3-4 House Campaign Expenditures: Open House Seats, Major Party General Election

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1 Chapter 3: Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections Table of Contents Number Title Page 3-1 The Cost of Winning an Election, (in nominal and 2016 dollars) House Campaign Expenditures: Major Party General Election Candidates, (full 3 cycle), Adjusted for inflation, 2016 Dollars 3-3 House Campaign Expenditures: Incumbents and Challengers, Major Party General Election Candidates by Election Outcome, (full cycle), Adjusted for Inflation, 2016 Dollars House Campaign Expenditures: Open House Seats, Major Party General Election 10 Candidates by Election Outcome, (full cycle), Adjusted for Inflation, 2016 Mean Net Dollars 3-5 Senate Campaign Expenditures: Major Party General Election Candidates, (full 13 cycle, net dollars), Adjusted for Inflation, 2016 Mean Net Dollars 3-6 Senate Campaign Expenditures: Incumbents and Challengers, Major Party General 16 Election Candidates by Election Outcome, (full cycle), Adjusted for Inflation, 2016 Mean Net Dollars 3-7 Senate Expenditures: Open Senate Seats, Major Party General Election Candidates, by 19 Election Outcome, (full cycle, mean net dollars), Adjusted for Inflation, 2016 Mean Net Dollars 3-8 Campaign Funding Sources: House and Senate Major Party General Election Candidates, Number Political Action Committees Making Contributions to Candidates, PAC Contributions to Congressional Candidates (in $ millions), Adjusted for 34 Inflation, 2016 Mean Net Dollars 3-11 How PACs Distributed Their Contributions to Congressional Candidates, Political Party Contributions, Coordinated and Independent Expenditures for Congressional 41 Candidates, , Adjusted for Inflation, 2016 Mean Net Dollars 3-13 Hard and Soft Money Raised by National Party Committees, (in millions of 43 dollars), Adjusted for inflation, 2016 Dollars 3-14 Non-Party Independent Expenditures in House and Senate Elections, , Adjusted for inflation, 2016 Dollars 45

2 Table 3-1 The Cost of Winning an Election, (in nominal and 2016 dollars) House Winners Nominal Dollars 2016 Dollars Senate Winners Nominal Dollars 2016 Dollars ,516,021 1,516,021 10,464,068 10,464, ,466,533 1,486,795 9,655,660 9,789, ,596,953 1,669,382 10,351,556 10,821, ,434,760 1,579,196 8,993,945 9,899, ,362,239 1,518,564 7,101,029 7,915, ,259,791 1,499,795 8,835,416 10,518, ,038,391 1,319,328 7,183,825 9,127, ,644 1,216,237 3,728,644 4,974, ,907 1,178,999 7,198,423 a 10,032, , ,027 4,655,806 6,855, ,198 1,049,664 3,921,653 5,998, , ,335 4,488,195 7,268, , ,945 3,353,115 5,736, , ,213 3,298,324 6,056, , ,303 3,746,225 7,600, , ,418 3,067,559 6,717,

3 Note: Inflation adjustment based on average 2016 CPI. a. Jon Corzine (D-N.J.) spent $63,209,506. Hillary Rodham Clinton (D-N.Y.) spent $29,941,194. The remaining Senate winners in 2000 spent an average of $4,737,365. Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data. 2

4 Table 3-2 House Campaign Expenditures: Major Party General Election Candidates, (full cycle), Adjusted for inflation, 2016 Dollars All Candidates Total expenditures 815,947, ,493, ,442,101 1,022,983, ,712, ,942, ,803,784 a 701,725,178 a Mean expenditure 1,128,559 1,108,513 1,231,431 1,280,330 1,194,578 1,185, , ,187 (n=723) (n=751) (n=784) (n=799) (n=754) (n=755) (n=752) (n=712) Mean, Democrats 979,324 1,002,234 1,077,861 1,383,880 1,194,334 1,012, , ,181 (n=367) (n=377) (n=390) (n=388) (n=410) (n=414) (n=380) (n=353) Mean, Republicans 1,282,405 1,215,645 1,383,442 1,182,574 1,194,870 1,395,024 1,083, ,348 (n=356) (n=374) (n=394) (n=411) (n=344) (n=341) (n=371) (n=358) Incumbents Mean, all incumbents 1,679,092 1,466,230 1,731,375 1,709,220 1,486,220 1,501,900 1,304,334 a 1,167,069 a (n=387) (n=386) (n=378) (n=393) (n=399) (n=402) (n=401) (n=387) Mean, Democrats 1,205,852 1,431,339 1,463,197 1,896,583 1,386,586 1,171,016 1,214,807 1,116,629 (n=169) (n=182) (n=162) (n=236) (n=229) (n=191) (n=190) (n=188) Mean, Republicans 1,737,944 1,497,357 1,932,509 1,427,577 1,620,435 1,801,419 1,386,644 1,216,385 (n=218) (n=204) (n=216) (n=157) (n=170) (n=211) (n=210) (n=198) Challengers Mean, all challengers 434, , , , , , , ,778 (n=254) (n=271) (n=288) (n=325) (n=284) (n=289) (n=284) (n=226) Mean, Democrats 562, , , , , , , ,809 (n=156) (n=149) (n=170) (n=111) (n=146) (n=190) (n=158) (n=115) Mean, Republicans 206, , , , , , , ,995 (n=98) (n=122) (n=118) (n=214) (n=139) (n=99) (n=126) (n=111) Open seats Mean, all open-seat candidates 1,594,721 1,377,100 1,137,335 1,266,689 1,748,609 1,806,915 1,485,891 1,502,855 (n=82) (n=94) (n=118) (n=81) (n=71) (n=64) (n=67) (n=99) Mean, Democrats 1,614,543 1,114,761 1,206,299 1,073,550 1,832,058 1,878,576 1,319,551 1,435,287 (n=42) (n=46) (n=58) (n=41) (n=36) (n=33) (n=32) (n=50) Mean, Republicans 1,434,706 1,628,509 1,070,669 1,464,656 1,662,776 1,730,630 1,637,974 1,573,298 (n=40) (n=48) (n=60) (n=40) (n=35) (n=31) (n=35) (n=49) 3

