Chapter 12: Political Parties

Transcription

1 Chapter 12: Political Parties

2 Chapter 12: POLITICAL PARTIES ROOTS OF THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEM 12.1 We will trace the evolution of the two party system in the United States.

3 Jos_24:15 And if it seem evil unto you to serve the LORD, choose you this day whom ye will serve; whether the gods which your fathers served that were on the other side of the flood, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land ye dwell: but as for me and my house, we will serve the LORD.

4 Introduction: o The American political party since the beginning is described as: o A broad structure o Pragmatic Purpose

5 The Development of Political Parties, : o Washington warned in his public farewell address against political parties. o This began the party competition in the U.S. o Washington was a unifying presence o John Adams, his successor was less revered.

6 The Development of Political Parties, : o Adams narrowly beat arch-rival Jefferson. o Under existing rules of the Constitution, Jefferson became Vice President. o During Adam s single term two congressional factions developed. o Federalists (Adams) and Democratic- Republicans (Jefferson).

7 The Development of Political Parties, : o Federalists supported a strong central government. o Democratic-Republicans preferred a federal system in which the States retained the balance of power.

8 The Development of Political Parties, : o Jefferson (Federalists) beat Adams (Democrats/Republicans) in o Jefferson became the first President elected as nominee of a political party.

9 The Development of Political Parties, : o Jefferson was deeply committed to the ideas of his party. o He regarded his party as a temporary measure necessary to defeat Adams. o Not a long term political tool or an essential element of democracy.

10 The Development of Political Parties, : o Southerners were overwhelmingly partial to the Democratic- Republicans. o New Englanders favored the Federalists. o No broad-based party organizations existed to mobilize popular support.

11 Jacksonian Democracy : o Political parties faded somewhat for a quarter of a century. o The Federalists dissolved by o James Monroe s presidency produced the so-called Era of Good Feelings. o When party politics was nearly suspended at the national level.

12 Jacksonian Democracy : o Party organization continued to develop at the state level. o Party growth was fueled in part of the huge growth of the Electorate ( ). o Property condition for White Suffrage was abolished in most States. o As the U.S. expanded Westward. o The number of votes in presidential elections rose from 300,000 to 2 million during this time.

13 Jacksonian Democracy : o Party membership broadened the electorate. o Initially, small caucuses of Congressional Party leaders nominated candidates. o But was criticized for being elitist. o This gave way to nomination of large party conventions.

14 Jacksonian Democracy : o First National Presidential Convention held by the Democratic party in o This party succeeded Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans. o This party formed around President Andrew Jackson s popularity. o The Party attracted most of the newly enfranchised voters. o They were drawn by Jackson s charisma.

15 Jacksonian Democracy : o Jackson s strong personality polarized many people. o Opposition to Jackson led to the formation of the Whig Party. o Led by Henry Clay who lost to Jackson. o Jackson was the first chief executive who won the White House as the nominee of a truly national, popularly based political party.

16 The Golden Age, : o The Whigs and Democrats continued to strengthen after o The competition was fierce for influence. o They brought the U.S. the first broadly supported two-party system in the Western World. o Whigs dissolved over infighting of slavery. o Republican Party took its place as the dominant party in the North and West. o Democrats were proslavery and firmly entrenched in the South.

17 The Golden Age, : o Since the presidential election of 1860, the same two major parties have dominated the elections. o The Republicans and Democrats have seesawed for control of an electoral majority.

18 The Golden Age, : o This era was known for Party Stability. o The dominance of party organizations in local and state governments. o Impact of those organization on the lives of millions of voters.

19 The Golden Age, : o The era was from the post-civil War Reconstruction until the reforms of the Progressive Era. o Featured remarkable stability in the identity of the two major political parties. o Such stability has been exceptionally rare in democratic republics around the world.

20 The Golden Age, : o Immigrants from Europe (Ireland, Italy, and Germany) fueled the growth of big-city political machines. o Machines gained control of local and state government. o A political machine is a party organization that uses tangible incentives such as jobs and favors to win the loyalty among voters. o Machines also are characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity.

21 The Golden Age, : Party Machines: o It was a central element of life for millions of people in the United States during the Golden Age. o The party and their government were virtually interchangeable during this time for city dwellers. o Parties offered immigrants not just services but also opportunities for upward social mobility as they moved on up the party organization. o Parties generated intense loyalty and devotion among their supporters and office holders. o This resulted in strong voter turn outs.

