Pre Boards- ( ) Political Science(028) (Answer Key) Class: XII 1 What do you understand by the logic of deterrence?

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1 9.0.5 Pre Boards- (0-5) Political Science(08) (Answer Key) Class: XII What do you understand by the logic of deterrence? In the event of a nuclear war, both sides have the capacity to retaliate against an attack and to cause so much destruction that neither can afford to initiate the war. What is the referent in the non-traditional notion of security? Not just the state but also the individuals or communities or indeed all of humankind. 3 Why did the merger of Manipur with India cause a lot of anger and resentment among people of Manipur? Merger Agreement signed by the Maharaja in 99 without consulting the popularly elected Legislative Assembly of Manipur. Why did Indira Gandhi decide to devalue the Indian Rupee in 97? Grave economic crisis and pressure from the US. 5 Why non party movements are also called non-party political formations? Most of these groups believed in politics and wanted to participate in it, but not through political parties. Explain the form of government in Maldives. Sultanate till 98 when it was transformed into a republic with a presidential form of govt. In 005, multiparty system introduced. 7 Why was Operation Infinite Reach ordered by the US President? In response to the bombing of the US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania in 998. Bombings attributed to Al- Qaeda. 8 State two reasons why the veto power of the permanent members of Security Council cannot be abolished.. Permanent members are unlikely to agree to such a reform. World may not be ready for such a radical step even though the Cold War is over. 3. Without the veto, there is the danger as in 95 that the great powers would lose interest in the world body, that they would do what they pleased outside it and without their support UN would be ineffective. (Any two) 9 Discuss any two components of the traditional external notion of security. Surrender Deterrence Defence Balance of power Alliance building 0 When and why was the Shah Commission of Inquiry set up? To inquire into several aspects of allegations of abuse of authority, excesses and malpractices committed and action taken in the wake of the Emergency proclaimed on the 5 th June, 975. Explain US hegemony as structural power.. Role played by US in providing Global Public Goods (SLOCs and Internet). US share of world economy-8% 3. US- 5% of world trade. WB, IMF, WTO are products of US hegemony 5. MBA-88 Wharton school ASEAN was and still remains principally an economic association. Critically analyse the given statement.. While ASEAN region as a whole is a much smaller economy compared to the US, EU and Japan, its economy is growing much faster than all these.. The objectives of the ASEAN Economic Community are to create a common market and production base within ASEAN states and to aid social and economic devp in the region. 3. The EC would also like to improve the existing ASEAN Dispute Settlement Mechanism to resolve economic disputes.. ASEAN has focused on creating Free Trade Area for investment, labour and services. FTAs signed with US, China, India, Singapore and two other ASEAN members.

2 3 What is Kyoto Protocol? Discuss India s stand on the same. Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement setting targets for industrialised countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. Certain gases like CO, Methane, Hydro fluro carbons etc are considered at least partly responsible for global warming the rise in global temperature which may have catastrophic consequences for life on earth. The Protocol was agreed to in 997 in Kyoto in Japan, based on principles set out in UNFCCC. India signed and ratified the 997 Kyoto Protocol in August 00. India, China and other developing countries were exempt from the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol because their contribution to the emission of greenhouse gases during industrialised period was not sufficient. After independence what were the two goals everyone agreed upon? What challenges faced independent India? Goals- After independence, the country would be run through democratic government and that the govt would be run for the good of all, particularly the poor and the socially disadvantaged groups. Challenges- nation building, establishing democracy in practice, development and well being of entire society and not only of some sections. 5 Explain any four consequences of the declaration of the Emergency in Agitations stopped, strikes banned. Opposition leaders put in jail. 3. Fundamental rights suspended, censorship of press. Preventive detention, no writs 5. RSS and Jamait-e-Islami banned. Changes in the constitution (any four to be explained) The Kashmir issue involves the issue of Kashmiri identity known as Kashmiriyat and the aspirations of the people of J&K for political autonomy. Explain the statement with reference to the rise of insurgency in the state. The people of J&K always themselves as Kashmiris first and not Hindus or Muslims. Popular movt led by Sheikh Abdullah against Maharaja and joining of Pakistan. Accession to India. Sheikh Abdullah jailed. Agreement with Indira Gandhi. Farooq Abdullah s govt also dismissed. No autonomy in real practice. Too much interference by central govt. Elections rigged. Democratic process undermined. Rise of insurgency. 7 The collapse of communism was followed in most of these countries by a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic political system. The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and east Europe that was influenced by the World Bank and the IMF came to be known as shock therapy. Shock therapy varied in intensity and speed amongst the former second world countries, but its direction and features were quite similar. 5 Discuss the features of shock therapy. Was this the best way to make a transition from communism to capitalism? Features-. Total shift to capitalism. Private ownership of property 3. Collective farms to be replaced by private farming. Sudden and complete change to free trade 5. Break up of existing trade alliances No, not the best way. Change should have been gradual and incremental. 8 India s experiment with universal adult franchise appeared very bold and risky. An Indian editor called it the biggest gamble in history. Organiser, a magazine, wrote that Jawaharlal Nehru would live to confess the failure of universal adult franchise in India. 5 Was India s experiment with universal adult franchise successful? Critically analyse the