5 ,503,155 a 584,883,629 a 646,538,116 a 560,646,773 a 564,195,569 a 431,774,874 a 456,711, ,429, ,595, ,051, , , , , , , , , , ,212 (n=740) (n=719) (n=818) (n=787) (n=813) (n=731) (n=742) (n=736) (n=733) (n=767) 934, , , , , , , , , ,674 (n=372) (n=358) (n=412) (n=386) (n=410) (n=381) (n=397) (n=397) (n=399) (n=411) 1,007, , , , , , , , , ,394 (n=366) (n=360) (n=405) (n=400) (n=402) (n=349) (n=344) (n=340) (n=334) (n=356) 1,155,618 a 963,175 a 1,033,309 a 905,074 a 1,009,988 a 765, , , , ,089 (n=400) (n=400) (n=382) (n=382) (n=349) (n=405) (n=408) (n=389) (n=408) (n=383) 1,052, , ,931 1,003,088 1,053, , , , , ,744 (n=201) (n=189) (n=168) (n=224) (n=211) (n=247) (n=245) (n=231) (n=254) (n=216) 1,265,725 1,047,804 1,138, , , , , , , ,154 (n=197) (n=210) (n=213) (n=157) (n=137) (n=158) (n=163) (n=158) (n=154) (n=167) 525, , , , , ,829 a 277, , , ,338 (n=272) (n=254) (n=331) (n=302) (n=290) (n=270) (n=283) (n=262) (n=273) (n=270) 617, , , , , , , , , ,654 (n=136) (n=136) (n=191) (n=110) (n=111) (n=104) (n=126) (n=123) (n=119) (n=137) 434, , , , , , , , , ,794 (n=136) (n=118) (n=140) (n=192) (n=179) (n=165) (n=157) (n=139) (n=154) (n=133) 1,650,097 1,160, , , , ,592 1,071, , , ,526 (n=68) (n=65) (n=105) (n=103) (n=174) (n=56) (n=51) (n=86) (n=52) (n=114) 1,482,793 1,114, , , , ,475 1,001, , , ,712 (n=35) (n=33) (n=53) (n=52) (n=88) (n=30) (n=26) (n=43) (n=26) (n=58) 1,827,539 1,207,368 1,007, , , ,880 1,163, , , ,316 (n=33) (n=32) (n=52) (n=51) (n=86) (n=26) (n=24) (n=43) (n=26) (n=56) 4

6 ,608, ,049, ,277, ,453, , , , ,889 (n=752) (n=787) (n=819) (n=810) 417, , , ,854 (n=396) (n=416) (n=429) (n=434) 478, , , ,953 (n=356) (n=371) (n=390) (n=376) 480, , , ,249 (n=391) (n=377) (n=382) (n=382) 460, , , ,612 (n=248) (n=249) (n=254) (n=218) 516, , , ,114 (n=143) (n=128) (n=128) (n=163) 354, , , ,805 (n=277) (n=299) (n=335) (n=323) 271, , , ,524 (n=105) (n=109) (n=122) (n=162) 405, , , ,501 (n=172) (n=190) (n=213) (n=161) 587, , , ,221 (n=84) (n=111) (n=102) (n=106) 525, , , ,578 (n=43) (n=58) (n=53) (n=54) 652, , , ,120 (n=41) (n=53) (n=49) (n=52) 5

7 Note: The data include primary and general election expenditures for major party general-election candidates only. a. Includes one or more Independents. Independents are included only if they are incumbents or winning non-incumbents. Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data. 6

8 Table 3-3 House Campaign Expenditures: Incumbents and Challengers, Major Party General Election Candidates by Election Outcome, (full cycle), Adjusted for Inflation, 2016 Dollars Incumbent won with 60% or more Incumbents 1,253,907 1,248,892 1,360,775 1,281,935 1,242,644 1,160,804 1,104,575 a 1,028,284 a 912,761 a 791,337 a (n=294) (n=296) (n= 256) (n= 251) (n=305) (n=300) (n=343) (n=336) (n=326) (n=309) Democrats 1,096,199 1,032,380 1,286,785 1,286,897 1,211,248 1,087,516 1,061, , , ,635 (n=140) (n=118) (n= 128) (n= 109) (n=197) (n=180) (n=166) (n=159) (n=167) (n=144) Republicans 1,397,278 1,392,421 1,434,765 1,278,125 1,299,911 1,270,737 1,145,868 1,055, , ,048 (n=154) (n=178) (n= 128) (n= 142) (n=108) (n=120) (n=176) (n=176) (n=157) (n=164) Challengers 130, , , , , , , , , ,052 (n=163) (n=182) (n= 171) (n=185) (n=191) (n=188) (n=230) (n=179) (n=198) (n=161) Democrats 158, , , , , , , , , ,484 (n=94) (n=122) (n=83 ) (n= 98) (n=84) (n=99) (n=126) (n=95) (n=96) (n=89) Republicans 91,546 78, , , , , , , , ,839 (n=69) (n=60) (n= 88) (n= 87) (n=107) (n=89) (n=104) (n=86) (n=102) (n=72) Incumbent won with <60% Incumbents 2,246,538 2,041,708 2,358,369 2,256,533 2,187,831 2,274,876 2,394,862 1,971,262 2,017,330 1,516,093 (n=85) (n=77) (n= 100) b (n= 87) (n=75) (n=80) (n=51) (n=46) (n=68) (n=85) Democrats 1,659,688 1,995,132 2,123,001 2,127,131 2,514,626 2,537,387 2,011,964 1,618,501 2,042,379 1,550,145 (n=27) (n=53) (n= 28) (n= 74) (n=27) (n=11) (n=19) (n=26) (n=32) (n=44) Republicans 2,519,726 2,144,563 2,449,901 2,993,131 2,004,009 2,233,026 2,622,208 2,429,850 1,995,063 1,479,552 (n=58) (n=24) (n= 72) (n= 13) (n=48) (n=69) (n=32) (n=20) (n=36) (n=41) Challengers 807, , ,922 1,260,410 1,227,834 1,196,483 1,056,746 1,134,469 1,215, ,398 (n=79) (n=76) (n= 95) b (n= 87) (n=75) (n=79) (n=49) (n=43) (n=68) (n=86) Democrats 974,403 1,193, ,060 1,835,815 1,127,726 1,041,661 1,070,241 1,610,499 1,298, ,546 (n= 53) (n=25) (n= 69) (n= 13) (n=48) (n=69) (n=30) (n=18) (n=36) (n=42) Republicans 467, ,367 1,442,941 1,159,326 1,405,807 2,264,745 1,035, ,727 1,122, ,121 (n=26) (n=51) (n= 26) (n= 74) (n=27) (n=10) (n=19) (n=25) (n=32) (n=44) Incumbent was defeated Incumbents 2,882,057 3,006,252 3,250,698 2,793,442 2,626,755 3,342,374 3,147,217 2,466,187 3,525,637 1,979,841 (n=8) (n=13) (n= 32) b (n= 55) (n=19) (n=22) (n=7) b (n=8) b (n=6) (n=6) Democrats 2,754,797 2,994,634 2,634,715 2,828,567 2,203,464 NA 3,283,750 2,392,092 1,857,656 1,257,794 (n=2) (n=11) (n= 12) (n= 53) (n=5) (n=5) (n=5) (n=2) (n=1) Republicans 2,924,478 3,070,147 3,620,287 1,862,611 2,777,930 3,342,374 2,805,883 2,589,680 4,359,628 2,124,250 (n=6) (n=2) (n= 20) (n= 2) (n=14) (n=22) (n=2) (n=3) (n=4) (n=5) Challengers 2,735,595 2,129,202 2,589,745 1,894,496 2,217,031 2,186,247 2,122,152 2,138,885 2,759,934 1,691,798 (n=8) (n=13) (n= 22) b (n= 55) (n=19) (n=22) (n=5) (n=4) (n=6) (n=6) Democrats 2,900,822 2,481,241 2,747,631 1,938,180 2,439,893 2,186,247 2,194,807 2,637,914 3,455,649 1,780,524 (n=7) (n=2) (n= 18) (n= 2) (n=14) (n=22) (n=2) (n=2) (n=4) (n=5) Republicans 1,579,008 2,065,196 1,879,258 1,892,848 1,593,019 NA 2,073,714 1,639,856 1,368,505 1,248,172 (n=1) (n=11) (n= 4) (n= 53) (n=5) (n=0) (n=3) (n=2) (n=2) (n=1) 7

