MONITORING THE COVERAGE OF SUDAN 2010 ELECTIONS. INTERIM REPORT No. 11

Transcription

1 MEDIA AND ELECTIONS IN SUDAN MONITORING THE COVERAGE OF SUDAN 2010 ELECTIONS INTERIM REPORT No. 11 Period 6 June - 25 August 2010 Issued on 7 September 2010

2 2 Table of contents Foreword and Executive Summary 3 I. Media developments in Sudan II. Post election political coverage: general trends 7 III. Hate Speech and Political Violence Coverage 12 a. Television and radio news coverage 13 b. The Press 21

3 3 Foreword and Executive Summary Since mid February 2010 SMEC has been monitoring the media in Sudan in order to follow and analyse the political news coverage of the media in Sudan ahead of and during the elections. After the elections took place in April 2010, SMEC has been focusing on the post elections period, following the media s output regarding post election and postponed election news. In Khartoum the National Elections Commission (NEC) in light of irregularities and discrepancies with information on some of the candidates postponed voting in some of the national and state constituencies to June. These elections were completed in mid-july in Khartoum State. The Constitutional Court had also ruled that there should be a repeat of the elections for the State Legislature of Gezira State and the NEC is now scheduled to repeat these elections during the 22nd 22rd of October. In South Kordofan State elections were all together postponed in light of the contested census of the state population. A new census has been undertaken and the final results were pending at the time of writing of this report. Once the new census figures are approved the NEC will have a complete run of the elections in South Kordofan State, including voter-registration and actual voting. NEC envisions runing the elections in S. Kordofan sometime in February Although the news coverage of the postponed elections was marginal (see also previous reports of SMEC), the general coverage on political actors and issues was wide and regular by the media in Sudan. In particular, the state media paid due attention to political news. Two main parties, the National Congress Party () and the Sudan People s Liberation Movement () dominated media reporting. This trend was particularly evident in audiovisual media where the two main parties together gathered 96 per cent of the overall coverage while all the other parties together received a total of 4 per cent. The press displayed coverage of a broader range of subjects and in the Southern press, the -DC received broader coverage than previously. The episodes of inflammatory language during this reporting period were extremely limited. Only 16 cases were found of which most involved defamation and exchange of accusations between political actors. The news headlines over this period of reporting (see also the weekly News Agenda of SMEC) show that the media are focusing a lot of their attention on the upcoming Referendum, scheduled to take place in January Southern media tend to focus on the organisation of the Referendum and there is evidence of calls for separation, whereas the Northern media tend to warn about risks of instability and call for unity. The on-going and increased episodes of confrontation between the Government of National Unity (GoNU) and the rebels in Darfur which have moved to the IDP camps (Kalma Camp in Nyala and Hamidia Camp in Zalingei) and the stalling of the Doha Peace Process have received considerable coverage as well. This is in addition to more frequent tribal conflicts over natural resources in North Sudan, and in South Sudan an increase in power struggles following the elections results of April The quantitative and qualitative media monitoring follows the coverage of the media. As the environments in which the media operate can have an impact on the behaviour of the media, this report also includes a chapter on media developments in Sudan. The Media and Elections Project, funded by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), is implemented by the Sudan Media and Elections Consortium (SMEC), a group of national and international organisations with expertise in media support. These are: Sudanese Development Initiative (SUDIA), International Media Support (IMS), Norwegian Peoples Aid (NPA), Osservatorio di Pavia, Arab Working Group for media monitoring and Fojo Media Institute For more information, contact Ms. Brigitte Sins, Project Manager, Tel or , bs@i-m-s.dk or britsins@hotmail.com. Khartoum: Mr. Abbas Tigani, Tel , abbastigani@sudia.org Juba: Mr. James Boboya Edimond, Tel , boboya@npaid.org

