Chapter 18 - Cold War Conflicts

Transcription

1 The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21 st Century Chapter 18 Chapter 18 - Cold War Conflicts Main Idea: The Cold War and the danger of nuclear war define international affairs, especially after the Korean War. Fear of communism in the U.S. leads to accusations against innocent citizens. Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next 1

2 Section 1 - Origins of the Cold War Main Idea: The United States and the Soviet Union emerge from World War II as two superpowers with vastly different political and economic systems. 2

3 Former Allies Clash U.S.-Soviet Relations The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. have very different economic and political systems U.S. was suspicious of Stalin because he had been Hitler s ally Stalin resents that the U.S. delayed attacking Germany and hid the development of atom bomb The United Nations 1945, United Nations was established as new peacekeeping body (50 nations) The UN becomes arena where U.S., U.S.S.R. compete Continued 3

4 Former Allies Clash{continued} Truman Becomes President Harry S. Truman succeeds FDR as president FDR died suddenly from a stroke As vice-president, Truman was not included in policy decisions he was not told about the atom bomb The Potsdam Conference: The Big Three- Clement Attlee, Truman and Stalin July 1945 a conference with Great Britain, the US and the Soviet Union Stalin does not allow free, multiparty elections in Poland Stalin also bans democratic parties in Poland 4

5 Tension Mounts Bargaining at Potsdam Truman becomes convinced that U.S. and Soviet aims deeply at odds Soviets want reparations from Germany for wartime losses; --Truman objects Truman s goal: spread democracy and selfdetermination Each nation agree to take reparations mainly from their own occupation zones U.S. emerges from war as great economic power American businesses wants Eastern European raw materials, markets Continued 5

6 of Tension Mounts {continued} Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe Soviet Union also has great economic and military strength Unlike the U.S., the Soviet Union suffered heavy devastation on its own soil; in its own country The Soviet Union installs communist rule in its satellite nations - countries it dominates 1946, Stalin announces war between communism and capitalism is inevitable United States Establishes a Policy Containment U.S. policy of containment taking measures to prevent the spread of communism Churchill describes division of Europe as a iron curtain Stalin said a call to war 6

7 Cold War in Europe The Truman Doctrine Cold War conflict between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. neither nation directly confronts the other on battlefield Truman Doctrine US pledges to support free people against armed minorities and outside pressures It was essential to keeping Soviet influence from spreading U.S. replaces British aid to Greece to Turkey ($400 million) reducing the communist threat - greatly The Marshall Plan 1947, Sec. of State George Marshall proposes aid to nations in need Marshall Plan revives 16 nations with some $13 billion in aid Western Europe flourishing; communism lost its appeal 7

8 Super powers struggle over Germany The US and its allies clash over the issue over German reunification. At the end of WWII, Germany was divided into 4 zones: The US, Great Britain, France in the west and the Soviet in the east. Berlin which was located deep in the Soviet zone was divided as well. Stalin wanted to take over the part of Berlin that was held by the three western powers. 8

9 Superpowers Struggle over Germany The Berlin Airlift 1948, Stalin closes highway and rail routes into West Berlin Berlin airlift Britain and the U.S. fly food and supplies into West Berlin nonstop; 327 days - 277,000 flights 2.3million tons of supplies 1949, about one year later Stalin lifts the blockade Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic form The NATO Alliance Fear of Soviets leads to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) European nations, U.S., & Canada pledge mutual military support 12 members 9

10 The Cold War had ended any hope of a return to US isolationism 10

11 Section 2 - The Cold War Heats Up Main Idea: After World War II, China becomes a communist nation and Korea is split into a communist north and a democratic south. 11

12 The Cold War Heats Up Nationalists Versus Communists Chinese Communists battle nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek U.S. supports Nationalists, but the government is inefficient & corrupt Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work to get peasant support Peasants flock to Red Army; by 1945, communists control north China China Becomes a Communist Country Continued 12

13 China Becomes a Communist Country {continued} Renewed Civil War , U.S. sends military aid to Nationalists who oppose communism 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan Communists establish People s Republic of China in mainland 13

14 The Korean War A Divided Country North of 38th parallel, Japan surrenders to U.S.S.R.; south to U.S. Republic of Korea & Democratic People s Republic of Korea founded North Korea Attacks South Korea 1950, North Korea invades South, begins Korean War South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion; Security Council approves Truman orders and sends US troops and Navy US General MacArthur put in command of South Korean, U.S., other forces 14