9 ,411 a 731, ,104 a 657, , , , , , , , ,624 (n=262) (n=263) (n=234) (n=313) (n=359) (n=330) (n=318) (n=264) (n=284) (n=287) (n=272) (n=251) 725, , , , , , , , , , , ,248 (n=124) (n=120) (n=138) (n=197) (n=220) (n=209) (n=183) (n=178) (n=170) (n=184) (n=185) (n=194) 860, , , , , , , , , , , ,584 (n=137) (n=143) (n=95) (n=116) (n=139) (n=121) (n=135) (n=86) (n=114) (n=103) (n=87) (n=57) 159, , , , , , , , , , ,527 69,058 (n=212) (n=183) (n=187) (n=180) (n=234) (n=202) (n=184) (n=163) (n=170) (n=209) (n=225) (n=193) 149, , ,049 79, , , ,557 91, , , , ,210 (n=115) (n=96) (n=76) (n=65) (n=102) (n=85) (n=99) (n=62) (n=75) (n=84) (n=81) (n=56) 171, , , , , , , , , , ,882 52,645 (n=96) (n=87) (n=111) (n=115) (n=132) (n=117) (n=85) (n=101) (n=95) (n=125) (n=144) (n=137) 1,518,305 1,163,580 a 1,333,046 1,115,171 1,420,178 1,720,108 1,011, , , , , ,591 (n=99) (n=85) (n=91) (n=77) (n=44) (n=52) (n=74) (n=90) (n=76) (n=71) (n=98) (n=90) 1,406,646 1,181,855 1,418,072 1,155,308 1,398,411 2,054, ,428 1,110, , , , ,991 (n=41) (n=70) (n=57) (n=44) (n=23) (n=20) (n=58) (n=35) (n=50) (n=51) (n=62) (n=20) 1,597,237 1,084,890 1,190,503 1,061,655 1,444,018 1,510,868 1,144, , , , , ,764 (n=58) (n=14) (n=34) (n=33) (n=21) (n=32) (n=16) (n=55) (n=26) (n=20) (n=36) (n=70) 797, , , , , , , , , , , ,369 (n=98) (n=85) (n=84) (n=75) (n=44) (n=46) (n=72) (n=84) (n=76) (n=71) (n=98) (n=90) 823, , , , , , , , , , , ,302 (n=58) (n=14) (n=29) (n=31) (n=21) (n=28) (n=16) (n=53) (n=26) (n=20) (n=36) (n=70) 760, , , , , , , , , , , ,100 (n=40) (n=71) (n=55) (n=44) (n=23) (n=18) (n=56) (n=31) (n=50) (n=51) (n=62) (n=20) 1,677,533 1,604,892 1,519,424 1,224,177 1,939,697 1,275,907 1,069,683 1,127, , , , ,453 (n=21) (n=34) (n=24) b (n=15) (n=5) (n=6) (n=16) (n=29) (n=31) (n=19) (n=12) (n=40) 1,086,695 1,604,892 1,621,330 1,082,891 1,897,930 1,156,459 1,116, , , , , ,761 (n=3) (n=34) (n=16) (n=6) (n=2) (n=1) (n=13) (n=3) (n=28) (n=14) (n=7) (n=4) 1,790,495 NA 1,315,611 1,318,369 1,967,542 1,299, ,146 1,156, , , , ,751 (n=18) (n=0) (n=8) (n=9) (n=3) (n=5) (n=3) (n=26) (n=3) (n=5) (n=5) (n=36) 1,664,714 1,131, , ,295 a 1,268, ,535 1,191, , , , , ,640 (n=21) (n=34) (n=19) (n=15) (n=5) (n=11) (n=16) (n=23) (n=31) (n=19) (n=12) (n=40) 1,628,884 NA 601, ,160 1,641,112 1,105, , ,181 1,030, , , ,247 (n=18) (n=0) (n=6) (n=8) (n=3) (n=9) (n=3) (n=22) (n=4) (n=5) (n=5) (n=36) 1,883,978 1,131, , , , ,746 1,332, , , , , ,186 (n=3) (n=34) (n=13) (n=6) (n=2) (n=2) (n=13) (n=1) (n=27) (n=14) (n=7) (n=4) 8

10 Note: The data include primary and general election expenditures for major party general-election candidates only. a. Includes one or more Independents. Independents are included only if they are incumbents or winning non-incumbents. b. The N for incumbents in "Incumbent was defeated" is greater than that of challengers because some races were incumbent v. incumbent races. Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data. 9

11 Table 3-4 House Campaign Expenditures: Open House Seats, Major Party General Election Candidates by Election Outcome, (full cycle), Adjusted for Inflation, 2016 Mean Net Dollars All Winners 1,676,095 1,881,499 1,588,367 1,539,706 2,126,111 2,244,912 1,910,551 1,721,598 1,902,128 1,463,569 1,174,901 (n=46) (n=49) (n=62) (n=42) (n=36) (n=33) (n=36) (n=49) (n=36) (n=34) (n=53) Democrats 1,647,188 1,681,721 1,861,744 1,414,542 2,424,632 2,101,289 1,849,803 1,650,484 1,816,138 1,398,350 1,146,107 (n=18) (n=15) (n=31) (n=7) (n=19) (n=20) (n=15) (n=18) (n=10) (n=18) (n=24) Republicans 1,694,678 1,969,636 1,314,992 1,564,739 1,792,471 2,465,870 1,953,942 1,762,890 1,935,201 1,536,940 1,198,729 (n=28) (n=34) (n=31) (n=35) (n=17) (n=13) (n=21) (n=31) (n=26) (n=16) (n=29) Winners with 60% or more 1,569,854 1,472,124 1,502,242 1,291,185 1,969,770 1,393,544 1,643,938 1,525,901 1,500,746 1,111, ,167 (n=25) (n=25) (n=33) (n=26) (n=11) (n=15) (n=20) (n=24) (n=14) (n=11) (n=18) Democrats 1,187,857 1,333,855 1,697, ,884 2,459,321 1,448,474 1,215,622 1,733,556 1,349, , ,745 (n=9) (n=10) (n=19) (n=4) (n=6) (n=11) (n=8) (n=8) (n=4) (n=8) (n=8) Republicans 1,784,728 1,564,303 1,237,835 1,357,785 1,382,309 1,242,489 1,929,481 1,422,074 1,561,147 1,492,813 1,066,905 (n=16) (n=15) (n=14) (n=22) (n=5) (n=4) (n=12) (n=16) (n=10) (n=3) (n=10) Winners with <60% 1,802,572 2,307,930 1,686,373 1,882,615 2,194,901 2,954,384 2,243,817 1,909,467 2,157,551 1,631,958 1,266,821 (n=21) (n=24) (n=29) (n=16) (n=25) (n=18) (n=16) (n=25) (n=22) (n=23) (n=35) Democrats 2,106,519 2,377,453 2,122,480 2,028,539 2,408,621 2,899,174 2,574,580 1,584,026 2,127,066 1,742,243 1,265,288 (n=9) (n=5) (n=12) (n=3) (n=13) (n=9) (n=7) (n=10) (n=6) (n=10) (n=16) Republicans 1,574,612 2,289,635 1,378,532 1,848,940 1,963,371 3,009,594 1,986,556 2,126,427 2,168,985 1,547,123 1,268,110 (n=12) (n=19) (n=17) (n=13) (n=12) (n=9) (n=9) (n=15) (n=16) (n=13) (n=19) All losers 1,337, , , ,332 1,360,321 1,340, ,739 1,274,804 1,366, , ,985 (n=36) (n=45) (n=56) (n=39) (n=35) (n=31) (n=31) (n=47) (n=32) (n=31) (n=52) Democrats 1,591, , ,752 1,003,345 1,169,771 1,535, ,682 1,310,334 1,349, , ,813 (n=24) (n=31) (n=27) (n=34) (n=17) (n=13) (n=17) (n=31) (n=25) (n=15) (n=29) Republicans 828, , , ,078 1,540,286 1,199,624 1,164,022 1,205,964 1,427, , ,984 (n=12) (n=14) (n=29) (n=5) (n=18) (n=18) (n=14) (n=16) (n=7) (n=16) (n=23) Losers with >40% 2,222,636 1,242,989 1,128,565 1,570,599 1,728,744 2,005,098 1,745,065 1,629,662 2,049,367 1,122, ,846 (n=20) (n=24) (n=27) (n=16) (n=25) (n=18) (n=16) (n=25) (n=20) (n=22) (n=35) Democrats 2,922,241 1,280, ,138 1,644,209 1,562,130 2,134,022 1,350,808 1,495,734 2,154, ,334 1,005,458 (n=12) (n=17) (n=14) (n=13) (n=12) (n=9) (n=9) (n=15) (n=15) (n=12) (n=19) Republicans 1,173,229 1,151,312 1,521,026 1,251,617 1,882,543 1,876,174 2,251,968 1,830,554 1,733,631 1,372, ,807 (n=8) (n=7) (n=13) (n=3) (n=13) (n=9) (n=7) (n=10) (n=5) (n=10) (n=16) Losers with 40% or less 230, , , , , , , , , , ,855 (n=16) (n=21) (n=29) (n=23) (n=10) (n=13) (n=15) (n=22) (n=12) (n=9) (n=17) Democrats 261, , , , , , ,165 1,136, , , ,685 (n=12) (n=14) (n=13) (n=21) (n=5) (n=4) (n=8) (n=16) (n=10) (n=3) (n=10) Republicans 137, , ,381 32, , ,075 76, , ,711 52, ,956 (n=4) (n=7) (n=16) (n=2) (n=5) (n=9) (n=7) (n=6) (n=2) (n=6) (n=7) 10