4 4 I. Media Developments in Sudan Legal Developments The National Press Council issued a directive designating a set number of pages for political newspapers (16 pages) and social/sport newspapers (12 pages) and requested all news publishers to follow this directive. The President of the Sudanese Journalists Union explained that they were supportive of the decision which would contribute to improving the profession (journalism) and that they had not received any complaints from publishers. In July, journalists from a number of newspapers were asked to complete a form which would provide personal data and information on each of them. The forms/questionnaires contained questions on personal information such as a detailed map of their place of residence, school levels of any children, telephone numbers etc. Journalists who did not cooperate in completing these questionnaires were summoned by security officials and made to comply with this requirement. This precendent has only occured in the North. Pre-publication (PP) censorship which was originally lifted ahead of the April elections was reintroduced again in July only to be lifted again in August, 6th. The system of pre-publication censorship, under which National Intelligence and Security Services agents (NISS)visit offices of newspapers at night to screen copies prior to publications and expunge content deemed to be controversial, has been practiced on and off since February In lifting the PP Censorship the head of the NISS media department stated that the NISS reserves its constitutional right to re-impose partial or complete censorship whenever the necessity to do so arises 1. Interviews conducted with journalists from leading newspapers in the North indicate that Prepublication censorship is still being practiced but somewhat less conspicuously and more discreetly (as it always has been). Instead of NISS agents visiting the newspapers at night to determine what may and may not be published, the NISS issues an official bulletin which lists topics or issues which are not to be published. This is also communicated orally by NISS agents to specific newspapers editors. This had been the case previously before PP censorship was imposed in July and which was only prompted by newspapers such as Ajras Al-Hurria not complying with these bulletins and oral instructions. In the South the media reported that John Luke, the minister for Legal Affairs, is going to handover the media bills. This can be a next step for a new media law in the South. This bill has been developed with the support from Southern Sudanese and international organisations. Freedom of the press During the period May August 2010 there were reports of the Sudanese Press in the North being harassed and persecuted with a number of cases against some prominent newspapers and their journalists. The following is a brief overview of the cases and violations made against the print media and journalists in North Sudan. Rai-al-Shaab Newspaper A political newspaper affiliated with the Popular Congress Party headed by Dr. Hassan Al-Turabi. On May 15 th 2010, the newspaper was shut down by the NISS forces and had four of its staff arrested following publication of an article titled Election victory of Osman and not Al-Bashir, in which the author criticised the internal situation of the Sudanese government and shed 1 Sudan Tribune Mobday 9 August (

5 light on the internal conflicts within the inner-decision-making circles as well as the concluded elections. The four journalists were summoned at a Khartoum criminal court on charges of espionage, incitement against the government, undermining the constitutional order of the country, inciting hatred amongst communities, spreading false news, and disturbing the public peace 2. The court sentenced the newspaper's Deputy Editor in Chief, Abazar Al Amin to five years in prison, while the Editor, Ashraf Muhamed Abdelaziz, and the Head of the Political Department, Altahir Abu Jawhara were sentenced to two years each. Meanwhile, the Editorial Secretary, Ramadan Mahjoub was acquitted. Al-Intibaha Newspaper - Owned by President Bashir s uncle, Al-Initibaha is strongly affiliated with the ruling party the. The owner Al-Tayeb Mustafa established the Just Peace Forum as an expression of protest against the CPA which openly voices it secessionist agenda and regards self-determination as a right not only reserved for Southerners, but Northerners as well. On July 7th, the government suspended the activities of Al-Initbaha Newspaper with a decision issued from the NISS and confiscated its July 6 th issue. Management was informed that the newspaper was being suspended indefinitely and without sufficient explanation of the reasons and justifications for the suspension. Al-Haqiqa (The Truth) Newspaper - On 8th July 2010, this newspaper came under suspension from the National Press Council following a transfer of its ownership and its business name to a new owner. In its official statement the NPC stated that ownership of the license issued to the newspaper/media institution was not transferrable to a new party without the prior authorization of the Press Council and can only happen after any new owner has fulfilled the requirements/conditions of licensing as laid out by the NPC. The statement said that Al-Haqiqa newspaper had been suspended until it had reconciled some outstanding legal and administrative matters and attained its new approval from the Council. Al-Intibaha Newspaper: The director of the NISS later disclosed that the decision came in the context of containing the negative role played by the newspaper to strengthen separatist tendencies in the South and the North, contrary to the Constitution and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, which encourages support to the unity option and to reject the call for secession and calls on everyone to work for the unity of Sudan's referendum. The Director of the Department of Public Information that guides the Constitution of the Sudan Interim calls to renounce violence and promote harmony, fraternity and tolerance among the people of Sudan, all in order to transcend religious, linguistic, cultural, sectarian, noting that the press charter signed by the editors called on all media to comply with the ethics of the profession and not to provoke religious or ethnic hatred racial or cultural or advocacy of violence or war. The Director of the Department of Public Information said that the actions taken against some newspapers today were the result of exceeding the values listed agreed to by all and try to inflate the security tensions in the South, which seeks stability in preparation for the referendum stage, as well as delinquency, abuse to some neighboring countries collected by the fraternity and cooperation with Sudan, calling on the press to do their part to freedom of expression and to receive and disseminate information without prejudice to order, safety and public morals as determined by the law. In a formal press conference held by the Editor-in-Chief of Al-Haqiqa, Abderahman Satti formally contested this suspension and considered it as a violation of the rules and regulations. He linked the suspension to a series of articles which were published by the newspaper and which disclosed, with strong evidence, corruption amongst some officials of the Civil Aviation Authority; but which was left un-investigated by the authorities. The decision to suspend the newspaper was reversed three days later by the same authority, the National Press Council, without any new development having occurred. 5 2 This in accordance with Articles 21, 24, 25, 26, 50, 64 and 66 of the Sudanese Penal Code and Article 5 of the Terrorism Act in addition to the Press and Publications law, charges which carry the death penalty as a sentence.

