French Revolution France 1789: : ; : 1st Coalition 1792:
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1 Europe,
2 French Revolution France 1789: Fall of Bastille, National Assembly 1791: Constituent Assembly. 1793: King s execution ; : 1 st Coalition ( Austria, Prussia, GB, Spain, Portugal ) 1792: Republic 2
3 Britain & French Revolution 3
4 Britain & the French Revolution 1783: Loss of American colonies : George III ; : W. Pitt 1792: French Invasion of Belgium 4
5 French Revolution France: ; 95-97: 1 st Coalition 1793: Execution of monarchs : Reign of Terror 1795: Directory 1799: Consulate : 2 nd Coalition (Portugal, GB, Austria, Russia, Ottoman Empire ) 5
6 Britain & French Revolution ; 95-97: 1 st Coalition 1795: Seditious Meetings Act, Treasonable Practices Act permanent to : Combination Acts repealed in : Act of Union with Ireland 6
7 Napoleon: Role of the Individual B Napoleone Buonaparte, Ajaccio, Corsica, sold to Fr Military Academy & School in France officer commissioned in the artillery. 1793: Relieved siege of Toulon brigadier general 1795: Put down Paris uprising field general 7
8 Napoleon s Rise to Power: : Command of the Army of the Alps, won crushing victories: Napoléon Bonaparte 8
9 Napoleon s Rise to Power 1797: Peace with Austria 9
10 10
11 Napoleon s Rise to Power : Undertook Egyptian expedition/campaign 11
12 Napoleon s Rise to Power: Egypt : campaign into Egypt (British fleet under Nelson defeats French): Battle of the Nile 12
13 1799: End of Revolution? Break with the past H (53): France made their revolutions and gave them their ideas The ideology of the modern world first penetrated the ancient civilizations Began modern European politics: H (53): France provided the vocabulary and the issues of politics : Right- Left; conservatives, liberals 13
14 1799: End of Revolution? 1799 Napoleon's coup: Consulate (First Consul to 1802; Consul for life to 1804) 14
15 Revolution (77): Revolution & Empire: The Napoleonic Wars From 1792 until 1815 there was almost uninterrupted war in Europe The consequences transformed the map of the world. 15
16 Revolution & Empire: The Napoleonic Wars Revolution (77): the war was one of France and its border territories against the rest The fundamental conflict here was that between France and Britain From the British point of view this was economic. They wished to eliminate their chief competitor [to achieve ] [1] predominance of their trade in the European markets, [2] the total control of the colonial and overseas markets, [3] the control of the high seas. In fact, they achieved this as the result of the wars [cont. ] 16
17 Revolution & Empire: The Napoleonic Wars In Europe, this objective implied no territorial ambitions, except for the control of certain points of maritime importance [Gibraltar, Malta, Heligoland] 17
18 Revolution & Empire: Napoleonic Wars Britain was content with any continental settlement in which any potential rival was held in check by the other states [balance of power vs. hegemony]. Abroad, it implied the wholesale destruction of other people's colonial empires [Dutch, Fr., Sp.] and considerable annexations to the British. 18
19 Napoleon: Role of the Individual Revolution 74: Summing up early career. The extraordinary power of his myth As a man he was brilliant, versatile, intelligent, and imaginative As a general he had no equal; as a ruler he was a superbly efficient planner and an all-round intellectual As an individual he appears to have radiated a sense of greatness 19
20 Napoleon: Role of the Individual For the French he was the most successful ruler in their long history. He triumphed gloriously abroad: but at home he also [re] established the apparatus of French institutions as they exist today His personal contribution was to make [the ideas of the Revolution] more conservative, hierarchical and authoritarian 20
21 Napoleonic Wars (Summed up Revolution: 86-87) 1802: Peace of Amiens 1803: Br. Fails to return Malta 1804: Napoleon crowned Emperor 21
22 The 3 rd Coalition 1805: GB; Russia & Austria defeated at Austerlitz. 22
23 Battle of Trafalgar (1805) 23
24 The Continental System 1806: Berlin Decree : 1 st /2 nd invasions River Plate Viceroyalty 1807: Orders in Council 24