22 The Modern Era: o The nature of national parties have changed because of the changes in: o Social o Political o Technological o And Governmental.

23 The Modern Era: o Gradually government assumed important functions once performed by parties. o Such as printing ballots. o Conducting elections o Providing social welfare services. o All this once contributed party loyalty and strength.

24 The Modern Era: o (1930s) FDR s New Deal transformed social services from a privilege extended in exchange for party loyalty. o To social services beginning to be seen as a right of citizenship. o As the flow of immigrants decreased in the 1920s, party machine lost power in many places.

25 The Modern Era: o Post WWII era, extensive social changes contributed to the move away from strong parties. o In became Candidate Centered Politics. o Focus on candidates, and their issues and character. o Rather than party affiliation.

26 The Modern Era: o The party s diminished control over issues. o Campaigns gave candidates considerable power in how they conduct themselves during election season. o How they seek resources. o Interest groups and lobbyists have stepped into the void that weaker parties have left behind. o Candidates compete for endorsements and contributions from variety of multiissue as well as single-issue organizations.

27 The Modern Era: o Post WWII, many people moved into the suburbs. o Population growth made it less feasible to shake every hand or knock every door.

28 Citizen Support and Party Realignment: o Periodically, voters have dramatic shifts in partisan preferences. o This dramatically alters the political landscape. o During these party realignments, existing party affiliations are subject to upheaval. o Many voters may change parties and the youngest age group of voters do so. o Many permanently adopt the label of the newly dominant party.

29 Citizen Support and Party Realignment: o Preceding a major realignment are one or more critical elections. o This may polarize voters around new issues and personalities. o In reaction to crucial developments, such as a war or a economic depression.

30 Three Tumultuous Eras Produced Significant Critical Elections: o Thomas Jefferson reaction against Federalist Party s agenda for a strong centralized federal government. o Formed the Democratic-Republican Party which was the 1800 election for President and Congress.

31 Citizen Support and Party Realignment: o (2) The Republican Party supplanted the Whig Party. o Because of the issue of slavery and ultimately won the presidency of 1860.

32 Citizen Support and Party Realignment: o (3),The Great Depression caused large numbers of voters to repudiate Republican Party polices. o And embrace the Democratic party in 1932.

33 Citizen Support and Party Realignment: o A critical election is not the only reason for changes in partisan affiliation are accommodated. o More gradual shifts in party coalitions called secular realignments may also change voter localities. o Can be attributed to demographic shifts. o Such as the South shifting from Democrat to Republican party in the 1980s because of liberal social agenda of Democrats.

34 Chapter 12: POLITICAL PARTIES THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES: Outline the structure of American political parties at the national, state, and local levels.

35 Pro_3:31 Envy thou not the oppressor, and choose none of his ways.

36 The National Party: o Is at the pinnacle of the party system in the United States. o Its primary function is to establish a cohesive vision for partisan identifiers nationwide. o To disseminate that vision to party members and voters.

37 The National Party: o The chairperson serves as the head of the national committee, leads the national party. o Every four years, the national committee organizes a convention. o Designed to reevaluate policies and nominate a candidate for the presidency.

38 The National Chairperson: o The key national party official is the chair of the national committee. o The chair is usually selected by the sitting president or newly nominated presidential candidate. o Who is accorded the right to name the individual for at least the duration of their campaign. o The chair may also be chosen by the national committee when the election has ended and the party has been defeated.

39 The National Chairperson: o The chair is the prime spokesperson and arbitrator for the party during the four years between elections. o He or she is called on to damp down factionalism. o Negotiate candidate disputes o Prepare the machinery for the next presidential election. o The chair is called upon to raise funds and keep the party financially strong (great importance).

40 Three Party Arrangement of The National Committee: o National party committee: o House party committee, o Senate party committee o Has persisted in both parties to the present day, o Each party s three committees are located in Washington D.C. o There is however an informal division of labor among the national committees.

41 The National Committee: o DNC and RNC primarily focus on aiding presidential campaigns. o Conducting general party-building activities. o Congressional campaign committees work primarily to win the most seats for their respective parties in Congress.