6 Al-Midan Newspaper - Al-Midan Newspaper is an opposition paper affiliated with the Sudanese Communist Party. During the period 6th June 6th August, printing of the newspaper was obstructed by agents of the NISS who after failing to get the newspaper to cooperate and comply with their prepublishing censorship measures obstructed production by threatening the printing press which prints the newspaper with closure. The newspaper refused to comply with the pre-publishing censorship measures and was only able to resume printing it s news following the lifting of the PP censorship by the NISS in early August. Meanwhile and during this time, Al-Midan newspaper had continued to publish its on-line version. Al-Ahram Al-Yoam - Another newspaper that came under suspension for a period of three days by the National Press Council following the publication of an article by its editor-in-chief titled we have concluded our battle over the geographical constituencies and now begins our battle with the clowns. The NPC saw the article as having contained a number of violations such as violation of public decency and abuse of individual privacy in addition to the adverse effects contrary to the community interest, and a departure from the values and rules of professional conduct as well as the Journalistic Honor Accord to which the newspaper had signed up in late The newspaper appealed this decision in a Khartoum court and received a ruling in its favor allowing it to resume publication until a final ruling was reached by the court. Al-Ahram Al-Yoam newspaper is a political newspaper whose editor-in-chief was a recent contestant in the April 2010 parliamentary elections and who had contested fiercely in one of the geographic constituencies against his adversary who is affiliated with the ruling party. The BBC- The government told the BBC on 9th August that an agreement allowing it to broadcast its Arabic-language service on local FM frequencies was being suspended until further notice. The BBC s broadcasts were stopped the same day in four cities in northern Sudan (Khartoum, Port Sudan, Wad Madani and Al-Ubayad). There were no specific cases or harassment against the media outlets in the South during this reporting period. South Sudan Radio (SSR state radio of GOSS) is planning to become a public radio broadcaster (as an independent cooperation) under the new media bills for the South as these include an article on public broadcasting, unless the bills would be amended. Media landscape A significant issue within the Northern Sudanese media landscape during this reporting period is the tension and official warnings issued by the Sudanese Journalists Union (SJU) with regard to the appearance of entities which might represent a parallel structure to that of the SJU. In a press announcement on 31st July 2010, the President of the SJU -without naming any specific entity or institution- stressed that the Union will defend its right to be the sole entity that represents journalists in Sudan and speaks on behalf of them, and that they consider the recent activities of some entities with names that resemble the SJU and who claim to represent Sudanese Journalists as a threat to them. Although not completely confirmed, it is believed that the President of the SJU was making reference to an entity known as the Sudanese Journalists Network (SJN), which in the wake of a recent spike in violations against the media during this post-elections period, has been very active in taking up the case of the journalists and openly advocating on behalf of the sector. The SJN is not a new entity, but was spurred into existence in late 2008 in the wake of a series of violations and pre-publication censorship aimed at the Sudanese press. The group/network is an informal body which calls for the respect of the rights enshrined in the interim constitution of 2005 with special emphasis on the bill of rights. The group continues to advocate against pre-publication censorship and has repeatedly spoken against the recent violations on journalists and the print media. 6