15 The United States Fights in Korea MacArthur s Counterattack North Korea drives south and captures Seoul UN & South Korean troops forced into small defensive zone MacArthur attacks North Koreans from 2 sides, pushes into north The Chinese Fight Back China sends troops to help North Korea; push south, capture Seoul Fighting continues for 2 more years Continued 15

16 The United States Fights in Korea{continued} MacArthur Recommends Attacking China MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman rejects request Soviet Union and China have mutual assistance pact UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north to 38 th parallel MacArthur Versus Truman MacArthur continues to push for invasion of China; Truman fires MacArthur Public outraged over hero s dismissal Continued 16

17 The United States Fights in Korea {continued} Settling for Stalemate 1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire 1953 armistice: Korea still divided and little land gained or lost; demilitarized zone established Lack of success, high human, and financial costs help elect Dwight D. Eisenhower as next president 17

18 The Cold War at Home Main Idea: During the late 1940s and early 1950s, fear of communism leads to reckless charges against innocent citizens. 18

19 Fear of Communist Influence American Sentiments Communist takeover of Eastern Europe and China fuel fear of Communist spread 100,000 in U.S. Communist Party Loyalty Review Board Truman accused of being soft on Communism Truman sets up Federal Employee Loyalty Program to investigate employees loyalty boards investigate 3 million employees, dismiss 212 as security risk 2900 resign Continued 19

20 The House Un-American Activities Committee House Un-American Activities Committee investigates Communist ties Investigates Communist influence in movie industry Hollywood Ten refuse to testify and sent to prison Hollywood blacklist people with Communist ties, cannot get work Continued 20

21 Spy Cases Stun the Nation Alger Hiss Alger Hiss accused of spying for Soviet Union; convicted of perjury Congressman Richard Nixon gains fame for pursuing spying charges The Rosenbergs 1949, Soviets explode atomic bomb sooner than expected Physicist Klaus Fuchs admits giving information to SU about U.S. bomb Ethel, Julius Rosenberg, minor Communist Party activists, implicated Rosenbergs sentenced to death; Supreme Court upholds conviction 21

22 McCarthy Launches His Witch Hunt McCarthy s Tactics Senator Joseph McCarthy a strong anti-communist activist Ineffective legislator; needs an issue to win re-election McCarthyism attacking suspected Communists without evidence McCarthy claims Communists in Federal Government and Military Continued 22

23 McCarthy s Downfall 1954, McCarthy accuses members of U.S. Army Televised hearings show him bullying witnesses McCarthy loses public support; Senate condemns him for improper conduct Other Anti-Communist Measures States, towns forbid speech favoring violent overthrow of government Millions forced to take loyalty oaths and are investigated People become afraid to speak out on public issues 23

24 Section 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge Main Idea: During the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union come to the brink of nuclear war. 24

25 Two Nations Live on the Edge Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy Race for the H-Bomb H-bomb hydrogen bomb nuclear weapon more powerful than the atom bomb 1952, U.S. explodes the first thermonuclear H-bomb; 1953, Soviets explode one The Policy of Brinkmanship John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under President Dwight D. Eisenhower Dulles proposes brinkmanship policy: willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent spread of communism 25

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27 The Cold War Spreads Around the World Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) uses spies to gather information CIA helps elect a pro-american leader in Iran CIA helps remove Guatemala s president; army leader becomes dictator The Warsaw Pact US - Soviet relations improve after Stalin s death in 1953 West Germany s entry into NATO scares the Soviets Soviet Union forms the Warsaw Pact military alliance with 7 Eastern European countries Continued 27

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29 The Suez War Gamal Abdel-Nasser plays U.S. against the Soviets over the Aswan Dam Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal Israel, Britain, France send troops; UN intervenes Fighting stops; Egypt keeps canal; others withdraw Continued 29

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32 The Eisenhower Doctrine Soviet prestige in Middle East rises because of its support for Egypt Eisenhower Doctrine U.S. will defend Middle East against communists The Hungarian Uprising 1956, Hungarians revolt and call for a democratic government Soviet army fights Hungarians in streets; overthrow leader and replace him with a pro- Soviet leaders U.S. does not help Soviet satellite(truman doctrine); Soviets veto all action by the UN 32

33 A New Soviet Leader Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet leader; He favors a peaceful coexistence with the US and economic & scientific competition The Space Race October 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite, a triumph for Soviet technology Shocked Americans pour money into own space program intend to catchup Continued 33

34 A U-2 Is Shot Down CIA makes secret high-altitude flights with U-2 to spy on Soviets Eisenhower wants flights discontinued before Krushchev summit Francis Gary Powers (US U-2 pilot) shot down on last flight over Soviet territory 34

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