12 , ,490 1,136,140 1,230,333 1,146,951 1,018,498 (n=52) (n=91) (n=30) (n=27) (n=46) (n=26) 1,095, ,829 1,079,396 1,118,427 1,129, ,633 (n=14) (n=57) (n=18) (n=13) (n=22) (n=8) 930,534 1,008,449 1,221,259 1,334,248 1,163,390 1,031,330 (n=38) (n=34) (n=12) (n=14) (n=24) (n=18) 1,001, ,800 1,135,125 1,103,535 1,189, ,597 (n=21) (n=44) (n=14) (n=11) (n=19) (n=8) 951, , , ,056 1,177, ,495 (n=3) (n=33) (n=9) (n=7) (n=7) (n=3) 1,009,411 1,503,070 1,447,233 1,643,374 1,197, ,657 (n=18) (n=11) (n=5) (n=4) (n=12) (n=5) 957, ,901 1,137,029 1,317,507 1,116,711 1,088,232 (n=31) (n=47) (n=16) (n=16) (n=27) (n=18) 1,134,840 1,124,411 1,197,060 1,495,692 1,106,555 1,180,513 (n=11) (n=24) (n=9) (n=6) (n=15) (n=5) 859, ,890 1,059,849 1,210,597 1,129,410 1,052,741 (n=20) (n=23) (n=7) (n=10) (n=12) (n=13) 918, , , , , ,523 (n=51) (n=83) (n=26) (n=24) (n=40) (n=26) 832, , , , , ,668 (n=38) (n=31) (n=12) (n=13) (n=21) (n=18) 1,167, , , , , ,695 (n=13) (n=52) (n=14) (n=10) (n=19) (n=8) 1,106, , ,297 1,146, , ,333 (n=31) (n=47) (n=16) (n=16) (n=23) (n=18) 965, , ,469 1,025, , ,428 (n=20) (n=23) (n=8) (n=9) (n=10) (n=13) 1,362, , ,123 1,407, , ,291 (n=11) (n=24) (n=8) (n=6) (n=13) (n=5) 626, , , , , ,197 (n=20) (n=36) (n=10) (n=8) (n=15) (n=8) 685, ,812 1,032, , , ,494 (n=18) (n=8) (n=4) (n=4) (n=9) (n=5) 93, , , , , ,700 (n=2) (n=28) (n=6) (n=4) (n=6) (n=3) 11

13 Note: The data include primary and general election expenditures for major party general-election candidates only. Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data. 12

14 Table 3-5 Senate Campaign Expenditures: Major Party General Election Candidates, (full cycle, net dollars), Adjusted for Inflation, 2016 Mean Net Dollars All candidates Total expenditures 554,571, ,399, ,178, ,391,774 c 434,022, ,038,715 a 466,945, ,592, ,031, ,908, ,469,171 Mean expenditure 8,277,186 7,935,199 a 9,748,873 8,808,335 6,576,104 9,431,364 6,866,852 6,057,946 8,121,685 5,559,217 5,422,595 (n=67) (n=71) (n=63) (n=71) (n=66) (n=65) (n=68) (n=62) (n=66) (n=66) (n=65) Mean, Democrats 8,435,559 8,740,188 11,299,735 7,851,056 6,541,121 10,250,150 7,147,261 6,140,671 8,495,648 5,126,628 5,179,354 (n=34) (n=34) (n=28) (n=32) (n=34) (n=31) (n=34) (n=30) (n=33) (n=34) (n=32) Mean, Republicans 8,114,015 7,234,767 8,848,350 9,452,088 6,613,273 8,375,755 6,586,444 5,980,392 7,747,721 6,018,843 5,658,466 (n=33) (n=36) (n=33) (n=38) (n=32) (n=32) (n=34) (n=32) (n=33) (n=32) (n=33) Incumbents Mean, all incumbents 10,146,576 11,048,388 11,186,288 a 10,477,899 8,642,944 11,221,964 8,343,435 6,051,192 6,314,739 6,962,616 6,475,606 (n=29) (n=27) (n=22) (n=23) (n=30) (n=29) (n=26) (n=27) (n=29) (n=29) (n=20) Mean, Democrats 8,868,486 13,440,462 11,782,499 13,869,469 7,077,621 11,381,319 9,425,030 8,194,657 5,119,278 6,715,368 7,965,972 (n=7) (n=16) (n=15) (n=12) (n=12) (n=14) (n=14) (n=12) (n=11) (n=15) (n=7) Mean, Republicans 10,553,241 7,858,956 11,098,252 6,778,004 9,686,493 10,427,622 7,081,575 4,336,421 7,045,300 7,227,525 5,673,102 (n=22) (n=12) (n=6) (n=11) (n=18) (n=14) (n=12) (n=15) (n=18) (n=14) (n=13) Challengers Mean, all challengers 5,755,449 5,093,236 7,553,852 5,789,569 4,227,541 6,738,010 3,081,210 3,849,364 4,395,200 4,629,697 4,757,202 (n=28) (n=27) (n=19) (n=20) (n=26) (n=28) (n=26) (n=21) (n=27) (n=27) (n=17) Mean, Democrats 7,399,879 3,577,707 18,906,060 1,974,134 5,689,106 8,487,975 1,975,237 2,911,230 4,573,869 3,850,571 4,466,784 (n=21) (n=10) (n=3) (n=7) (n=17) (n=14) (n=12) (n=11) (n=17) (n=14) (n=11) Mean, Republicans 822,157 5,997,449 5,425,314 7,844,034 1,466,810 4,988,045 b 4,029,185 4,881,311 4,091,464 5,468,755 5,289,633 (n=7) (n=16) (n=16) (n=13) (n=9) (n=14) (n=14) (n=10) (n=10) (n=13) (n=6) Open seats Mean, all Open 9,916,822 7,282,931 10,207,156 a 9,593,169 6,481,844 12,367,185 a 10,619,074 9,383,845 23,423,334 3,999,063 5,074,433 (n=10) (n=16) (n=22) (n=28) (n=10) (n=8) (n=16) (n=14) (n=10) (n=10) (n=28) Mean, Democrats 11,555,355 5,792,742 8,293,691 5,460,095 8,150,371 13,194,853 10,919,198 7,694,386 29,257,712 3,933,370 4,345,919 (n=6) (n=8) (n=10) (n=13) (n=5) (n=3) (n=8) (n=7) (n=5) (n=5) (n=14) Mean, Republicans 7,459,022 8,773,122 12,600,092 13,046,347 4,813,316 13,051,206 10,318,949 11,073,304 17,588,955 4,064,754 5,802,946 (n=4) (n=8) (n=11) (n=14) (n=5) (n=4) (n=8) (n=7) (n=5) (n=5) (n=14) 13

