and then continued his march to the sea was: 13. Why did President Lincoln's "Emancipation Proclamation" not immediately free any slaves? 14. Which Northern major city faced "draft riots" in 1863? 15. Who were the Copperheads? 16. Who was given command of all Union forces in March 1864? 17. Lee surrendered to Grant where and when? Unit 1.2 Section By the end of the Civil War, what percentage of the Union Army was African American? 19. Which Constitutional amendment abolished slavery? 20. Why was President Andrew Johnson impeached by Congress? 21. By how many votes did Andrew Johnson survive the Radicals' bid to remove him from office? 22. The Fifteenth amendment was put into the Constitution to protect voting rights for: 23. Name 2 ways the Freedman's Bureau offered assistance to slaves after the Civil War 24. What was the goal of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)? 25. Who were the "scalawags?" Who were the "Carpetbaggers?" 26. Whose election ended Reconstruction?

3 UNIT CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION #1 Outbreak of the Civil War Name I. The Outbreak of the Civil War A. Abraham Lincoln's in 1860, was the first step towards the outbreak of the 1. South Carolinians feared the victory of a president would bring an end to & seceded from the United States 2. By early 1861, Southern states seceded & formed the ; The entire Deep South seceded by Feb The did not view Lincoln's election as a death sentence & did not secede immediately B. The Confederate States of America (CSA) vs. the United States of America (USA) 1. The constitution of the Confederacy: (a) Protected & ; (b) Outlawed tariffs; (c) Created a national government; (d) Elected as president 2. Lincoln viewed Southern secession as illegal & promised to " " C. Fort Sumter, South Carolina (1861) 1. In April 1861, federal soldiers refused Confederate demands to vacate at in SC 2. When Lincoln sent aid to soldiers, Confederates on the fort 3. The firing on Fort Sumter proved to be the of the Civil War 4. After Fort Sumter, the upper South states & joined the CSA 5. Not all seceded; Those that stayed in the Union were called " states" II. Advantages & Disadvantages of the North and South during the Civil War A. Union 1. At the outbreak of the Civil War, the North had lots of advantages a. Larger for troops b. Greater capacity c. Huge edge in 2. Problem for the North: a. Had to the South to win b. Difficult to maintain enthusiasm & for war over time B. Confederacy ' 1. Although outnumbered & less industrial, South had advantages: a. President Davis knew that they did not have to " " the war; the South only had to the fight & make the North quit b. Had the best c. & appeared more willing to support the South ("King Cotton" diplomacy) Proposed Military Strategy Directions: Based on the advantages & disadvantages of each side, create a military strategy to help the North & South win the Civil War. North South

4 Advantages of the Union & Confederacy during the Civil War Directions: For each document, identify whether the evidence reveals a military advantage for the Union or the Confederacy. If the document reveals a Union advantage, put nothing in the Confederacy box and write down at least one fact that summarizes the key idea in the Union box. In addition, identify one way this advantage would help the Union during the Civil War. The process is the same if the document reveals an advantage for the Confederacy. Union Advantages Confederate Advantages #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9

5 UNIT CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION #2 The Civil War: Name I. The Civil War A. The Start of the Civil War, When Lincoln was elected in 1860, 7 Southern states from the Union & formed the of America 2. The Civil War began when was fired upon by Confederate soldiers 3. 4 more Southern states seceded in 1861 when Lincoln called for military volunteers to " " B. Strategies & Advantages 1. The Union strategy during the war was called the Plan: a. the coast, seize the Mississippi River to the South, & take Richmond b. Exploit South's dependency on foreign trade & its inability to weapons c. Relied on Northern advantages in,, & military 2. The Confederate strategy during the war was a : a. Protect Southern territory from "Northern aggression" but into Union territory when the opportunity presents itself b. Get & to join their cause because of European dependency on "King Cotton" c. the war as long as possible to make the North quit C. Political Leadership During the Civil War 1. During the Civil War, President Lincoln used " " to protect "national security": a. Suspended (Laws requiring evidence before citizens can be jailed) b. Closed down that did not support the war 2. During the Civil War, President had a difficult time: a. The CSA Constitution protected so state governors could refuse to send him money or troops b. CSA inflated by 7,000% 3. The national government in the USA & CSA relied on armies in the beginning, but soon needed (draft) to supply their armies with troops II. Fighting the Civil War: A. From 1861 to mid-1863, the Confederate army was the Civil War: 1. Defensive strategy carried out by superior Southern generals like & 2. among military & political leaders in the North B. Battles: 1. (Manassas), 1861: The 1st battle of the Civil War; Stonewall Jackson kept the Union army from taking the CSA capital at Richmond 2. From , the CSA had success in the, but the USA had success in the 3. Antietam, 1862 a. Antietam, 1862: General Lee's 1st attempt to invade the CSA was halted by McClellan b. Even though the Battle of ended without a clear winner, it had important effects on the North: (i) The battle convinced Britain & France not to the Confederacy in the war (ii) The battle convinced Lincoln that the time was right to make the of slaves the new focus of the war for the North 4. After Antietam, Lincoln issued the : a. This executive order freed all slaves in territories b. It did not free slaves in the but it gave the North a new reason fight c. Inspired Southern slaves to which forced Southern whites to worry about their farms 5. After Antietam, the Confederates continued to in the East

