Scientific Integrity: European Perspective
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1 Scientific Integrity: European Perspective Franck Leprévost University of Luxembourg UNICA Rector s Meeting 2014 May 19, 2014 Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 1 / 18
2 How science goes wrong. Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 2 / 18
3 How science goes wrong. Cyril Lodovic Burt and the origin of cleverness: Psychopedagogy made in England Trofime Lyssenko: The barefoot professor and the Marxist-Leninist green biology Stephen Breuning and the impact of neuroleptics on mentally deficient patients Viswa Jit Gupta and the fossils of Himalaya The memory of water (Nature, 1988, retracted) The South-Korean fake creation of human embryonic stem cells by cloning (Science, 2004 and 2005, retracted) Haruko Obokata: stem cells can be created from skin exposed to weak acid (Nature, 2014, pending) retractionwatch.com Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 3 / 18
4 A paradoxal situation De astronoom (ca 1668) Johannes Vermeer ( ) The supper at Emmaus - Fake Vermeer Painted 1936 by the art forger Han van Meegeren ( ) The scientist looks for Truth However science may go wrong Why? Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 4 / 18
5 Why? Why? Competitiveness of science: The "Publish or Perish" dilemma Lack of understanding of statistics Conflicts of interests Ego Belief = Knowledge Conservatism Lack of understanding what the "scientific process" is Scientist is a human being and is exposed to temptations Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 5 / 18
6 Consequences if science goes wrong? Consequences While trust is there: mis-leaded beliefs and/or mis-leaded policy implementations Trust in the scientific community put at risk Once trust has disappeared: Restrictions in the financial support of research, either globally or domain-specific Slow-down of knowledge acquisition Ideology-driven policy-making vs evidence-based policy-making Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 6 / 18
7 Frameworks dealing with research integrity: The situation in Europe S. Godecharle et al. vol. 381, 2013 Study in 27 countries of the EU + 4 countries of the European Free Trade Association No guidelines in 12 countries Denmark and Norway: defined and regulated by law Except for these 2 countries, heterogenous definitions of scientific misconduct within the countries Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 7 / 18
8 Frameworks dealing with research integrity: The situation in Europe Most frequently evoked: fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism Some guidelines with an explicit gradation between the forms of misconduct Similar misconducts are handled differently by different guidelines Notions of intention, negligence, or deceit feature sometimes explicitly mentioned Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 8 / 18
9 Key message for policy-makers - UNICA Academic misconduct: The dragon of the scientific community 1 How big is the dragon? 2 What is a dragon? 3 Kill the dragon... 4 Kill the (baby) dragon in the egg... Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 9 / 18
10 Key message for policy-makers - UNICA Science in Europe: How policy-makers can act? 1 Scientific misconduct: How far is Europe concerned? 2 Define "scientific misconduct" uniquely throughout Europe 3 Create a single European body to handle the cases 4 Address the "origins" of the problem: Education? To whom? Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 10 / 18
11 Key message for policy-makers - UNICA Action No. 1: How far is Europe concerned? Order (e.g. to STOA) a study about the number of cases of scientific misconducts and the domains concerned Identify which domains are more exposed or if the problem is uniformly distributed (My conjecture: life-science, psycho-studies, economy proportionally more exposed to falsification and fabrication than pure mathematics) Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 11 / 18
12 Key message for policy-makers - UNICA Action No. 2: Define "scientific misconduct" uniquely throughout Europe Define "scientific misconduct" uniquely throughout Europe Define uniquely the sanctions to be applied by the employers and degree-awarders in case of a proven scientific misconduct "Academic" sanctions vs "legal" sanctions Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 12 / 18
13 Key message for policy-makers - UNICA Action No. 3: Create a single European body to handle the cases Create a single European body (vs national, regional, or whatever body) to handle the cases, financed by the partner countries Once in place, get rid of the various national, regional, or local bodies! Simplify the life of universities and research centers, to the benefit of science and knowledge Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 13 / 18
14 Key message for policy-makers - UNICA A single European body handling the scientific misconducts A new "Brussels-machin" It costs money Disadvantages Lack of knowledge of the local context Advantages No local or national bodies anymore: It saves money! The universities/research centers/national research funding agencies just evaluate if there is potentially a problem or not. Limitations of conflicts of interests Same cases are handled the same way Simplification of the process Mobility of researchers makes this instrument relevant Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 14 / 18
15 Key message for policy-makers - UNICA Action (?) No. 4: Address the "origins" of the problem Education? Statistics? Ethics? Scientific Process? To whom? Publish less but better? Too many researchers? Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 15 / 18
16 The responsibility of the scientific community Academic misconduct: The dragon of the scientific community Saint George and the Dragon (ca ) Peter Paul Rubens ( ) Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 16 / 18
17 References (non-exhaustive list!) References (non-exhaustive list!) How science goes wrong. The Economist - October 19th ERC Scientific Misconduct Strategy. Minutes of the Scientific Council Pleanry meeting October 2009, Brussels. European Science Foundation: Fostering Research Integrity in Europe. December Anne Fagot-Largeault: L honnêteté intellectuelle / Scientific Integrity. S. Godercharle, B. Nemery, K. Dierickx: Guidance on research integrity: no union in Europe. Vol. 381, March 30, S. Godercharle, B. Nemery, K. Dierickx: Integrity Training: Conflicting Practices. Science, Vol. 340, 21 June D. S. Kornfeld: Integrity Training: Misconduct s Source. Science, Vol. 340, 21 June E. Krudy: How a student took on two Harvard economists over their pro-austerity study and won. E. Murphy: Math in a time of Excel: Economists error undermine influential paper. Daily Finance, April 19th, A. M. Newman, J. B. Cooper: Lab-Specific Gene Expression Signatures in Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 7, , August 6th, N. Bernard: Raisonnement scientifique et inférence bayésienne, Chris van Schravendijk: Perspective on fraud in the Life Sciences. Conference at FLAMES, April 25th, Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 17 / 18
18 Abstract Abstract Scientific integrity was and remains a hot topic in today s scientific community and beyond. A scientist being a priori driven by the search of the Truth, when scientific misconducts are identified, they mainly lead to surprises and stronger deception as when misconducts would arise from different categories of people. The goal of this talk is to give a report about what is commonly considered as scientific misconduct, and how European countries address the issue. Based on the trust in science as a legacy of enlightenment? some countries have in the past adopted a research-driven policy in some domains. Unfortunately these policies were sometimes mis-leaded, and we will recall some dramatic cases. The duty of the scientific community is to address the issue of scientific misconduct in a reasonable and coherent way. Should Europe become the continent of knowledge economy, it is a fortiori essential that knowledge is clearly distinguished from belief. A consequence is to take a coherent and concerted approach towards scientific integrity at the European level, in order to avoid too different interpretations from one university to another, or from one country to another, set clear (or as clear as possible) limits, and define a scientific integrity framework throughout Europe, especially at a time where the mobility of researchers is encouraged. Rubens, Vermeer and a dragon play key roles in this conference. Franck Leprévost Scientific Integrity 18 / 18
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