15 ,617, ,420, ,363, ,710, ,688, ,930, ,622, ,016, ,149, ,744, ,436,369 6,465,965 4,817,693 4,751,691 5,677,427 5,995,353 5,375,903 4,431,586 3,224,133 3,502,206 2,511,844 2,129,792 (n=70) (n=69) (n=67) (n=66) (n=67) (n=61) (n=64) (n=67) (n=68) (n=64) (n=65) 5,497,762 4,813,314 4,527,052 5,945,002 4,949,958 4,991,030 4,679,214 3,409,556 2,808,049 2,403,875 2,374,633 (n=35) (n=35) (n=34) (n=33) (n=33) (n=31) (n=32) (n=34) (n=35) (n=33) (n=34) 7,434,168 4,822,204 4,983,137 5,409,853 7,010,002 5,773,605 4,183,961 3,033,094 4,238,432 2,600,997 1,861,359 (n=35) (n=34) (n=33) (n=33) (n=34) (n=30) (n=32) (n=33) (n=33) (n=30) (n=31) 12,425,877 6,343,944 6,570,316 7,604,209 7,389,855 5,867,187 4,621,416 3,791,447 4,939,808 2,631,257 2,705,380 (n=26) (n=27) (n=32) (n=27) (n=28) (n=28) (n=29) (n=25) (n=22) (n=25) (n=25) 8,345,179 4,875,317 6,641,796 7,013,853 5,940,602 4,054,025 4,218,716 3,948,639 2,275,690 2,122,147 2,559,585 (n=16) (n=15) (n=17) (n=15) (n=9) (n=12) (n=18) (n=19) (n=11) (n=17) (n=15) 6,323,048 8,179,728 6,489,304 8,342,152 8,076,343 7,227,057 5,280,375 3,293,665 7,603,930 3,759,724 2,924,074 (n=10) (n=12) (n=15) (n=12) (n=19) (n=16) (n=11) (n=6) (n=11) (n=7) (n=10) 6,473,081 3,121,961 3,120,361 3,686,656 4,159,429 2,867,689 3,026,909 2,454,092 2,568,539 1,907,718 1,619,093 (n=26) (n=26) (n=29) (n=27) (n=27) (n=25) (n=29) (n=24) (n=21) (n=23) (n=22) 1,985,852 4,363,447 2,561,686 4,370,609 4,186,311 3,500,573 3,770,510 1,622,395 3,056,342 2,722,502 1,900,081 (n=10) (n=12) (n=14) (n=12) (n=18) (n=15) (n=11) (n=6) (n=11) (n=8) (n=10) 9,237,112 2,056,283 3,641,793 3,139,494 4,105,661 1,918,360 2,572,487 2,731,323 2,031,957 1,473,166 1,384,933 (n=16) (n=14) (n=15) (n=15) (n=9) (n=10) (n=18) (n=18) (n=10) (n=15) (n=12) 4,864,676 4,999,067 2,937,118 5,821,403 6,872,351 11,494,582 10,303,356 3,298,815 3,021,390 3,192,857 1,954,543 (n=18) (n=16) (n=6) (n=12) (n=12) (n=8) (n=6) (n=18) (n=25) (n=16) (n=18) 4,265,833 5,371,854 1,715,207 6,421,658 5,754,932 13,391,261 10,774,098 3,462,925 3,048,409 2,683,924 2,593,298 (n=9) (n=8) (n=3) (n=6) (n=6) (n=4) (n=3) (n=9) (n=13) (n=8) (n=9) 5,463,518 4,626,278 4,159,029 5,221,148 7,989,770 9,597,903 9,832,614 3,134,707 2,992,118 3,701,785 1,315,788 (n=9) (n=8) (n=3) (n=6) (n=6) (n=4) (n=3) (n=9) (n=12) (n=8) (n=9) 14

16 Note: The data include primary and general election expenditures for major party general-election candidates only. a. Includes one or more Independents. b. Alan Schlesinger (CT-Rep) is not included in the data. He raised $221,019 and was third in the voting. c data includes Charlie Crist (FL) who started as a Republican and finished second as an Independent in the Florida Senate race does not include Democrats McAdams (AK) and Meek (FL) who finished third in their respective races. Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data. 15

