in the true sense of the word is

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2 Peace in the true sense of the word is peace of hearts and minds, through justice, tolerance and happiness, for God is love. Félix Houphouët-Boigny UNESCO Headquarters. Paris, 18 May 1993

3 Paris, i8 May 1993 Ceremony for the Award of the 1992 Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize to The Hague Academy of International Law IN [S i i United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

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5 Foreword Having honoured in 1991 two outstanding figures in South African political life, Nelson Mandela and Frederik W. De Klerk, who are devoting their efforts to the establishment of a multiracial, democratic and united society in their common homeland, the International Jury of the Félix Houphouët- Boigny Peace Prize decided at its second annual meeting to award the 1992 Prize to The Hague Academy of International Law. This decision to honour one of the most distinguished institutions for the teaching of public and private international law reflects the wish of the Jury - as expressed by its President Dr Henry A. Kissinger, when he officially announced the prize-winner - 'to give international law a larger role in the settlement of international disputes and in the solution of international problems.' The Hague Academy of International Law, first created in 1913, has for over seventy years upheld a humanistic tradition and a lofty conception of the rules which should govern relationships between States. Through its philosophy of international relations and its teaching of the theory, practice and jurisprudence of international law, it helps to maintain and strengthen the principles of peaceful coexistence founded on dialogue and respect for others. UNESCO welcomes the Jury's choice, which is in keeping with the guiding principles of its own philosophy and action and confirms the standing already acquired by the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize among international awards designed to promote the cause of peace. President Félix Houphouët-Boigny, the Prize's sponsor, is welcomed on his arrival at UNESCO Headquarters by the Director-General, Mr Federico Mayor. Federico Mayor

6 The International Jury of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize, at its meeting on 13 October 1992 at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, awarded the 1992 prize to The Hague Academy of International Law Mr Henry A. Kissinger, President of the Jury, officially announcing the prize-winner, said: 'We believe the world is in a new phase of international relations. Quite different from the one through which we have just gone, not so much characterized by superpower conflict as by the outbreak of ethnic quarrels, guerrilla wars, all kinds of international disturbances, and we are convinced that international law must be given a larger role in the settlement of international disputes and in the solution of international problems.' The official ceremony was held on 18 May 1993 at UNESCO Headquarters

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8 The Hague Academy of International Law The Peace Palace in The Hague, Headquarters of the Academy of International Law. The Hague Academy of International Law is a highly respected and authori tative scientific body which is distinguished by a spirit of freedom and respect for others, very close to the great international organizations and especially to the United Nations and its judicial organ, the International Court of Justice. It contributes to the strengthening of all those values which are preconditions for peace. Founded in 1913 in Paris, it began its work in 1923 in The Hague, at the Peace Palace, where the International Court of Justice also has its seat. It is a centre for studies and teaching on public and private international law and related sciences. Its aim is to spread and deepen the knowledge of international law in order to promote peace and goodwill between nations and to contribute to ensuring that disputes between States are solved through negotiation and not through violence. By a resolution of 21 December 1992, the General Assembly of the United Nations encourages the Academy to continue co-operating with the States to promote 'the teaching, study, dissemination and wider appreciation of international law'. The lectures of this distinguished institution are delivered at the Peace Palace in The Hague by well known lawyers from all regions of the world and cover the theory and practice of international law as well as international legislation and jurisprudence. The Collected Courses of the Academy, amounting to over 230 volumes, form a collection unique of its kind. It enjoys very high scien tific prestige. In co-operation with the United Nations University, the Academy has organized Workshops on major themes which lie at the heart of the concerns of Governments all over the world. The titles of the volumes resulting from these Workshops already published are the following: Legal Aspects of Economic Integration (1971), The Right to Health as a Human Right (1978), The Right to Development at the International Level (1979), The New International Economic Order: Commercial, Technological and Cultural Aspects (1980), The Management of Humanity's Resources: The Law of the Sea (1981), The Settlement of Disputes on the New Natural Resources (1982), The Future of International Law in a Multicultural World (1983), The Future of the International Law of the Environment (1984), The Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes in Europe: Future Prospects (1990), Development of the Role of the Security Council (1992).