7 The SJU being the officially recognised entity to represent Sudanese journalists, sees itself as the sole entity to be mandated to do that and considers any other bodies (such as the SJN) as a threat to its mandate and to the union/solidarity between Sudanese journalists institutionalised in the SJU. The SJU has also been quick to condemn some of the recent violations against journalists, more specifically the sentencing of three journalists from Rai-al-Shaab to prison sentences that ranged from 3 5 years. On another front, with the completion of the elections, the General Assembly (which is one of the two chambers of the Legislature) has been formed and its respective internal committees including the Committee on Media have begun convening meetings. The scope of work of this important committee and its position vis-à-vis some of the most pressing issues facing the Sudanese media remains to be seen. South Sudan also knows the Union of Journalists of Southern Sudan (UJOSS) which aims to protect the rights of journalists in Southern Sudan. Apart from UJOSS there are other initiatives to develop media- and journalists organisations and networks. Although the professional conduct differs between various media institutions and from one journalist to another, it was noticed in North Sudan that print journalists tend to not always to comply with the existing code of conduct. This can give the NISS authorities an entry point to impose PP censorship on specific newspapers and harass journalists who may be affiliated with some of the opposition parties. 7 II. Post election political coverage: general trends Over the present monitoring period, the general coverage for political actors and issues was broad and regular, even if some clear differences in the volume of the coverage among media outlets emerged. Omdurman Radio and South Sudan TV showed the highest levels of political communication followed by Sudan TV, Khartoum State Radio and South Sudan Radio. On the contrary, private outlets devoted a significantly lower volume of coverage to politicians. Chart 1 Volume of coverage on political actors by media outlets Radio and television 3 3 Radio Junubna did not cover any political actors over the period monitored.

8 8 Junubna FM 0,1% Spirit FM 0,4% Liberty FM 1,6% Radio Bakhita 2,0% Radio Miraya 2,7% Blue Nile 4,1% SSR 12,3% Khartoum State Radio 12,4% Sudan TV 13,6% SSTV 22,1% Omdurman Radio 28,6% Base in seconds: Among the media outlets monitored, Akhbar Alyoum, Al Sudani, Al Sahafa and Akhir Lahza were the newspapers presenting the largest volume of political coverage. Chart 2 Volume of coverage on political actors by media outlets Press Altayar 0,16% Southern Eye 1,73% Juba Post 2,39% Sudan Vision 4,02% Al Intibaha 4,11% Al Ayam 4,72% Ajras Al huriah 4,77% El Tayar 4,85% The Citizen 4,93% Khartoum Monitor 5,95% Al Ray Al Aam 8,27% Akhir Lahza 11,44% Al Sahfa 11,67% Al Sudani 11,83% Akhbar Alyoum 19,15% Base in cm2: A clear difference was evident between the Northern and Southern press: while the former tended to cover politicians through news reporting, the latter presented a wider range of formats, including