17 Table 3-6 Senate Campaign Expenditures: Incumbents and Challengers, Major Party General Election Candidates by Election Outcome, (full cycle), Adjusted for Inflation, 2016 Mean Net Dollars Incumbent won with 60% or more Incumbents 7,279,785 6,508,825 7,439,848 a 7,932,423 5,581,865 7,954,505 5,984,864 4,385,704 4,769,373 3,888,295 3,699,459 5,847,191 (n=18) (n=13) (n=12) (n=13) (n=17) (n=17)) (n=18) (n=16) (n=20) (n=19) (n=6) (n=10) Democrats 7,830,756 8,859,676 8,454,327 9,351,228 6,475,010 10,312,132 7,295,477 6,376,405 4,682,015 4,610,702 3,467,713 2,811,042 (n=6) (n=3) (n=8) (n=5) (n=10) (n=11)) (n=10) (n=6) (n=10) (n=9) (n=2) (n=3) Republicans 7,004,300 5,803,571 6,290,742 7,045,670 4,305,944 3,632,189 4,346,597 3,191,283 4,856,731 3,238,129 3,815,333 7,148,396 (n=12) (n=10) (n=3) (n=8) (n=7) (n=6)) (n=8) (n=10) (n=10) (n=10) (n=4) (n=7) Challengers 1,048,520 1,432,112 1,475,361 1,596,566 1,292,958 2,685,591 1,272,596 1,133,386 1,065, ,420 1,165,622 1,623,215 (n=17) (n=12) (n=10) (n=10) (n=13) (n=16) (n=18) (n=10) (n=18) (n=17) (n=3) (n=10) Democrats 1,464,926 1,854, ,863 2,058,146 1,770, , ,129 1,213, , , ,927 2,211,645 (n=11) (n=9) (n=1) (n=5) (n=6) (n=5) (n=8) (n=6) (n=9) (n=10) (n=2) (n=7) Republicans 285, ,122 1,590,417 1,134, ,666 3,690,474 2,075,369 1,012,714 1,453, ,657 2,029, ,210 (n=6) (n=3) (n=9) (n=5) (n=7) (n=11) (n=10) (n=4) (n=9) (n=7) (n=1) (n=3) Incumbent won with <60% Incumbents 14,489,234 12,837,560 13,352,418 13,506,658 c 12,198,612 14,976,033 a 11,974,615 7,236,405 7,997,865 9,731,854 7,729,238 8,602,746 (n=10) (n=12) (n=9) (n=8) (n=8) (n=6) (n=7) (n=8) (n=3) (n=7) (n=13) (n=14) Democrats 15,094,864 12,889,471 15,586,123 17,972,116 10,090,675 15,301,671 11,205,396 7,878, ,747,261 9,765,276 9,749,868 (n=1) (n=8) (n=7) (n=5) (n=2) (n=3) (n=3) (n=4) (n=0) (n=5) (n=5) (n=11) Republicans 14,421,941 12,733,740 5,534,450 6,064,227 12,901,258 11,919,696 12,551,529 6,594,408 7,997,865 9,693,334 6,456,715 4,397,233 (n=9) (n=4) (n=2) (n=3) (n=6) (n=2) (n=4) (n=4) (n=3) (n=2) (n=8) (n=3) Challengers 12,476,328 5,059,165 a 10,580,430 9,941,337 4,783,680 12,329,895 b 5,511,177 3,428,779 3,843,454 7,262,746 5,600,075 8,982,210 (n=10) (n=12) (n=8) (n=8) (n=8) (n=6) (n=7) (n=8) (n=3) (n=7) (n=13) (n=14) Democrats 13,413,204 6,565,100 12,152,171 1,764,105 5,208,968 14,913,980 5,387,456 3,291,025 3,843,454 6,337,507 5,386,522 1,674,933 (n=9) (n=3) (n=1) (n=2) (n=6) (n=3) (n=4) (n=4) (n=3) (n=2) (n=8) (n=3) Republicans 4,044,441 4,404,196 10,355,895 12,667,081 3,507,817 9,745,809 5,676,138 3,566, ,632,842 5,941,758 10,975,104 (n=1) (n=8) (n=7) (n=6) (n=2) (n=3) (n=3) (n=4) (n=0) (n=5) (n=5) (n=11) Incumbent was defeated Incumbents 18,322,239 17,070,520 36,648,390 14,908,460 13,361,544 16,725,697 25,379,463 11,773,229 10,624,400 19,971,764 6,835,280 8,921,481 (n=1) (n=5) (n=1) (n=2) (n=5) (n=6) (n=1) (n=3) (n=6) (n=3) (n=1) (n=2) Democrats NA 17,070, ,908,460 NA NA 25,379,463 14,281,920 9,491,917 10,497,894 #VALUE! 8,921,481 (n=0) (n=5) (n=0) (n=2) (n=0) (n=0) (n=1) (n=2) (n=1) (n=1) (n=0) (n=2) Republicans 18,322,239 NA 36,648, ,361,544 16,725,697 NA 6,755,848 10,850,896 24,708,699 6,835,280 NA (n=1) (n=0) (n=1) (n=0) (n=5) (n=6) (n=0) (n=1) (n=5) (n=2) (n=1) (n=0) Challengers 18,564,438 12,045,449 44,126,144 10,147,515 10,967,640 11,952,574 18,626,483 6,268,118 14,659,779 20,984,150 4,574,595 13,158,500 (n=1) (n=5) (n=1) (n=2) (n=5) (n=6) (n=1) (n=3) (n=6) (n=3) (n=1) (n=2) Democrats 18,564,438 NA 44,126, ,967,640 11,952,574 NA 4,841,527 12,025,763 18,461,221 4,574,595 NA (n=1) (n=0) (n=1) (n=0) (n=5) (n=6) (n=0) (n=1) (n=5) (n=2) (n=1) (n=0) Republicans NA 12,045, ,147,515 NA NA A 18,626,483 6,981,414 27,829,858 26,030,008 #VALUE! 13,158,500 (n=0) (n=5) (n=0) (n=2) (n=0) (n=0)) (n=1) (n=2) (n=1) (n=1) (n=0) (n=2) 16