6 C. Conclusions: Despite being & under-equipped, the CSA dominated the fighting in the East from due to better generals & a strategy 2. But, the Union Army was having success in the West under the leadership of 3. By mid-1863, the weight of the Northern & industrial capacity will begin to turn the tide of the war in favor of the Union III. Fighting the Civil War: A. When the Civil War began, most expected the fighting to end, but the war lasted until 1865 due to: 1. The commitment of the Union & Confederacy to " " 2. Excellent Southern generals like Robert E. Lee & Stonewall Jackson 3. Improved, industrial weaponry; New weapons but old : a. Long-range artillery & the Gatling gun (1 st gun) b. Cone-shaped bullets & grooved barrel rifles for more c. naval ships like the USS Monitor & CSS Virginia d. Old tactics such as massed formations & frontal assaults; Led to huge rates B. The Tide of the War Turns in By 1863, the Confederacy was having difficulty the fight: a. Attempts to lure Britain & France into the war had b. The Union blockade, limited Southern manufacturing, & lack of grain fields left CSA soldiers c. To pay for the war, the CSA money leading to massive inflation 2. Gettysburg, 1863: a. In July, Robert E Lee decided to take advantage of his victory at Chancellorsville & attack soil to end the war quickly by crushing Union b. Gettysburg proved to be the of the war; Lee was halted, the CSA never again attacked soil, & the Union army began the war 3., 1863: Grant cut off Southern access to Mississippi River & the South into two halves; Grant was then promoted to lead the entire Union army 4. Gettysburg Address C. Fighting the Civil War: Under Grant's leadership, the Union army was more & committed to destroy the South's will to fight: a. Grant appointed William T. to lead Southern campaign b. Sherman destroyed everything of value to the South & emancipated slaves during his " " c. Sherman considered "total war" to defeat the South d. The Battle of was a huge victory for the Union because it took out a major Southern terminus 2. The election of 1864: a. Lincoln faced a tough campaign against George McClellan b. The North's war were the key election issue c. When Atlanta fell during Sherman's "March to the Sea," Lincoln was overwhelmingly reelected d. In his 2nd inaugural address, Lincoln promised a Reconstruction Plan for the Union with " towards none & for all" 3. Appomattox, 1865: Grant defeated Lee at ending the Civil War 4. From , the lack of Southern resources & as well as the Northern advances into the South led to the end of the Civil War 5. Northern celebration was short lived; On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot by D. Effects of the Civil War: 1. troops were dead; More than any other U.S. war 2. The Amendment was ratified in 1865 ending slavery 3. The war forever ended the argument 4. The South was destroyed; A was needed to admit Southern states back into the Union

7 UNIT CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION #3 Reconstruction ( ) Name I. An Overview of Reconstruction (1865 to 1877) A. Reconstruction is the era after the when the U.S. gov't: 1. Brought the seceded Southern states 2. Ended & tried to protect newly emancipated slaves 3. the nation after more than four years of fighting B. Reconstruction occurred in 2 phases: 1. Presidential Reconstruction ( ) was in order to allow Southern states to rejoin the Union; it was initiated by President Lincoln but carried out by President 2. Congressional Reconstruction ( ) was directed by Radical Republicans in Congress who wanted a plan that protected the rights of former & kept Confederate leaders from regaining power in the South II. Reconstruction Plans A. Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan (Proposed but never enacted) 1. Before the Civil War came to an end (& before his death), Lincoln proposed his Plan 2. This plan was very lenient & allowed former Confederate states could the Union when: a. 10% of its population swore a to the USA b. States ratified the ending slavery 3. Radical Republicans in Congress Lincoln's plan because: a. It did nothing to ex-slaves or to keep Confederate leaders from regaining in the South b. Wanted % of state populations to swear an oath of loyalty 4. When the Civil War ended & Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, there was no plan in place B. Presidential Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson ( ) 1. When Lincoln was in 1865 VP Andrew Johnson tried to continue Lincoln's policies: a. His plan was lenient towards Southerners b. States could come back into the USA once they the 13 th Amendment 2. Johnson's Reconstruction plan hoped to the nation 3. But, this plan did not require strict regulations to protect former slaves a. Southern states passed to keep African-Americans from gaining, jobs, rights, & protection under the law b. Johnson 13,000 ex-confederates 4. Led by, many " " Republicans in Congress opposed Johnson's plan & pushed for laws to African-Americans: a. The was established in 1865 to offer assistance to former slaves & protect their new citizenship: i. Provided emergency, housing, medical supplies ii. Promised "40 & a " iii. Supervised labor contracts (Many former abolitionists moved South to freedmen, called " " by Southern Democrats) iv. Created new (The emphasis on education led to the creation of black universities, such as College in Atlanta)