9 editorials and paid advertising. This difference may be explained by the prominence of the debate on referendum in Southern newspapers. 9 Chart 3 Formats of coverage on political actors by media outlets Press Cartoon 0,1% 0,0% 0,1% 2,2% Announcement 0,7% 0,0% Interview Photo 0,8% 1,9% 1,3% 0,0% North South Paid political advertisement 1,4% 5,7% Editorial, analysis and opinions 1,4% 10,4% News 79,8% 94,2% Base in cm2: Issues related to the Referendum dominated in the media in both North and Southern Sudan, being by far the most prominent issue in the Sudanese media, where focus has been on the overall progress as well as technical and management aspects of the process. The Referendum Committee and the difficulties it continues to face in completing its formation and beginning to formally address its mandate, the appointment of local representatives/delegates of the committee in the Southern states, in addition to the numerous other issues related to the referendum such as the oil wealth, nationalities and the border demarcation in Abyei. This amidst a serious polarization of Northern and Southern committee members (represented by the and the ) which threatens to block progress and seriously obstruct the timely implementation of the Commission s activities. Two main parties, the and the dominated media reporting. This trend was particularly evident in audiovisual media where the two main parties together gathered 96 per cent of the overall coverage while all the other parties together received a total of 4 per cent. The press displayed a broader range of subjects and in the Southern press, the -DC managed to receive a wider coverage than previously. As observed in previous reports, editorial lines were based on the geographical target audiences of the different media outlets: the media targeting Northern audiences allocated the largest amount of coverage to the, while the media focussed on Southern audiences/ issues allotted almost their entire airtime and space to the.

10 Chart 4 Allocation of airtime in all audiovisual media 10 92,6% 83,3% South North 12,3% 3,8% 3,6% 4,4% s Base in seconds: Chart 5 Allocation of space in all print media 59,9% 62,9% South North 24,1% 23,6% 6,3% 4,9% 3,9% 3,5% 0,0% 0,7% 5,6% 1,1% 1,6% 1,5% 0,0% 0,3% s O -DC JNA Base in cm2: The tone of the coverage was mainly neutral or positive while negative tones were very sporadic, particularly on radio and television. On audiovisual media targeting the South, the was largely covered in a positive manner, with a number of news items praising the achievements of the SPLA and

11 the current political leadership. Also in the Souht, the press displayed higher levels of negative and critical tones that were mainly addressed against the two major parties and the -DC. 11 Chart 6 Tone of coverage in all audiovisual media s 0,0% 5,0% 10,0% 15,0% 20,0% 25,0% 30,0% 35,0% 40,0% 45,0% 50,0% Base in seconds: Chart 7 Tone of news coverage in all print media JNA -DC O s 0,0% 5,0% 10,0% 15,0% 20,0% 25,0% 30,0% 35,0% 40,0% 45,0% Base in cm2:

12 12 III. Hate Speech and Political Violence Coverage The episodes of inflammatory language during this period were extremely limited amounting to a total of 16 cases. Of these, 14 were observed in the press while only two were detected on television. Most of the episodes involved defamation and exchange of accusations among political actors, while the media were not directly the source of any offensive language. Chart 8 Types of hate speech in all media outlets Discrimination and racism; 1 Call for violence; 3 Calls for escalation of conflict; 1 Defamation; 11

13 Annex I Election and political coverage: charts 13 a. Television and radio news coverage Table 1 Allocation of airtime to parties by TV channel PARTY SSTV Sudan TV Blue Nile Total 97,2% 19,6% 23,8% 63,1% 0,9% 75,0% 66,4% 33,0% 0,0% 1,1% 1,5% 0,5% 0,7% 0,0% 0,0% 0,4% BC 0,0% 1,0% 0,4% 0,4% 0,6% 0,0% 0,1% 0,4% O 0,0% 0,3% 2,5% 0,3% JNA 0,0% 0,0% 2,2% 0,2% -DC 0,1% 0,5% 0,0% 0,2% 0,0% 0,4% 0,7% 0,2% UFP 0,0% 0,5% 0,0% 0,2% SSUDF 0,0% 0,4% 0,0% 0,1% USAP 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,1% 0,9% 0,1% USDF 0,1% 0,1% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,3% 0,1% 0,1% 0,0% 0,1% 0,7% 0,1% UDF 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% SANU 0,0% 0,1% 0,4% 0,1% SFLP 0,0% 0,1% 0,3% 0,1% UPRD 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% UP-C 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% FWP 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% ILP 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% NDUF 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% MBO 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% URRP 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% NASP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% EDP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% UDSF 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% AA 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% SBP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% Total 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% Base in absolute values (seconds)