18 ,611,323 4,250,509 5,545,415 4,298,972 3,724,040 3,717,194 3,385,686 1,678,805 1,435,664 2,177,268 (n=13) (n=19) (n=15) (n=14) (n=18) (n=13) (n=10) (n=7) (n=11) (n=11) 4,552,772 4,479,528 4,707,286 3,661,819 3,744,176 3,486,429 3,555,296 2,057,898 1,435,664 2,177,268 (n=9) (n=10) (n=10) (n=8) (n=7) (n=12) (n=6) (n=4) (n=11) (n=11) 4,743,060 3,996,045 7,221,677 5,148,507 3,711,224 6,486,365 3,131,270 1,173, (n=4) (n=9) (n=5) (n=6)) (n=11) (n=1) (n=4) (n=3) 0 0 1,199,936 1,550,489 1,179, , ,640 1,934, , , ,492 1,085,411 (n=12) (n=16) (n=15) (n=13) (n=15) (n=13) (n=9) (n=6) (n=9) (n=8) 1,018, ,652 1,633, , ,421 1,055, , , (n=4) (n=8) (n=5) (n=5) (n=10) (n=1) (n=4) (n=3) 0 0 1,290,817 2,295, ,931 1,393,961 1,174,080 2,007, , , ,492 1,085,411 (n=8) (n=8) (n=10) (n=8) (n=5) (n=12) (n=5) (n=3) (n=9) (n=8) 7,784,566 9,684,613 12,649,968 11,417,389 10,407,789 5,531,938 2,753,740 9,189,776 2,124,939 2,763,230 (n=10) (n=12) (n=8) (n=7) (n=7) (n=14) (n=6) (n=8) (n=5) (n=14) 4,860,706 9,730,749 13,854,784 24,170,866 4,235,193 6,011,616 2,321,380 2,157,321 5,221,565 3,610,956 (n=4) (n=7) (n=4) (n=1) (n=4) (n=5) (n=4) (n=2) (n=1) (n=4) 9,733,806 9,620,022 11,445,151 9,291,810 18,637,916 5,265,450 3,618,455 11,533,930 1,350,784 2,424,144 (n=6) (n=5) (n=4) (n=6) (n=3) (n=9) (n=2) (n=6) (n=4) (n=10) 3,906,671 5,262,292 7,677,893 7,422,429 5,304,164 4,017,538 2,519,112 3,960,723 1,514,128 1,451,400 (n=10) (n=12) (n=8) (n=7) (n=7) (n=14) (n=6) (n=8) (n=5) (n=14) 5,187,663 5,376,649 6,510,570 4,359,622 9,306,254 4,052,736 3,318,668 4,464,900 1,191,350 1,238,368 (n=6) (n=5) (n=4) (n=6) (n=3) (n=9) (n=2) (n=6) (n=4) (n=10) 1,985,183 5,180,609 8,845,214 25,799,255 2,302,598 3,954,181 2,119,335 1,224,098 2,805,247 1,983,982 (n=4) (n=7) (n=4) (n=1) (n=4) (n=5) (n=4) (n=2) (n=1) (n=4) 8,373,411 13,275,039 5,233,161 9,544,089 8,131,336 4,125,193 4,934,098 3,343,710 4,147,169 2,499,656 (n=4) (n=1) (n=4) (n=7) (n=3) (n=2) (n=9) (n=7) (n=9) (n=2) 6,417,578 NA 2,715,796 NA 5,498,306 4,041,673 4,934,098 2,497,273 3,012,535 NA (n=2) (n=0) (n=1) (n=0) (n=1) (n=1) (n=9) (n=5) (n=5) (n=0) 10,390,829 13,275,039 6,072,283 9,544,089 9,447,851 4,208,713 NA 5,459,802 5,565,463 2,499,656 (n=2) (n=1) (n=3) (n=7) (n=2) (n=1) (n=0) (n=2) (n=4) (n=2) 6,920,912 2,535,150 5,105,144 6,784,199 7,082,805 1,972,591 3,982,835 3,379,438 3,308,604 3,308,562 (n=4) (n=1) (n=4) (n=7) (n=3) (n=2) (n=9) (n=7) (n=9) (n=2) 8,581,470 2,535,150 6,079,444 6,784,199 8,572,798 3,945,180 NA 3,202,838 4,253,650 3,308,562 (n=2) (n=1) (n=3) (n=7) (n=2) (n=1) (n=0) (n=2) (n=4) (n=2) 5,260,355 NA 2,182,240 NA 4,102,821 2,440,354 3,982,835 3,450,079 2,552,565 NA (n=2) (n=0) (n=1) (n=0) (n=1) (n=1) (n=9) (n=5) (n=5) (n=0) 17

19 Notes: The data include primary and general-election expenditures for major party general-election candidates only. The Federal Election Commission included the following disclaimer along with its 1986 data, and Vital Statistics considers it appropriate for all years: "The small N's and unique nature of some Senate campaigns make all measures of central tendency like averages or medians problematic and, as a result, the Commission would not include tables such as these in its regular release of information." a. Includes one or more Independents. Independents are included only if they are incumbents or winning non-incumbents. b. Alan Schlesinger (CT-Rep) is not included in the data. He raised $221,019 and was third in the voting. c. The Incumbents and Challengers in the category "Incumbent won with < 60%" are unbalanced due to the Alaska race which featured a Republican Incumbent and Challenger. The Democrat (McAdams) finished third and is not included. Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data. 18

20 Table 3-7 Senate Expenditures: Open Senate Seats, Major Party General Election Candidates, by Election Outcome, (full cycle, mean net dollars), Adjusted for Inflation, 2016 Mean Net Dollars All winners 12,257,080 8,522,139 8,405,993 9,410,750 c 9,628,978 9,060,528 12,579,387 c 12,519,461 9,609,476 30,140,365 5,625,936 5,479,319 (n=5) (n=8) (n=8) (n=11) (n=14) (n=5) (n=4) (n=8) (n=7) (n=5) (n=5) (n=14) Democrats 14,967,437 10,431,727 10,289,555 9,973,711 6,050,168 12,345,284 10,533,254 15,411,402 3,903,935 35,718,773 5,180,876 6,933,977 (n=3) (n=1) (n=1) (n=7) (n=3) (n=3) (n=2) (n=2) (n=1) (n=4) (n=2) (n=5) Republicans 8,191,546 8,249,341 8,136,913 10,227,584 10,605,016 4,133,395 22,102,948 11,555,481 10,560,399 7,826,729 5,922,657 4,671,176 (n=2) (n=7) (n=7) (n=3) (n=11) (n=2) (n=1) (n=6) (n=6) (n=1) (n=3) (n=9) Winners with 60% or more 10,295,886 6,130,888 6,047,332 4,436,079 c 8,010,430 8,914,487 8,943,286 c 13,708,967 NA NA 4,033,138 3,853,198 (n=3) (n=4) (n=4) (n=2) (n=5) (n=3) (n=2) (n=2) (n=0) (n=0) (n=2) (n=2) Democrats 12,948,470 n/a n/a 5,852,629 NA 11,345,929 10,738,479 18,261,440 NA NA 5,763,665 4,179,106 (n=2) (n=0) (n=0) (n=1) (n=0) (n=2) (n=1) (n=1) (n=0) (n=0) (n=1) (n=1) Republicans 4,990,718 6,130,888 6,047,332 NA 8,010,430 4,051,603 NA 9,156,494 NA NA 2,302,611 3,527,289 (n=1) (n=4) (n=4) (n=0) (n=5) (n=1) (n=0) (n=1) (n=0) (n=0) (n=1) (n=1) Winners with <60% 15,198,872 10,913,390 10,764,654 10,516,233 10,528,171 9,279,590 16,215,488 12,122,959 9,609,476 30,140,365 a 6,687,802 5,750,340 (n=2) (n=4) (n=4) (n=9) (n=9) (n=2) (n=2) (n=6) (n=7) (n=5) (n=3) (n=12) Democrats 19,005,370 10,431,727 10,289,555 10,660,557 6,050,168 14,343,994 10,328,029 12,561,363 3,903,935 35,718,773 4,598,086 7,622,694 (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) (n=6) (n=3) (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) (n=4) (n=1) (n=4) Republicans 11,392,374 11,073,944 10,923,020 10,227,584 12,767,172 4,215,187 22,102,948 12,035,279 10,560,399 7,826,729 7,732,662 4,814,161 (n=1) (n=3) (n=3) (n=3) (n=6) (n=1) (n=1) (n=5) (n=6) (n=1) (n=2) (n=8) All losers 7,576,564 6,043,725 5,961,356 11,003,562 9,557,359 c 3,903,160 12,154,981 8,718,687 9,158,214 16,706,303 b 2,372,188 4,669,547 (n=5) (n=8) (n=8) (n=11) (n=14) (n=5) (n=4) (n=8) (n=7) (n=5) (n=5) (n=14) Democrats 8,143,274 5,130,030 5,060,114 4,373,644 5,283,073 1,858,003 18,518,051 9,421,797 8,326,128 3,413,470 3,101,700 2,908,111 (n=3) (n=7) (n=7) (n=3) (n=10) (n=2) (n=1) (n=6) (n=6) (n=1) (n=3) (n=9) Republicans 6,726,498 12,439,584 12,270,048 13,489,781 21,997,893 5,266,597 10,033,958 6,609,356 14,150,731 20,029,512 1,277,921 7,840,131 (n=2) (n=1) (n=1) (n=8) (n=3) (n=3) (n=3) (n=2) (n=1) (n=4) (n=2) (n=5) Losers with >40% 12,757,941 10,239,905 10,100,348 12,621,886 12,559,634 5,081,776 14,150,395 10,055,047 9,155,633 16,706,303 3,519,658 5,261,149 (n=2) (n=4) (n=4) (n=9) (n=9) (n=2) (n=2) (n=6) (n=7) (n=5) (n=3) (n=12) Democrats 13,607,106 9,506,679 9,377,115 4,373,644 7,840,504 2,131,129 18,518,051 10,069,107 8,326,128 3,413,470 4,474,797 3,138,641 (n=1) (n=3) (n=3) (n=3) (n=6) (n=1) (n=1) (n=5) (n=6) (n=1) (n=2) (n=8) Republicans 11,908,775 12,439,584 12,270,048 16,746,007 21,997,893 8,032,424 9,782,738 9,984,746 14,150,731 20,029,512 1,609,382 9,506,163 (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) (n=6) (n=3) (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) (n=1) (n=4) (n=1) (n=4) Losers with 40% or less 4,122,312 1,847,544 1,822,364 3,721,103 4,153,265 c 3,117,415 10,159,568 4,709,607 NA NA 650,984 1,119,935 (n=3) (n=4) (n=4) (n=2) (n=5) (n=3) (n=2) (n=2) (n=0) (n=0) (n=2) (n=2) Democrats 5,411,358 1,847,544 1,822,364 NA 1,446,927 1,584,878 NA 6,185,250 NA NA 355,509 1,063,866 (n=2) (n=4) (n=4) (n=0) (n=4) (n=1) (n=0) (n=1) (n=0) (n=0) (n=1) (n=1) Republicans 1,544,221 n/a n/a 3,721,103 NA 3,883,684 10,159,568 3,233,964 NA NA 946,458 1,176,002 (n=1) (n=0) (n=0) (n=2) (n=0) (n=2) (n=2) (n=1) (n=0) (n=0) (n=1) (n=1) 19