42 The National Convention: o National Convention happens every four years. o Each party holds a convention. o To nominate its presidential and vice presidential candidates. o The convention also fulfills its role as the ultimate governing body for the party. o The rules adopted and the party platform that is passed serve as durable guidelines. o That steer the party until the next convention.

43 The National Convention: o The selection of delegates to the convention is no longer the function of party leaders. o But of primary elections and grassroots caucuses. o The apportionment of delegates to presidential candidates varies by party.

44 The National Convention: o A Democratic Party rule decrees that state delegates be chosen in proportion to the votes cast in the primary or caucus. o (For example, a candidate who receives 30 percent of the vote gains about 30 percent of the convention delegates). o That is the proportional system. o In contrast the Republican Party allows states to choose between proportional system or a winner-take-all system.

45 The National Convention: o The Democratic party also allows party officials to serve as super-delegates. o Super-delegates are not pledged to a candidate. o Thus may support whichever candidate they choose. o Super-delegates allow the party to maintain some level of control over the selection process. o While still allowing most delegates to be pledged by the people.

46 The National Convention: o Both parties draw their delegates from an elite group. o Whose income and educational levels are far above the average Americans. o Modern party conventions serve as major pep rallies to mobilize supporters. o Engage more casual observers. o Organizers can heavily script the event to represent an inclusive positive image of the party. o Since the party s chosen candidate is usually known before the event.

47 States and Localities: o National Committee activities attract most of the media attention. o The Party is structurally based not in D.C. but in the States and localities. o Virtually all government regulation of political parties is left to the states. o Of most importance, the vast majority of party leadership positions are filled at subnational levels.

48 States and Localities: o The arrangement of party committees provided for a broad based for support. o The smallest voting unit, the precinct usually take in a few adjacent neighborhoods. o This is the fundamental building block of the party.

49 States and Localities: o There are 100,000 precincts in the U.S. o The precinct committee members are the foot soldiers of any party. o Their efforts are supplemented by party committees. o Above them in the wards, cities, counties, villages, and congressional districts.

50 States and Localities: o The state governing body supervising the collection of local party organizations. o Is usually called the state central or executive committee. o Its members come from all major geographic units. o As determined by and selected under state law.

51 States and Localities: o Generally state parties are free to act within the limits set by their state legislature. o Without interference from the national party. o Except in the selection and seating of presidential convention delegates.

52 Increased Effectiveness of State and Local Parties: o In terms of fund raising. o campaign events, o registration drives, o publicity of party o candidate activity o The distribution of campaign literature.

53 Informal Groups: o The formal party organizations are supplemented by the numerous official and semi-official groups. o That attempt to affect politics through the formal party organizations. o These include numerous campus organizations to reach young people. o And minorities for a particular party, etc.

54 Informal Groups: o Each party also has several institutionalized sources of policy ideas. o These informal groups include think tanks. o Institutional collections of policy oriented researchers. o Academics o They are unconnected to the parties officially. o They influence party positions and platforms.

55 Chapter 12: POLITICAL PARTIES ACTIVITIES OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PARITIES: 12.3, Identify the functions performed by American political parties.

56 Pro_3:31 Envy thou not the oppressor, and choose none of his ways.

57 Political Parties: o The two party-system is what America uses to organize and resolve social and political conflict. o Chief agents of change in our political system are political parties.

58 Running Candidates for Office: o Parties help to raise money for candidates. o Parties help to recruit candidates o Mobilize public support. o And get voters to vote.

59 Raising Money: o Parties especially during midterm and presidential election years. o Spend a great deal of time raising and disseminating money for candidates. o Parties raise huge sums of money through a network of donors. o A wide variety of methods include successful mail solicitation.

60 Mobilizing Support and Getting Out the vote: o Parties use a variety of steps to broaden the knowledge of candidate for citizens leading to the election. o Parties spend millions of dollars for national, state, and local public opinion surveys. o Commission tracking polls. o Operate media divisions to design television advertisements for party nominees at all levels. o Place a large emphasis on their duty to get out the vote. On election day.

61 Formulating and Promoting Policy: o National platform policy is the most visible instrument that parties use to formulate, convey, and promote public policy. o Each party writes a lengthy platform explaining its position on key issues every four years. o The Platform explains what a party supports and describes more clearly the differences between the two parties. o Giving voters meaningful policy choices through the electoral process.