3 result of first general elections. Yes. Though elections had to be postponed twice. Elections were competitive, level of participation was encouraging. When the results were declared they were accepted as fair even by the losers. The Indian experiment had proved the critics wrong. Cong won 3 of the 89 seats in the first Lok Sabha and finished way ahead of any other challenger. CPI won only seats. The extent of the victory of the Congress artificially boosted by our electoral system. The Cong won three out of every four seats but it did not even get half the votes. The Cong got 5% of the total votes but managed to win 7% of the seats. Socialist party got more than 0% of the votes all over the country but could not win even 3% of the seats. The FPTP system worked in Cong s favour. 9 There is also evidence to show that on either meetings were held or persons who could organize attacks were contacted and were given instructions to kill Sikhs and loot their houses and shops. The attacks were made in a systematic manner and without much fear of the police, almost suggesting that they were assured that they would not be harmed while committing those acts or even after. Mention the source of the above quote and trace the events which led to the attacks mentioned above. 5 Justice Nanavati Commission of Inquiry Report, 005. Operation Blue Star in June 98. Damaged the historic temple and deeply hurt the sentiments of the Sikhs. Indira Gandhi assassinated on 3 October 98 by her Sikh bodyguards who wanted to take revenge for Operation Bluestar. In Delhi and north India violence broke out against the Sikh community which continued for a week. More than 000 Sikhs were killed in the national capital. Hundreds of Sikhs killed in other parts of the country. 0 On an outline map of the world mark the following Peacekeeping Operations: i) Cyprus 9 ii) East Timor 00 iii) Sudan 005 iv) Afghanistan 00 v) Haiti 00 5 Study the bar diagram given below and answer the following questions: i) Interpret the information given in the above figure.. No party has secured the majority of seats alone since 989. However, Cong has secured more seats in the elections of 89, 9 and 00.. Since 989 election, the votes polled the two parties do not add up to more than 50%. The seats won by them too do not add to more than half the seats in the Lok Sabha.

4 ii) Which coalition came to power in 00? Which front supported the alliance? UPA. Left Front supported it. iii) 990s witnesses the emergence of four groups of parties. What were they?. Parties that are coalition with the Cong. Parties that are coalition with the BJP 3. Left Front parties. Other parties who are not part of any of these three. Why did the government decide to start a green revolution in India? What were its consequences? Due to the food crisis, India was vulnerable to the external pressures and dependent on food aid, mainly from the US which pushed India to change its policies. The govt adopted a new strategy for agriculture to ensure food sufficiency. Decided to put more resources into those areas which already had irrigation and those farmers who were already well off. Consequences-. Rich peasants and large landholders were the major beneficiaries of the process.. GR registered moderate agricultural growth (mainly wheat) and raised the availability of food in the country. 3. It increased polarization between classes and regions.. The stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords produced conditions favourable for the leftwing organisations to organize the poor peasants. 5. The GR also resulted in the rise of the middle peasant sections. They soon emerged politically influential in many parts of the country. The year 97 was the year of one of the largest, most abrupt, unplanned and tragic transfer of population that human history has known. Analyse the statement with reference to the consequences of partition.. Communal riots. Immense social sufferings 3. Administrative concerns. Financial strains (Points to be explained and analysed) 3 Explain how the question of indigenous people brings the issues of environment, resources and politics together. Indigenous people today live more in conformity with their particular social, economic, and cultural customs and tradition than the institutions of the country of which they now form a part. Demands-.Want admission to world community as equals.. Appeal to govts to come to terms with the continuing existence of indigenous nations as enduring communities with an identity of their own. Continued occupancy of the lands from which they originate. Loss of land is the biggest threat to them. In India constitutional provisions and protection yet not got much benefits of devp. World Council of Indigenous Peoples formed in 975. Got consultative status in UN. Globalisation is a very contentious subject and has invited strong criticism all over the globe. Discuss the resistance to globalization in India and the world. Left- Contemporary globalization represents a particular phase of global capitalism that makes the rich richer and the poor poorer. Weakening of the state leads to a reduction in the capacity of the state to protect the interests of its poor. Right- anxiety over the weakening of the state. Economically they want a return to self-reliance and protectionism, at least in certain areas of economy. Culturally, they are worried that traditional culture will be harmed and people will lose their age old values and ways. World - Anti-globalization movements. 999 Seattle meet of WTO protests alleging unfair trading practices by the economically powerful states. World Social Forum opposed to neo-liberal globalization. India- Left wing protests voiced through pol parties and Indian Social Forum. Trade Unions. Resistance of political Right esp to cultural influences. How did the Non Aligned Movement serve India s interests during the Cold War? What is the relevance of NAM in post-cold War era?. Allowed India to take international stances which served its interests