21 ,471,615 5,711,084 4,159,029 7,668,285 8,380,882 (n=9) (n=8) (n=3) (n=6) (n=7) 0 7,145, ,522,639 5,944,713 (n=0) (n=5) (n=0) (n=2) (n=4) 5,471,615 3,320,327 4,159,029 6,241,107 11,629,108 (n=9) (n=3) (n=3) (n=4) (n=3) 4,461,124 2,037,417 2,819,397 3,812,666 4,853,598 (n=4) (n=1) (n=2) (n=2) (n=2) NA 2,037,417 NA 5,846,323 4,505,435 (n=0) (n=1) (n=0) (n=1) (n=1) 4,461,092 NA 2,819,397 1,779,008 5,201,762 (n=4) (n=0) (n=2) (n=1) (n=1) 6,265,435 6,235,893 6,838,292 9,596,095 9,791,797 (n=5) (n=7) (n=1) (n=4) (n=5) NA 8,422,568 NA 15,198,956 6,424,473 (n=0) (n=4) (n=0) (n=1) (n=3) 6,265,435 3,320,327 6,838,292 7,728,475 14,842,782 (n=5) (n=3) (n=1) (n=3) (n=2) 4,265,833 4,287,048 1,715,207 3,974,522 6,464,442 (n=9) (n=8) (n=3) (n=6) (n=7) 4,265,833 2,415,716 1,715,207 4,371,167 4,777,066 (n=9) (n=3) (n=3) (n=4) (n=3) NA 5,409,848 NA 3,181,231 7,729,975 (n=0) (n=5) (n=0) (n=2) (n=4) 4,538,594 4,777,756 3,556,794 5,539,723 8,073,165 (n=5) (n=7) (n=1) (n=4) (n=5) 4,538,594 2,415,716 3,556,794 5,456,337 6,583,431 (n=5) (n=3) (n=1) (n=3) (n=2) NA 6,549,286 NA 5,789,874 9,066,321 (n=0) (n=4) (n=0) (n=1) (n=3) 3,924, , , ,121 2,442,634 (n=4) (n=1) (n=2) (n=2) (n=2) 3,924,882 NA 794,416 1,115,653 1,164,336 (n=4) (n=0) (n=2) (n=1) (n=1) NA 852,097 NA 572,586 3,720,930 (n=0) (n=1) (n=0) (n=1) (n=1) 20

22 Notes: The data include primary and general-election expenditures for major party general-election candidates only. The Federal Election Commission included the following disclaimer along with its 1986 data, and Vital Statistics considers it appropriate for all years: "The small N's and unique nature of some Senate campaigns make all measures of central tendency like averages or medians problematic and, as a result, the Commission would not include tables such as these in its regular release of information." a. Jon Corzine (D-NJ) spent $63,209,506. Hillary Rodham Clinton (D-NY) spent $29,871,577. Excluding these candidates, the remaining winners (n=3) in open Senate seats spent an average of $5,014,773. For Democrats the average would be $4,714,403 (n=2). The Republican figure would be unchanged. b. Rick Lazio spent $40,576,273. Excluding him from the candidates who lost with more than 40%, the average for all candidates would be $4,838,961 (n=4). The average for Republican candidates would be $5,635,583 (n=3). The average for Democrats would be unchanged. c. Includes one or more Independents. Source: Campaign Finance Institute analysis of Federal Election Commission data. 21

23 Table 3-8 Campaign Funding Sources: House and Senate Major Party General Election Candidates, Party and Candidate Status Number of candidates Contributions plus party coordinated expenditures on behalf of candidates ($ millions) Individuals PAC's Percentage of funding from Party (contributions plus coordinated expenditures) Candidate to self (contribution s plus loans) Other House, 2016 All candidates % 39% 1% 5% 4% All Democrats % 35% 1% 6% 2% Incumbents % 48% 0% 1% 2% Challengers % 16% 3% 7% 1% Open Seats % 16% 2% 22% 0% All Republicans % 41% 1% 4% 6% Incumbents % 47% 1% 0% 7% Challengers % 10% 2% 27% 2% Open Seats % 17% 2% 25% 1% Senate, 2016 All candidates % 16% 5% 2% 10% All Democrats % 10% 3% 3% 8% Incumbents % 24% 0% 0% 6% Challengers % 6% 3% 5% 8% Open Seats % 7% 4% 2% 11% All Republicans % 22% 7% 0% 12% Incumbents % 24% 7% 0% 12% Challengers % 3% 1% 3% 3% Open Seats % 17% 6% 0% 11% House, 2014 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats Senate, 2014 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats

24 House, 2012 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats Senate, 2012 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats House, 2010 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats Senate, 2010 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats House, 2008 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents

25 Challengers Open Seats Senate, 2008 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats House, 2006 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats Senate, 2006 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats House, 2004 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats Senate, 2004 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans

26 Incumbents Challengers Open Seats House, 2002 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats Senate, 2002 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents < 1 6 Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats House, 2000 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents < 1 7 Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats Senate, 2000 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats House, 1998 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats

27 All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats Senate, 1998 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats House, 1996 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats Senate, 1996 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats House, 1994 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers Open Seats All Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open Seats Senate, 1994 All candidates All Democrats Incumbents Challengers