62 Formulating and Promoting Policy: o The party platform explains a party s policy preferences. o Argues why its preferences are superior to those of the rival party. o Especially for contentious social issues where there is little room for compromise that divide the electorate.

63 Formulating and Promoting Policy: o Research suggests about two-thirds of the promises in the victorious party s presidential platform are completely or mostly implemented. o About one-half or more of the ledges of the losing party also tend to find their way into public policy. o This shows the effort of both parties to support broad policy positions, that enjoy widespread support in the general public.

64 Organizing Government: o Nowhere is the party more visible or vital than in the Congress. o In this century political parties have dramatically increased the impact of the internal congressional organizations.

65 Organizing Government: o Parties organize and operate congress. o Beginning of every season, the parties of both congress gather or caucuses separately. o To select party leaders. o To arrange for the appointment of members of each chamber s committees.

66 Organizing Government: o The majority party in each house generally holds sway o Fixing the size of its majority on all committees. o A proportionate at least as great as the percentage of seats it holds in the house as a whole. o Congressional party leaders enforce discipline among party members in various ways. o Seniority traditionally determined committee assignments. o But increasingly, assignments are given to the loyal or withheld from the rebellious regardless of seniority.

67 Pork Barrel Projects: o Government projects yielding rich patronage benefits that sustain many legislators electoral survival. o Maybe include or deleted during the appropriation process. o Small favors and prerequisites o For example, desirable office space or scheduling floor votes. o Can be useful levers.

68 Organizing Government: o As a result of these rewards, party labels have become the most powerful predictor of congressional roll-call voting. o Party line voting has increased in the last few years. o With the upward trend in both Democrat and Republican Party Unity.

69 LIMITATIONS TO COHESIVE ACTION o A separate executive branch. o Bicameral power sharing. o Decentralization of Congress o All are obstacles to effective party action. o Party discipline is hurt by individualistic candidate center nature of U.S. political campaigns. o And the diversity of electoral constituencies of which members of Congress represent.

70 LIMITATIONS TO COHESIVIE ACTION: o Largely private system of election financing that makes legislators indebted to wealthy individuals and non party interest groups. o Is another factor that limits party cohesion. o Importance to lawmakers to attract new media attention through showmanship rather than quiet effective labor. o Also affects party cohesion.

71 The Presidential Party: o President has the role of the head of the party. o He or she is often the public face of their party s agenda. o He may find it is his responsibility to bring together an often divided party. o Wrangle votes in Congress for important political battles.

72 The Presidential Party: o Presidents reciprocate the support they receive from members of congress. o By appointing many activists to office. o Recruiting candidates o Raising money for the party treasury. o Campaigning extensively for party nominees during election seasons.

73 Parties in the Federal Courts: o Federal judges do not run for office under a party label. o Judges are creatures of the political process o Their posts are considered patronage plums. o Judges are often chosen not only for their abilities. o But also as representatives of a certain philosophy of, or approach to government.

74 Parties in the Federal Courts: o Presidents most recently have appointed judges overwhelmingly from their own party. o Democratic executives tend to select more liberal judges who are friendly to social programs or labor interests. o Republican executives generally lean toward conservatives. o Hoping they will be rough on criminal defendants, opposed to abortion, and support business interests. o Opposing ideals may lead to conflict between the President and Senate. o When the Senate majority is the opposing party of the president.

75 Parties in the State Government: o What goes on in the three branches of the Federal level applies to the state level as well. o In state legislatures, party leaders and caucuses as well as the party organizations have greater influence over legislators than at the federal level.

76 Parties in the State Government: o State legislators depend on their state and local parties for election assistance much more than their congressional counterparts. o Governors in many states have greater influence over their parties organizations and legislators than do presidents. o Many governors have more patronage positions at their command than does a president. o These material rewards and incentives give governors added clout with party activists and office holders.

77 Parties in the State Government: o Tradition in some states permits the governor to play a role in selecting the legislature s committee chairs and party floor leaders. o Some state executives even attend and help direct the party legislative caucuses, activities no president would ever undertake.

78 Parties in the State Government: o Forty-three governors possess the power of the line-item veto. o Which permits the governor to veto single items such as pork-barrel projects.

