2. Why did the U.S. enter World War I and why was neutrality so difficult to

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1 History 1493: Midterm 2 Studyguide Study Questions: 1. Who were the Progressives and what was the nature of their movement? What changes in American life gave rise to this protean movement and what were the Progressives trying to accomplish? As part of your answer, be sure to recognize the difference between the various levels of reform and include an analysis of the reform efforts of Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. In what ways did the Prohibition movement reflect Progressive Era assumptions. In Gillon, the entire chapter on Progressivism is relevant. Progressivists were people who believed that things should be made for the public interest. Also, they feared monopolies because it created corruption. They wanted the government to regulate large business so they didn t become corrupt. Their goal was to make society more efficient. This movement became so because the industrial revolution created differences in wealth (upper class had most and lower class had none), immigration caused the fear that society was falling apart, large cities produced many problems (transportation) and there was no government or media to help control this (because people believed in the lazaie fairer economy and Darwinism). This movement wanted the government to regulate business, have direct democracy (city wide elections, representatives at the state level, let the people be heard) and created a social justice movement to do away with long labor hours and child labor Teddy Roosevelt greatly expanded the role of the president by his personality and the square deal. He became chief legislator and started the use of the bully pulpit (use the media to force congress to pass legislation). He was the first president that solved the people s problems (government regulated business, shorter labor hours). Prohibition was purely a symbolic act of the progressive movement. It shows the values that people held in People were so afraid of social disorganization and would do anything to prevent it. Prohibition was repealed so quickly because people no longer held the same values in the 1920s as they did during the progressive movement. 2. Why did the U.S. enter World War I and why was neutrality so difficult to

2 maintain? What responsibility does Wilson and Wilsonianism bear for U.S. entry into the war? In what sense was World War I--at least from the American perspective--a war for democracy? And what impact did World War I have on the American home front, including civil liberties? Would it be fair to say that America waged a war for democracy and freedom abroad while the government curtailed democracy and freedom at home? Gillon s entire chapter on the war is relevant. Wilson tried very hard to remain neutral throughout WWI but it was a struggle. Because of the Wilsonianism (support for the nations with self-determination) the US shipped supplies and gave loans to Britain. The Germans had submarines around the British Isles, but were not supposed to sink neutral ships. Despite the fact the Germans sank the Lusitania, which killed 128 Americans America remained neutral. It was not until the Germans declared unrestricted submarine warfare (including neutral ships) that America retaliated. On April 6, 1917 America declared war on Germany. The United States saw itself defending the democracy of Britain from Germany The war created many jobs for people in America. It also gave women and African Americans economic opportunities. This did not stop racism. America did fight for democracy overseas, but in order to do this they had to limit democracy at home. The economy was no longer lazie faire. The government regulated the entire economy. Congress passed an act allowing the President to control every aspect of the food industry. Also, the government took control of the country s railroads in order to transport troops 3. What cultural tensions were evident immediately after World War I and in the decade of the 1920s? What do those tensions tell us about American culture during the war years and the decade following the war? What do these tensions tell us about America s response to modernity? Gillon discusses some of the roots of these tensions during World War I and during the 1920s. Read these sections carefully. Right after WWI tensions were high. The red scare occurred because of the Bolsheick revolution in America thought that they were

3 doomed to end as a communist country, so they rounded up all of the communist and socialist to prevent that from happening. Also, the KKK rises again in 1915 and attacks outsiders such as, Jewish, Germans, Irish, Catholics and Socialists. The Klan grew to 3 million members who try to enforce traditional values. After 1920 the Klan fell because they were accused in murder and sex cases. The rise of the Klan shows the fear that America had of immigrants and Jews and of becoming a modern nontraditional society. In 1924 congress passed an act that severely limited immigration and immigration wasn t allowed again until People were against modernizing their world. They wanted to keep their traditional values for example; girls shouldn t show too much skin. Many people thought that America was becoming too free and spoke against things such as gambling and prostitution 4. Identify and describe the major causes of the Depression and the Depression s impact on American life. How did FDR respond to the economic crisis of the 1930s (you should be able to write about specific programs) and how did the First New Deal differ from the Second? How did the New Deal years reshape the on-going debate about the nature of freedom in America, and what were the important legacies of the New Deal? Read Gillon s entire chapter on the 1930s carefully. One of the major causes of the great depression was that the stock market continually rose very quickly, so on Oct (black Tuesday) the stock market crashes and doesn t rebound until The market falls by 90%. Another cause is that there in an increase in productivity of workers. Workers can make more products faster (without a raise) and eventually not enough purchasers to buy the product, which means people, get laid off. Also the economy heavily relies on a few industries (construction and automobiles) and these industries get slowed down. Lastly ¼ of the population are farmers and their income is extremely low (less than $300 per year) These issues caused a skewed distribution of wealth. The very small upper class received most of the wealth while the very large lower class received a small portion of the nation s money. The unemployment rate rose to 25%. This affected families more than anyone. Women could more easily hold jobs than the men and became the bread winners. Often families had to move west because they couldn t find work.