14 14 PARTY Omdurman Radio Table 2 Allocation of airtime to parties by radio station Khartoum State Radio SSR Radio Miraya Radio Bakhita Liberty FM Spirit FM Junubna FM 84,6% 94,8% 6,7% 9,1% 6,3% 5,9% 21,5% 1,6% 62,0% 11,3% 3,0% 91,3% 83,1% 85,1% 75,5% 59,9% 60,9% 33,8% 0,1% 0,0% 1,2% 5,6% 6,3% 7,4% 10,5% 37,5% 1,1% -DC 0,6% 0,0% 0,3% 0,2% 0,2% 4,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,5% BC 0,8% 0,3% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,4% 0,5% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,3% O 0,5% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,3% 0,4% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 1,3% 0,0% 0,0% 0,2% 0,3% 0,1% 0,1% 0,3% 0,0% 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,2% 0,1% 0,5% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,2% 1,5% 0,5% 7,9% 0,0% 0,1% ILP 0,0% 0,7% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% UDF 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,6% 3,8% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% FWP 0,0% 0,4% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% SANU 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,9% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% AA 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% MBO 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,3% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% USDF 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,8% 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% SFLP 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% UP-C 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% JP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% SConP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,3% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% USAP 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% JNA 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% URRP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,4% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% UFP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% UPRD 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% SSDP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% BCP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% UDSF 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% Total 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% Base in absolute values (seconds) Total

15 15 Chart 9 Allocation of airtime and tone by party on Blue Nile TV -DC UP-C URRP SFLP BC SANU JNA O Seconds Chart 10 Allocation of airtime and tone by party on Sudan TV SBP USAP AA UDSF EDP NASP UDF MBO NDUF ILP FWP SFLP UP-C SANU USDF UPRD O SSUDF UFP -DC BC Seconds

16 16 Chart 11 Allocation of airtime and tone by party on South Sudan TV -DC UDF USDF USAP Seconds Chart 12 Allocation of airtime and tone by party on Junubna Radio Seconds

17 17 Chart 13 Allocation of airtime and tone by party on Khartoum State Radio UFP -DC UPRD BC FWP ILP Seconds Chart 14 Allocation of airtime and tone by party on Liberty Radio O URRP USDF UDF -DC Seconds

18 18 Chart 15 Allocation of airtime and tone by party on Omdurman Radio UPRD BCP UDSF SSDP UFP USDF JNA JP UP-C FWP SFLP SANU MBO AA O -DC BC Seconds Chart 16 Allocation of airtime and tone by party on Bakhita Radio USDF -DC UDF Seconds

19 19 Chart 17 Allocation of airtime and tone by party on Miraya Radio -DC SConP SANU Seconds Chart 18 Allocation of airtime and tone by party on Spirit FM Radio USDF Seconds

20 20 Chart 19 Allocation of airtime and tone by party on South Sudan Radio USAP -DC Seconds