8 b. Congress feared Johnson would allow violations of civil rights so it drafted the : i. Clarified the idea of to include former slaves ii. All citizens were entitled to under the law & cannot be deprived of life, liberty, property without due process of law iii. was the only Southern state to accept the amendment 5. President Johnson these new protections because he felt it would reconstruction: a. Johnson the Freedman's Bureau bill & encouraged Southern states to not support the 14 th Amendment b. This backfired when Republicans increased their of Congress in the 1866 elections C. Congressional Reconstruction ( ) 1. With a dominance in Congress, moderate & "radical" Republicans took control & began " Reconstruction" in 1867: a. Did not the state gov'ts approved under Johnson's Plan b. Made Reconstruction more 2. The Reconstruction Act of 1867 required that any Confederate state that wanted to re-enter the Union had to: a. Ratify the b. Allow African-American men the right to in their c. Keep from returning to power d. Created 5 to protect former slaves & to enforce reconstruction D. President Andrew Johnson's Impeachment (1868) 1. President Johnson Congressional Reconstruction: a. He military generals appointed by Congress to oversee Southern military zones b. He violated a new law called the Act when he tried to fire his Secretary of War who supported Congress' plan 2. Radical Republicans used this as an opportunity to the president a. To impeach is to formally an elected official of wrongdoing b. The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson c. After an 11 week trial, the fell 1 vote short of the president from office d. Johnson argued that removal could only occur due to " & misdemeanors" but no " " had been committed e. But, Johnson did promise to Reconstruction for the remainder of his term & he did E. The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant ( ) 1. In 1868, Civil War hero Ulysses Grant won the presidency & worked with Congress to the South: a. By 1868, most Confederate states had been to the Union under Congressional Reconstruction b. Under Grant, the would re-enter c. Because of Congressional Reconstruction, African-American men in the South could for the first time 2. In 1870, the gave black men the right to vote a. Prohibited any state from denying men the right to vote due to b. But the amendment said nothing about,, & property qualifications III. Conclusions: As a result of Congressional Reconstruction ( ): A. All eleven were re-admitted into the Union B. The 13 th, 14 th, & 15 th Amendments provided protection & opportunity for in the South C. But, this was difficult to & sustain as slowly took back control of Southern states

9 Team Members: Creating a Plan to Reconstruct the Union After the Civil War Overview: You are a member of Congress in The Civil War is finally over and the North has won. Your most important job is to develop a plan to "reconstruct" America after the Civil War. To do this, consider solutions to the following problems: Problem #1: Southern states seceded and left the Union. The President and Congress can determine the rules by which the Southern states should be readmitted. Should Southern states be granted mercy and offered a quick and easy series of requirements in o rder to return to the Union? Or should Southern states be punished for the Civil War and required to meet a series of strict regulation before being re admitted to the Union? Explain your rationale. Problem #2: Based upon your answer in the previous question, what are your requirements for Southern re admission to the Union? Southern states will not be re admitted in the United States until the following conditions are met (Pick as many of the following options as you feel are appropriate): a) States must re write their state constitutions and reapply as states because they willingly broke away from the USA to join the Confederate States of America b) States were never really legally part of the CSA so rewriting their state constitution is not necessary. (choices "a" and "b" are mutually exclusive) c) States must agree to the 13 th Amendment (abolition of slavery) d) States cannot allow Confederate leaders to be elected into government positions e) States must disband their militaries f) States cannot manufacture any military equipment g) States must turn over to federal marshals all leaders of the Confederacy who live in their state who played a military or political role in the Civil War. h) States must seize the plantations of large slave owners, divide this land, and sell the pieces off in order to destroy the plantation system of the South i) j) k) l) States cannot be readmitted until 10% of their citizens take a loyalty oath to the USA Stat es cannot be readmitted until more than 50% of their citizens take a loyalty oath (choices "i" and "j" are mutually exclusive) Other conditions? States should be readmitted immediately without any conditions (choice "l" is mutually exclusive with all other choices "a k") Problem #3: What should be done with the freed slaves in the South? What kinds of services or protections should the national government provide in order to help guarantee their safety and freedom in the South after the Civil War?