4 FDR made agricultural policies that paid farmers to destroy their crops so that the price of crops would rise. This was successful but it favored large farmers over small farmers (hurt sharecroppers). The public works administration provided work mostly for young men building roads, schools and hospitals. This provided money without charity and the men kept their dignity and enjoyed their work. The first new deal made federal welfare programs (Medicare, social security), extended national government regulation over new areas of the economy, started the modern labor movement, government was a major force in agriculture, and extended the importance of the presidency. The second new deal included the WPA, which employed 8.5 million Americans, the national labor relation act of 1935, which ensured that workers had the right to organize a union and established the American welfare state. This was most important because it included the social security act of 1935 The new deal created a transformation in politics, shifted the focus of the government to Washington, the president became more powerful (drafting legislation, lobbied congress) and it created modern welfare (social security) 5. How did war come about in Europe and Asia in the 1930s, and what steps did the U.S. take to avoid being drawn into World War II? Why did the U.S. eventually enter the conflict and how does FDR s thinking and US entry suggest a shift from isolationism to internationalism? What impact did the war have on the American home front, and in what ways was freedom contested during the war? On the last point, you should be able to discuss the experience of women, blacks, and Japanese-Americans. Gillon s entire chapter on the war is critical. Hitler decided that Germany needed Lebensraum (living space) and would expand east eliminating the slavs and Jews (czechslovicka). In the Munich conference Hitler wants to take over the rest of Sutden. This is called appeasement because they just did what Hitler said. But Hitler really wants as much space as possible and on SEPT war begins, Germany and the Soviet Union versus France and England. Mussolini comes to power in 1922 and decides to get more space in Ethiopia and wins. Japan also wants to expand into all of China

5 The US embraced isolationism because it saw WWI as a costly mistake. In reality our army was weak and Roosevelt needed support from the Republicans who were all isolationist. In the 1930s neutrality legislation was passed that kept America from shipping arms to nations at war and from giving loans to nations at war. Also passed cash and carry which stated that everyone must pay cash for their goods and carry them away on their own ship. The US entered into WWII on December 7, 1941 mainly because of Japan s successful surprise attack on pearl harbor WWII caused the size the American government to explode (number of workers for the government increased by almost 400%). America ended up on top at the end of the war and rose at the top economic and military power in the world. America abandoned the stand of isolationism becoming more involved the world s issues. The Japanese-Americans felt that their freedom was violated because they were forced to either leave America or move to specific locations out of the west coast after Pearl Harbor. They were considered a threat because America was at war with Japan. This was the biggest breech in civil liberties during the war, but the military invoked national security to justify their actions. Sample questions: 1. The U.S. entered World War I and World War II for essentially the same reasons. We hoped to extend Wilsonian principles to Europe in the first case and to Europe and Asia in the second. Discuss the adequacy of this question. 2. Whereas cultural tensions were most pronounced during the 1920s, class tensions were the dominant division in the 1930s. In the earlier decade, people rebelled against modernity; in the latter decade, people rebelled against the power of the business class. Discuss the adequacy of this statement. 3. FDR s Administration in the 1930s was essentially a failure. Despite lots of governmental activity, his Administration neither solved the basic problem of the Depression nor left a major imprint on American politics. Discuss the adequacy of this statement. 4. One of the ironies of American history is the following: although we entered both World War I and World War II to defend democracy, the two

6 wars unleashed powerful anti-democratic tendencies within American society? Discuss the adequacy of this statement.

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