5 . India was able to balance one superpower against the other. Relevance-. NAM still contains some core values.emphasis shifted from pol to eco issues. 3. Issues like democracy, disarmament, human rights & neo colonialism are as relevant today as earlier.. With world becoming unipolar, NAM must make sincere efforts to check US from taking unilateral decisions. 5.Important to ensure that in the era of globalization, liberalization and explosion of IT, the developing nations are not exploited. Analyse the changing nature of Indo-China relations from early 950s to contemporary era. 950s- period of trust, in spite of border disputes 9- Indo China war, period of suspicion and conflicts begin 97- Diplomatic relations improved. 98- Talks initiated to resolve the border issue Since end of Cold War, there have been significant changes in relations. Their relations now have a strategic as well as an economic dimension. Both view themselves as rising powers in global politics and would like to play a major role in the Asian politics. Improvement in relations since Rajiv Gandhi s visit in 988. Measures taken to contain conflict. Cultural exchanges. Cooperation in science and technology. Bilateral trade ties improved. Increasing transportation and communication links, common economic interests and global concerns. BRICS. 5 What have been the demands of Bhartiya Kisan Union during late 980s and around 005? Discuss the reasons why the agrarian struggle led by them has been fairly successful. Demands- mid 980s-. Higher government floor prices for sugarcane and wheat. Abolition of restrictions on the inter-state movement of farm produce 3. Guaranteed supply of electricity at reasonable rates. waiving of repayments due on loans to farmers 5. Provision of a govt pension for farmers Wants agriculture out of the purview of WTO. In spite of lack of any formal organization, the BKU could sustain itself for a long time because it was based on clan networks among its members. Funds, resources and activities of BKU were mobilized through these networks. Discuss the contest and outcome of the 97 elections. Did it help in the restoration or reinvention of the Congress party? (3++) Contest- Triangular contest between Grand Alliance, Cong (O) and Cong (R). Cong (R) had an alliance with the CPI. Grand Alliance comprised SSP, PSP, Bhartiya Jana Sangha, Swatantra Party, BKD. Cong had an issue, an agenda and a positive slogan. The Grand Alliance did not have a coherent political programme. IG said opposition alliance had only one agenda- Indira Hatao. She put forward a positive programme captured in the slogan-garibi Hatao. Through Garibi Hatao IG tried to generate a support base among the disadvantaged, especially among the landless labourers, Dalits and Adivasis, minorities, women and the unemployed youth. Outcome- Cong (R)- 35 seats, % of votes Cong and CPI combine won 375 seats, 8.% of votes. Cong (O)- seats Grand Alliance- less than 0 Not restoration or revival but re-invention. Different kind of party now. The Cold War produced an arms race as well as arms control. What were the reasons for both these developments? Arms race- two blocs after WWII, growing tensions and conflicts, arenas of Cold War, desire to outdo each other in stock of nuclear weapons, mutual suspicion, necessary to stock up arms to act as deterrent. Arms control- Understanding that war might happen in spite of restraint. There might be miscalculations, misunderstand the intentions of other side, might be a nuclear accident. Initiative by US and USSR to limit or eliminate certain kinds of nuclear and non-nuclear weapons. A stable balance of weapons, they decided could be maintained through arms control.

6 Critically analyse the reforms proposed for the new members of the Security Council. A major economic power- How big? A major military power- How big? Substantial contributor to UN budget- what level of budget contribution? Populous- A big population would be an asset or liability A nation that respects democracy and human rights- Many countries with excellent records, but would they be effective as Council members? Country that would make the council more representative of the world s diversity in terms of geography, economic systems, and culture.- problems in matter of representation. 7 Examine the Indo-US relations in post-cold war era. What are the possible strategies or choices available to India? What do you think India should opt for? Better relations. Technological dimension and the role of the Indian-American diaspora. Choices-. Maintain aloofness.take advantage of US hegemony. 3.India should lead in establishing a coalition of countries from the developing world. Conclusion- Too complex to be managed by a single strategy. Needs to develop an appropriate mix of foreign policy strategies t o deal with the US. Critically analyse the consequences of the economic policy that were ushered in China in 970s. Positive- Helped the Chinese economy to break from stagnation. Privatisation of agriculture led to a remarkable rise in agricultural production and rural incomes. Growth in rural industry. Chinese economy grew. Rise in foreign trade. Large foreign exchange reserves. Negative-. Unemployment increased.female employment and conditions of work bad 3. Environmental degradation. Corruption increased 5. Rise in economic inequality