25 The Napoleonic Wars (Summed up Revolution: 86-87) 1806: Confederation of the Rhine Revolution: : 4 th Coalition: Prussia, Saxony, Russia defeated 1807: Occupation of Portugal 1808: Occupation of Spain Peninsular War to
26 The Peninsular War Ferdinand (VII) Francisco de Goya Third of May 1808 Charles IV Joseph Bonaparte Abdication at Bayonne 26
27 Britain 1807: British blockade 1809: 5 th Coalition (GB, Austria) 1809: Wellington landed in Portugal. May 1810: Junta appointed in River Plate Viceroyalty. 27
28 French Empire at its Height (c. 1810) 28
29 Britain Berlin Decree + Orders in Council: impressment War of 1812 (to 1814) 29
30 The Napoleonic Wars (Summed up Revolution: 86-87) 1811: Wellington drives French from Portugal 1812: Russian campaign : 6 th Coalition (GB, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Sweden) 30
31 24-25 June: Grande Armée crosses Niemen river, beginning Russian campaign. Map: 1st July
32 Map: 24th July th September: Grande Armée enters Moscow 32
33 19 th October: retreat from Moscow begins. Map: 4 th October
34 Russian Campaign: The size of Napoleon's army is shown by the dwindling width of the lines of advance (green) and retreat (gold). The retreat information is correlated with a temperature scale shown along the lower portion of the map. 34
35 1814: The End Part : Wellington drives Fr. out of Spain, pushes into France 1813: Leipzig (Battle of the Nations Oct.) Fr. Defeated by Austria, Russia, Prussia. 1814: Allies push into Fr enter Paris Mar. 30 th Napoleon s abdication & 1 st exile to Elba 35
36 Napoleon s first exile 1814 Russian Army enters Paris (March 30th 1814) Elba 36
37 Restoration: Louis XVIII Congress of Vienna
38 End of the Napoleonic Wars 1815 (Revolution: 86-87) 100 Days: Napoleon s escape from Elba, march on Paris 7 th Coalition: GB, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, German States) June: Waterloo 38
39 Waterloo 39
40 Napoleon exiled to St Helena Br. Colony since 1659 (d. 1821) 40
41 Les Invalides: Napoleon s Tomb 41
42 Congress of Vienna Restoration Louis XVIII (to 1824) Final Act of Congress of Vienna (14 Nov Jun. 1815) Holy Alliance (Russia, Austria, Prussia) 42
43 Congress of Vienna Legitimacy (Revolution: ) Prussia: increased territory (predominant power in NW Germany); Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation 43
44 German Confederation 44
45 France 1790 frontiers, conciliation 1816: Argentinean independence 45
46 The Netherlands Belgium (independent 1831) & Holland = Kingdom of the Netherlands ( ) 46
47 Switzerland Permanent neutrality 47
48 Austria Sphere of influence in NE Italy 48
49 Russia Increased Polish territory + Finland 49
50 Europe after Congress of Vienna 50
51 End of Revolution, growth of Empire Revolution:107 Britain: bases for sea power (Royal Navy) Pax Britannica ( Rule Britannia! Britannia rule the waves Mid 18 th c.) 51
52 British Empire Dutch Empire (from Dutch): Cape Town. Cape Colony, Province Union of S. Africa 1910 Ceylon (from Portuguese) (British control since 1796) (independent : Sri Lanka) 52
53 British Empire: Europe Malta (independent 1964) Hanover (passed to male 1837) Heligoland (ruled to 1890), Ionian Islands (ruled to 1864) 53
54 British Empire: Caribbean Trinidad & Tobago (indep 1962) St Lucia (Commonw ealth) British Guiana (indep 1970) 54
55 The British Empire,
56 The Congress of Vienna 56
57 The Long Peace ( ) Revolution 99 After more than 20 years [ ] of almost unbroken war and revolution, the victorious old regimes faced problems of peace-making and peace-preservation [&] no major European war was henceforth tolerable; for such a war would almost mean a revolution, and the destruction of the old regimes 57
58 World,
59 Nationalism Nationalism, like so many other characteristics of the modern world, is the child of the dual revolution (Revolution:145). Nation = one and indivisible Nationality: ethnic & linguistic State = collective sovereignty 1 Nation = 1 State = 1 Territory 59
60 Nationalism Nation & nationality: democratic, revolutionary, liberal Citizen = sovereign people = state Dynastic legitimacy # loyalty to state (patriotism patrie). Nationality = citizenship 60
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