Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK) in Latin America
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1 Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK) in Latin America Status Quo, Example of Brazil and Actual Tendencies Competition and and Tax Tax Law Law AIPPI Annual Forum 2009 Buenos Aires
2 Outline I. Latin America TK-related facts II. Latin America Legal status quo of TK III. Brazil as an example IV. Different perspectives V. Latest developments and outlook
3 I. Latin America some TK-related facts M C V high biodiversity, even 6 mega diverse countries big plurality of indigenous cultures similar colonial history, languages E P E P C V B B different climatic zones, mentalities, politics, laws wikipedia
4 II. Legal status quo (1) International framework: CBD and TRIPS Supranational protection: Decisions of the Andean Community No. 391 (1996) - first attempt worldwide of a legal protection of TK - and No. 486 of first attempt worldwide to combine CBD + TRIPS - National Peru National Costa Rica Brazil
5 II. Legal status quo (2) 3. National legislations: a) Sui generis regimes - different approaches Peru: Law No : indig. TK related to biol. resources Brazil: (Provisional) Act No Costa Rica: Law No and first contract worldwide: institution of country with high biodiversity (INBio) pharmaceutical company (Merck & Co. Inc.) Use of extracts of plants and insects from Costa Rican protectorates b) Incorporation in other laws e.g. Mexico: Art. 102 of General Law on the sustainable forestal development
6 III. An example: Brazil (Provisional) Act No of Legislative History Legal basis for contract Novartis Pharma AG Brazilian NGO Bioamazônia - passed solely by the executive, now incorporated - 2. Content Subject: Only TK related to genetic heritage and technology Protection: PIC to scientific research, in case of bioprospecting and technolog. development: special Contract for Use of gen. heritage + benefit-sharing 3. Implementation Disclosure of origin of genetic material and TK in IP-rights only in 2007 (although claim at WTO in 2006) 4. Critics Complicate procedure of authorisation No reciprocity (e.g. no hand-out of scientific research)
7 IV. Different perspectives (1) Background TK, biodiversity cultural diversity no generalization possible Expectations and needs culturally stamped Culture is a dynamic factor, changes If cultural diversity and biodiversity are international values and protection is desired mutual understanding at least of some expectations and needs is a precondition sine-qua-non
8 IV. Different perspectives (2) Understanding the indigenous perspective Example: Mundurucú/Mundurukú indigenous tribe (~10.000) living in the state of Pará in Brazil along the Tapajós river, quite isolated, language: Tupí Source: Agência Brasil / Mundurucú
9 IV. Different perspectives (3) Underlying philosophy Cosmovision space time material Knowledge is in the object itself Cannot belong to a person / an individual One time Intergenerational perspective and responsibility Different socio-cultural setting Different concepts of decision-making, of representation
10 IV. Different perspectives (4) Consequences for protection of TK: Intermediators not representatives Intercultural dialogue (considering diff. modes of thoughts, concepts of words) Content: Exchange (reciprocity) Balance between use and protection of natural resources (sustainability)
11 V. Actual tendencies and outlook National level e.g. Panama, Bolivia, Ecuador: legislative projects Peru, Paraguay: workshop/seminar Regional level International level a) WIPO: XIV. Session of IGC in July: no future work agreed upon General Assembly on October 1: renewal of mandate b) WTO: Discussions on amendment of TRIPS In general: A work in progress
12 Thank you. AIPPI Annual Forum 2009 Buenos Aires
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