79 Parties in the State Government: o The influence of party organizations in state judiciaries varies tremendously. o Some States made dramatic actions to make sure that their Supreme Court Judges can make independent decisions. o Many of these states use a selection system called the Missouri Plan. o This relies on a nonpartisan judicial nominating commission, to choose appointed state court judges. o But in many other states (and in many local judicial elections) Supreme Court judges run as party candidates.

80 Furthering Unity, Linkage, and Accountability: o Parties are the glue that holds together the diverse elements of the U.S. Government and political system. o The Framers designed a system that divides and subdivides power. o Making it possible to preserve individual liberty but difficult to coordinate and produce action in a timely fashion. o Parties help compensate for this drawback by linking the branches of government.

81 Furthering Unity, Linkage, and Accountability: o Although rivalry between the branches is inevitable. o The partisan and ideological affiliations of the leaders of each branch constitute a common basis for cooperation. o As the president and his fellow party members in Congress usually demonstrate daily.

82 Furthering Unity, Linkage, and Accountability: o Even within each branch the party helps narrow the differences between the House of Representatives and the Senate. o Or between the president and the department heads in the bureaucracy. o Similarly, the division of national, state, and local governments while always an invitation to conflict. o Is made more workable and more easily coordinated by the intersecting party relationships that exist among office holders at all levels.

83 Furthering Unity, Linkage, and Accountability: o Party affiliation, is a basis for mediation and negotiation. o Laterally among the branches of government. o Vertically among national, state, and local layers.

84 Furthering Unity, Linkage, and Accountability: o The party s linkage function does not end there. o Party identification and organization foster communication between the voter and the candidate. o As well as between the voter and the office holder. o The party connection is one means of increasing accountability in election campaigns and in government.

85 Furthering Unity, Linkage, and Accountability: o Candidates on the campaign trail and elected party leaders are required from time to time account for their performance. o At party-sponsored forums, nominating primaries, and on Election Day.

86 Chapter 12: POLITICAL PARTIES Party Identification: 12.4: Analyze how political socialization and group affiliations shape party identification.

87 1Ki_18:21 And Elijah came unto all the people, and said, How long halt ye between two opinions? if the LORD be God, follow him: but if Baal, then follow him. And the people answered him not a word.

88 Party In The Electorate: o The mass of potential voters who identify with a party label-is a crucial element of the political party. o But in some respects, it is the weakest of the components of the U.S. political party system.

89 Party Identification: o Party identification (citizen s affinity for a political party) tends to be a reliable indicator of likely voting choices. o The trend is for fewer voters to declare loyalty to a party. o 29 percent of voters called themselves independents on Election day in 2008.

90 Party Identification: o Americans who firmly adopt a party label. o Their party often becomes a central political reference symbol. o Party identification is a significant aspect of their political personality. o A way to define and explain themselves to others.

91 Political Socialization: o Parents are the single greatest influence upon a person s first party identification. o Parents who are politically active, who both share the same party identification, o Raise Children who will be strong party identifiers. o Parents without party affiliations or with mixed affiliations produce offspring more likely to be independents.

92 Influences of Party Identification: o Charismatic political personalities particularly in the national level. o Cataclysmic events such as the Civil War and the Great Depression o Hot button social issues also come into play such as abortion, and same-sex marriage.

93 Group Affiliations: o As individual vary on the strength of partisan choice, so do groups vary in how they identify themselves with a political party. o Variations in party identification are particularly noticeable when we examine: o geographic region o Gender o Race and ethnicity o age o social and economic status o religion, o marital status o ideology

94 Geographic Region: o Geographic regions are relatively closely contested between the parties. o The South, that once staunchly Democratic is now a two-party region. o It was Southerners in 1994 who elected a Republican majority in Congress.

95 Gender: o There is a tendency for more women to support the Democratic Party. o More men tend to vote Republican.

96 Race and Ethnicity: o African Americans and Hispanics prefer the Democratic Party. o Because the party appears to cater more to their interests. o Cuban American population whose anti-fidel Castro tilt leads to support for the Republican Party.

97 Age: o Political socialization creates a strong relationship between age and party identification. o The youngest and oldest voters tend to prefer the Democratic Party. o Middle-aged voters disproportionately favor the Republican Party.