21 b. The Press PARTY Akhbar Alyoum Al Sahfa Al Sudani Akhir Lahza Al Ray Al Aam Table 3 Allocation of airtime to parties by newspaper El Tayar Khartoum Monitor Al Ayam Ajras Al huriah The Citizen Al Intibaha 57,2% 63,5% 59,5% 64,7% 72,9% 72,8% 19,8% 61,0% 30,8% 23,8% 51,8% 61,9% 8,3% 1,7% 60,7% 54,6% 24,0% 20,5% 23,8% 15,1% 17,0% 16,1% 66,0% 29,4% 52,2% 64,5% 27,9% 31,4% 73,8% 89,4% 19,3% 29,7% O 4,0% 4,6% 5,3% 4,9% 2,6% 2,3% 0,0% 1,3% 3,8% 0,2% 4,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 6,6% 3,3% 5,8% 3,8% 3,3% 2,5% 2,3% 2,1% 0,2% 2,3% 3,7% 1,4% 1,6% 0,9% 1,8% 0,0% 5,5% 3,1% -DC 2,6% 0,5% 0,3% 1,1% 0,4% 0,6% 3,5% 1,3% 0,2% 5,7% 1,6% 3,7% 3,4% 3,6% 0,0% 1,6% JNA 0,8% 1,6% 1,9% 4,0% 1,2% 0,7% 0,0% 0,8% 3,0% 0,0% 1,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 1,4% 1,6% 0,8% 2,4% 2,1% 0,7% 1,1% 0,3% 1,5% 2,0% 0,6% 0,8% 0,0% 0,2% 0,8% 0,8% 1,3% 0,1% 0,1% 0,1% 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 7,1% 0,3% 0,3% 1,5% 1,6% 0,3% 9,0% 3,9% 0,0% 0,9% 1,0% 0,6% 1,0% 0,8% 0,7% 1,5% 0,1% 0,8% 1,7% 0,3% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,8% 0,4% 0,3% 0,7% 1,1% 0,5% 0,1% 0,6% 0,1% 1,0% 0,2% 6,9% 0,3% 0,0% 0,0% 2,2% 0,7% BC 0,2% 0,5% 0,4% 0,9% 0,5% 0,3% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,3% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,3% 0,3% 0,5% 0,1% 0,5% 0,6% 0,6% 0,5% 0,0% 0,1% 0,6% 0,1% 1,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,3% URRP 0,8% 0,4% 0,3% 0,5% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,6% 0,0% 0,5% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,3% NUP 0,6% 0,3% 0,1% 0,3% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,2% 0,2% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,2% AA 0,0% 0,2% 0,0% 0,1% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% BCP 0,1% 0,1% 0,2% 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% EDP 0,0% 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,3% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 3,0% 0,1% ILP 0,0% 0,5% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% MBO 0,1% 0,2% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,4% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,9% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% SANU 0,1% 0,1% 0,1% 0,1% 0,0% 0,1% 1,4% 0,1% 0,1% 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 1,5% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% UDF 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,4% 0,0% 0,0% 0,8% 0,7% 0,0% 0,1% UFP 0,0% 0,2% 0,0% 0,1% 0,1% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% UP-C 0,1% 0,1% 0,0% 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,3% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 1,8% 0,1% UPRD 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,2% 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% EPJD 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% FLP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% FWP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% IMP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% JP 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,2% 0,0% 0,1% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% Sudan Vision Juba Post Southern Eye Altayar Total

22 NASP 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% NDA 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% NFDM 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 1,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% NJP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% NLP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% NPAP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 1,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% NRP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% NSP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% NUDP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% PFDR 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% SA 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% SAP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% SConP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,2% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% SFLP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% SFNP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% SNFO 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% SNLP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% SSDP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% SSoliDP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% SSUDF 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% S 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% UDP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% UDSF 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% U 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% UPSF 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% USAP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% USDF 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,2% 0,0% 0,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% USNP 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% Total 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% Base in absolute values (cm2)

23 Chart 20 Allocation of space and tone in Ajras Al Huriah UP-C USAP AA FWP EDP FLP UDSF UFP MBO NASP JP SANU -DC NUP URRP JNA O cm2 Chart 21 Allocation of space and tone in Akhbar Alyoum FWP ILP SFNP NSP SNFO SNLP NLP UPRD EDP NUDP NRP JP SSDP UFP USAP AA NJP MBO UDSF SANU UP-C BCP NASP BC NUP URRP JNA -DC O cm2 Chart 22 Allocation of space and tone in Akhir Lahza

24 24 USAP UDSF NJP PFDR NUDP SFLP USNP IMP S SSoliDP SNLP JP UFP FWP SA AA EDP UDP SANU MBO UPRD BCP NUP UP-C URRP BC -DC JNA O cm2 Chart 23 Allocation of space and tone in Al Ayam UDSF UFP UP-C SAP MBO JP NASP AA SANU USDF NUP EDP JNA O -DC cm2 Chart 24 Allocation of space and tone in Al Intibaha

25 25 USAP UP-C SFLP SANU AA UPSF EDP NUP UPRD ILP SConP BC URRP FWP MBO UFP JNA -DC O cm2 Chart 25 Allocation of space and tone in Al Ray Al Aam JP UP-C NFDM NDA USAP UDSF SFLP SANU EDP NUP ILP MBO URRP SAP FWP BCP UFP AA UPRD -DC JNA BC O cm2 Chart 26 Allocation of space and tone in Al Sahfa

