Structures of Governance: China
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1 Structures of Governance: China
2 Overview Three Branches of Government Executive most powerful Legislative rubber stamp No independent judiciary No Universal Suffrage Voting in theory but decisions reserved for limited elites Political Divisions 23 Provinces 4 Municipalities 5 Autonomous Regions 2 Special Administrative Regions
3 The Chinese Communist Party - CCP Democratic Centralism Society is best led by an elite vanguard party with a superior understanding of the Chinese people and their needs Hierarchical structure Village/township County Province Nation Head of the party is General Secretary
4 The Chinese Communist Party - CCP National Party Congress More than 2000 delegates Meets every 5 years Rubberstamps decisions made by party leaders Elects members of Central Committee Central Committee About 340 members Elected for 5 year term by National Party Congress Secret ballot/candidates limited Meets annually (plenums) Carries out business of National Party Congress between sessions
5 The Chinese Communist Party - CCP Politburo Chosen by Central Committee Dictates government policies Meets in secret About 25 members Standing Committee Most powerful political organization in China! Elite of the elite (7 members), chosen by Politburo Membership is mirror of faction influence General Secretary is chosen from the Standing Committee Head of the CCP Recent Secretaries have been educated (technocrats)
6 Factionalism Guanxi ( connections ) Chinese term that means connections or relationships Describes personal ties between individuals based on such things as common birthplace or mutual acquaintances Key to getting things done (cut red tape), but can feed corruption Factions Conservatives (hard-liners) Reformers/open door Liberals (out of power since 1989) Princelings: aristocracy of families with revolutionary credentials from days of Mao (Xi Jingping) Shanghai Gang associates of former leader Jiang Zemin - emphasis on guanxi Chinese Communist Youth League (Hu Jintao)
7 The State/Government 3 branches BUT all branches controlled by party Not independent No checks/balances
8 The Executive Head of State President Serve 5 year terms, limited to 2 At least 45 years old (same for VP) Senior Party Leaders Recently General Secretary and President are the SAME Head of Government (Le Keqiang) Premier (like a PM) Formally appointed by Pres, but always from Standing Committee Directs the State Council (like a cabinet) Made up of ministers who direct bureaucracy
9 The Bureaucracy Exists on all levels Immense in size and scope Made up of cadres 30 million! Person who exercises a position of authority in communist government May or may not be Party members Most must now retire between ages of China recruits leaders through Cadre List (nomenklatura) System of choosing cadres from lower levels of party hierarchy for advancement based on their loyalty/contributions to party Dual Role Bureaucracy is supervised by higher bodies in govt and comparable bodies in CCP
10 The Legislature National People s Congress Formal authority of government to rule on people s behalf Meets once a year in March for two weeks 3,000 members deputies, 5 year terms Chosen from lower people s congresses Chooses President/VP but only one candidate for each Has little power, but announces Politburo s policies
11 The Judiciary Peoples Court System Peoples Procuratorate supplies lawyers No rule of law under Mao, but acknowledged today Business liberalization has demanded it Party uses system as a weapon Criminal Justice system works quickly and harshly 99% conviction rate World leader in use of death penalty
12 Source Mrs. Silverman
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