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11 UNIT CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION #4 The Successes & Failures of Reconstruction I. Reconstruction ( ) A. During the era of Reconstruction after the Civil War, the federal government attempted to: 1. Bring the back into the Union 2. Offer & to newly emancipated slaves 3. the nation & improve the economy after 4 years of fighting Name II. The Successes of Reconstruction A. Through Reconstruction, the national gov't achieved Lincoln's original goal: " " 1. By 1870, all 11 Confederate states had been into the United States 2. The & nullification arguments came to an end B. Reconstruction led to the end of slavery & protections for all citizens, including African-Americans: th Amendment th Amendment guaranteed all citizens, regardless of race, under the law th Amendment gave to African-American men C. Reconstruction was the " " of voting for African-Americans: 1. With the right to, military districts, & in the South to protect voters, African-Americans were empowered 2. The first black were elected to state & national offices 3. took control of state governments in the South D. Reconstruction stressed education: 1. Before the Civil War, it was to teach slaves to read & write 2. The Freedman's Bureau created for African-Americans E. The end of slavery allowed black to be reunited, to be legally recognized, & black workers to make their own money F. Reconstruction brought economic changes to the South: 1. The federal gov't built, roads, and hospitals to repair the South 2. The Civil War lowered the demand for which led to a more diverse Southern economy 3. Many were created in the South using paid workers III. Failures of Reconstruction A. Sharecropping (Tenant Farming) 1. The Civil War ended slavery, but African-Americans had little or money for farm land 2. The federal gov't proposed seizing plantations, dividing land, & offering slave families " " a. But the gov't enacted this plan (can't take citizens' property) b. With few options, most ex-slaves returned to the to work 3. After the Civil War, slavery was replaced by : a. White land owners would " " parcels of their fields to blacks in exchange for to of the cotton that they produced

12 b. But, former slaves had no for tools or seeds so they gained loans from the land owner in exchange for more of their cotton ( system) c. By the end of 1865, most had returned to work on the same plantations on which they were previously B. Southern whites resisted attempts at reconstruction by: 1. Passing discriminatory laws called : a. These laws restricted African-Americans from serving on, testifying against whites in court, whites, or owning land b. Black codes kept blacks from being able to have true c. In some cases, black men would be forced into slavery as punishment for a or for not paying back debts 2. Using violence & intimidation to keep blacks inferior to whites: a. Groups like the attacked blacks who tried to vote or spoke out against black codes; carpetbaggers, & (whites who voted Republican) b. became common 3. The inability of the federal gov't to sustain Reconstruction a. scandals during Grant's presidency & economic in 1873 distracted northerners from Reconstruction b. The ruled against civil rights laws designed to protect African-Americans 4. Supporting the return of the Democratic Party to state gov'ts: a. The KKK & black codes became successful in black b. Federal troops & military districts had protecting blacks c. One-by-one, Southern state gov'ts shifted from control to the Party d. These " Democrats" hoped to restore the " South" C. In 1877, Reconstruction ended: 1. The returned to power in all 11 Southern states 2. The only thing protecting blacks were federal ; but by 1875, Grant had stopped sending reinforcements 3. The "Compromise of 1877": a. In the 1876 election, neither Democrat Tilden nor Republican won a majority of electoral vote b. Democrats in Congress agreed to vote for Hayes if the remaining federal troops were from the South c. President Hayes removed federal troops & ended d. Reconstruction officially in 1877 IV. With Reconstruction over, the Jim Crow era began ( ) A. laws, such as literacy tests ( requirements) & poll taxes (fees to vote) kept African-Americans from voting B. clauses allowed poor to avoid these laws & vote C. In Plessy v Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court said segregation was OK (" ")

13 of the Civil W Long UNIT CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION #5 Name Immediate Cause of the Civil War: TNT: Highly Explosive Advantages When War Began War Strategy Union Confederacy Union Confederacy The Significance of Civil War Battles Key Civil War Leaders & Generals 1. Bull Run (1861) 4. Vicksburg (1863) Union Confederacy 1. Abraham Lincoln 1. Jefferson Davis 2. Antietam (1862) 5. Atlanta (1864) 2. Ulysses Grant 2. Robert E Less 3. Gettysburg (1863) 6. Appomattox (1865) 3. William Sherman 3. Stonewall Jackson

14 1. 2. Problems in Need of "Reconstructing" After the Civil War CONSTRUCTION BLUEPRINT 3. Protections of African Americans 1. Freedman's Bureau th Amendment th Amendment th Amendment Presidential Reconstruction Plans ( ) Lincoln's Plan (Never Enacted) Johnson's Plan ( ) Congressional (Radical Republicans) Plan ( ) 5. Military Districts in the South Resistance to Reconstruction The End of Reconstruction 1. Compromise of Jim Crow Era ( )