26 26 EPJD FWP SSDP USAP SConP UPRD NASP UDSF SFLP NLP SANU BCP UP-C EDP JP MBO UFP AA NUP URRP ILP BC -DC JNA O cm2 Chart 27 Allocation of space and tone in Al Sudani U AA USAP NASP UFP SAP JP EDP MBO UP-C SSUDF SANU SA UPRD NUP USDF BCP -DC URRP BC JNA O cm2

27 27 Chart 28 Allocation of space and tone in Altayar UP-C EDP O cm2 Chart 29 Allocation of space and tone in El Tayar SAP SConP NJP URRP EDP SSDP UFP SANU JP BC MBO -DC JNA NFDM O cm2 Chart 30 Allocation of space and tone in Juba Post

28 28 UDF NPAP USDF -DC cm2 Chart 31 Allocation of space and tone in Khartoum Monitor USAP UDF USDF UP-C SANU -DC cm2 Chart 32 Allocation of space and tone in Southern Eye

29 29 UDF -DC cm2 Chart 33 Allocation of space and tone in Sudan Vision USDF UDSF NLP -DC cm2 Chart 34 Allocation of space and tone in The Citizen

30 30 URRP USDF SANU O UP-C UDF -DC cm2

31 31 List of abbreviations of political parties Party AA ADP A BCP O DUSP EDP EPJD FotS FWP HDP ILP IMP JAP JNA LDP MBO MP MSOP MSUP NASP NDA NDFP NDP NDUF NFDM NIF NJP NLP NNDP NPAP NPP NRenP NRP NSP NUDP NUP PCongP PFDR PSJP RCP SA SANP SANU SAP Name Ansar Alsona Awareness Democratic Party African National Congress Party Beja Congress Party Democratic Unionist Party - Al Digair Democratic Unionist Party - Original Democratic United Salvation Party Eastern Democratic Party Eastern Party - Justice and Development Front of the South Free Will Party Hagiga Democratic Party Islamic Liberation Party Islamic Moderate Party Juba Alliance Party Juba National Alliance Liberal Democrats Party Muslim Brothers Organisation Movement Party Modern Sudan Organisation Party Maoyst Socialist Unionist Party Nassiri Arab Socialists Party National Congress Party National Democratic Alliance National Democratic Front Party National Democratic Party National Democratic United Front New Forces Democratic Movement National Islamic Front National Justice Party National Liberation Party New National Democratic Party National People's Alliance Party National Popular Party National Renaissance Party National Reform Party New Sudan Party Nassiri Unionist Democratic Party National Unionist Party People's Congress Party Popular Congress Party Peoples' Forces and Democratic Rights Progress and Social Justice Party Revolutionist Committees Party Sudan Ana Sudan African National Party Sudan African National Union Sudan Alliance Party

32 SBP Sudanese Baath Party SConP Sudanese Congress Party Sudanese Communist Party SDCMP Sudanese Democratic Change Movement Party SDPCES Social Democratic Party Congress Eastern Sudan SFLP Sudanese Free Lions Party SFNP Sudanese Free National Party SLFOP Sudan Labour Forces Organisation Party SNFGUP South and North Funj General Union Party SNFO Sudanese National Front Organisation SNLP Sudanese National Labour Party Sudan People s Liberation Movement -DC DC - Sudan People s Liberation Movement South Sudan Democratic Forum SSDP Sudanese Socialist Democratic Party SSoliDP Sudanese Solidarity Democratic Party SSUDF South Sudan United Democratic Front SUDPC Sudanese United Democratic Party Congress SUFP Sudanese United Forces Party S Sudanese United National Party UDF United Democratic Front UDP United Democratic Party UDSPF Union of Democratic Socialist Party Fatma U United Democratic Unionist Party UFP Umma Federal Party Umma National Party UP-C Umma Party - Collective UPopF United Popular Front UPRD Umma Party - Reform and Development URRP Umma Renewal and Reform Party USAP Union of the Sudanese African Parties USDF United Salvation Democratic Front USNP United Sudan National Party USSP United South Sudan Party WANUP Wadi Al-Neel Unionist Party WBP White Brigade Party 32

33 33