98 Age: o Progressive young adults resonate more with the Democratic Party. o For their more liberal positions on social issues. o The nation s oldest voters, who were alive during the Great Depression. o Tend to favor the Democratic Party s support for social insurance programs.

99 Age: o Middle-Aged voters often at the height of their careers. o At the height of their earnings potential. o Tend to favor the low taxes championed by Republicans.

100 Social and Economic Factors: o Occupation, Income, and education are closely related. o The GOP remains strong among executives professionals and white collar workers. o Democrats lead substantially among trial lawyers, educators, and blue-collar workers and members of labor unions.

101 Religion: o White Protestant especially Methodists, Presbyterians, and Episcopalians favor Republicans. o Whereas Catholics and Jewish voters tend to favor the Democratic Party. o Republicans have predominately white evangelicals. o The Democrats have the African American evangelical churches.

102 Marriage Status: o People who are married tend to favor Republicans. o Single people who ever married, widowed, and divorcees favor Democrats. o Most likely experiencing economic hardship are more liberal than the marriage population.

103 Chapter 12: POLITICAL PARTIES MINOR PARTIES IN THE AMERICAN TWO-PARTY SYSTEM: Evaluate the role of minor parties in the American two-party system.

104 The Formation and the Role of Third Parties: o Most parties are rooted in social movements. o Promoted by activists and groups whose primary goal is to influence public policy. o Parties aim to accomplish the same goal. o But they also run candidates for elective office. o Making this transition requires great amount of financial and human resources. o And a broad base of political support to compete in elections.

105 The Formation and the Role of Third Parties: o Throughout history very few social movements have evolved into parties. o Those that succeeded have had the support of the political elites, uninhibited access to the ballot.

106 The Formation and the Role of Third Parties: o Minor parties based on causes often neglected by the major parties. o Have significantly affected American politics. o Third parties find their roots in sectionalism (Such as the Dixiecrats) o In specific issues (Green party) o In ideology (Communist) o And in appealing charismatic personalities (Theodore Roosevelt).

107 The Formation and the Role of Third Parties: o Third parties achieve their greater success when they incorporate new ideas or alienated groups. o Nominate attractive candidates as their standard-bearers. o Third parties do best when declining trust in the two major political parties plagues the electorate.

108 The Formation and the Role of Third Parties: o Third parties ideas are eventually co-opted by one of the two major parties. o Each of them eager to take the politically popular issue that gave rise to the third party. o And make it their own in order to secure the allegiance of the third parties (e.g., populist party).

109 Barriers to Third Party Success: o Unlike many European countries that use proportional representation. o (A voting system that apportions legislative seats according to the percentage of votes a political party receives). o The United States has a single member, plurality electoral system. o Often referred to as a winner-take-all system, o A system in which the party that receives at least one more vote than any other party wins the election.

110 Barriers to Third Party Success: o In U.S. politics, placing second even by one vote does not count. o The winner-take all system encourages the grouping of interest into a few parties as possible. o The electoral college system and the rules of public financing of American presidential elections make it difficult for competitive third parties. o A candidate win a majority of the public vote. o But he or she must do it in states that allow them to win a total of 270 votes.

111 Chapter 12: POLITICAL PARTIES TOWARD REFORM: TWO PARTIES ENDURE: 12.6 Explain why two major American political parties continue to endure.

112 DE-ALIGNMENT: o A general decline in partisan identification and loyalty in the electorate. o This has been noticed by experts in the political field.

113 o Today, many voters consider party labels an offense to their individualism. o Many Americans insist that they vote for the person, not the party.

114 o The reason for these anti-party attitudes are not hard to find. o The growth of issue-oriented politics that cut across partly lines for voters. o Who feel intensely about certain policy matters is party the cause.

115 o The emphasis on personality politics by the mass media and political consultants. o Despite these challenges the parties decline can be exaggerated.

116 o Second, the parties journeys through U.S. History has been characterized by the same ability to adapt to prevailing conditions. o That is often cited as the genius of the Constitution. o Both major parties exhibit flexibility and pragmatism. o Which help ensure their survival and success of society they serve.

117 o Political parties have evolved considerably. o They usually have been reliable vehicles for mass participation in a representative democracy. o In fact parties orchestrated the gradual but steady expansion of suffrage. o In order to incorporate new supporters into the party fold.