9 The working languages of the Academy are French and English. In a resolution adopted on 2 September 1987, the French-speaking Community's Summit at Quebec praised the Academy as an example of international bilingualism. The Academy's external programme enables it to extend its promotional activities in international law in support of peace and human rights in Africa, Latin America and Asia. Finally, the Academy is a real international network of leading figures in the diplomatic or legal spheres, who, through the positions they hold, play an influential role in their own countries or on the international scene. Five judges or former judges of the International Court of Justice, and the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Mr Boutros Boutros-Ghali, sit, in their personal capacity, on the Curatorium of the Academy, which enjoys the active support of jurists all over the world. 10 The Hague Academy of International Law Peace Palace Carnegieplein KJ The Hague The Netherlands

10 The Governing Bodies of The Hague Academy of International Law The Curatorium President H.E. R. Ago Judge at the International Court of Justice. Former Member of the International Law Commission of the United Nations. Member of the International Law Institute. Vice-President Sir Francis Vallat Professor emeritus at the University of London. Former President of the International Law Commission of the United Nations. Member of the International Law Institute. Members H.E. Boutros Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General of the United Nations. Former Member of the International Law Commission of the United Nations. Member of the International Law Institute. R-J. Dupuy Professor at the Collège de France (Paris). Member of the International Law Institute. W. Riphagen Professor emeritus at the Erasmus University, Rotterdam. Former Member of the International Law Commission of the United Nations. H.E. J.M. Ruda Former Judge and former President of the International Court of Justice. Former Member of the International Law Commission of the United Nations. Member of the International Law Institute. W. Schürer Trustee of the St. Gallen Foundation for International Studies. K. Skubiszewski, Professor at the Institute of Legal Sciences of the Polish Academy, Member of this Academy, Member of the International Law Institute. P.D. Trooboff, Attorney-at-law in Washington, D.C. Member of the District of Columbia and New York Bars. Secretary-General ofthe Academy D. Bardonnet Professor at the University of Law, Economics and Social Sciences of Paris. Member of the International Law Institute. The Administrative Council President H.E. M. van der Stoel Former Minister for Foreign Affairs of The Netherlands. Member of the Council of State. Minister of State. Members G. van Benthem van den Bergh Professor at the Erasmus University, Rotterdam. Mrs. A.C. van den Blink Vice-President of the Supreme Court. M.C. Brands Professor of Modern History at the University of Amsterdam. 11 H.E. K. Mbaye Former President of the Constitutional Council of Senegal. Former Vice-President of the International Court of Justice. Member of the International Law Institute. H.E. H. Mosler Former Judge at the International Court of Justice. Member of the International Law Institute. H.E. S. Oda Vice-President of the International Court of Justice. Member of the International Law Institute. A. Philip Prof. Dr Juris and Attorney-at-law in Copenhagen. Member of the International Law Institute. H.E. A. Truyol Serra Former Judge at the Constitutional Court of Spain. Member of the International Law Institute. G. Tunkin Professor at the University of Moscow. Former Member of the International Law Commission of the United Nations. Member of the International Law Institute. H.E. D. Uribe Vargas Professor at the National University of Colombia, Former Ambassador of Colombia in France. P. de Visscher Professor emeritus at the Faculty of Law of the Catholic University of Louvain. Former Secretary-General of the International Law Institute. R. Dolman Former Chief of Research and Documentation Branch. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. L.C. van Wachem Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company. D. M. N. van Wensveen Chairman of the Managing Board of the Bank Mees & Hope N. V. Special Representative of the Academy W. Schürer Trustee of the St. Gallen Foundation for International Studies. Treasurer of the Academy W.A. Hamel

11 Group portrait of the guests of honour invited by the Jury and the Director- General in the Hall of Ceremonies for the signing of the Visitors' Book. With the Prize's sponsor, can be seen H.M. Queen Beatrix of The Netherlands, Mr François Mitterrand, President of the French Republic, Mr Mario Soares, President of the Portuguese Republic, Mr Federico Mayor, Director-General of UNESCO, and Mr Alioune Traoré, Executive Secretary of the Prize.

12 H.M. Queen Beatrix of The Netherlands signs the Visitors' Book, followed by Mr François Mitterrand, President of the French Republic. 13

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14 Mr Mario Soares, President of the Portuguese Republic, Judge Roberto Ago, President of the Curatorium of the Academy of International Law, and Mr Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of the Republic of Côte d'ivoire, the Prize's sponsor, sign the Visitors' Book. 15

15 The orchestra, directed by MrJorge Lozano Corres, and the choir 'Les Voix Unies' opened the ceremony with a performance of the 'Gloria' by Vivaldi

16 Address by Mr Federico Mayor Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Your Majesty, Mr President of the French Republic, Mr President of the Portuguese Republic, Mr President of the Republic of Côte d'ivoire, Mr President of the Curatorium of The Hague Academy of International Law, Distinguished Vice-Presidents and Members of the Jury, Mr President of the International Court of Justice, Your Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is an honour and a pleasure for me to welcome today at UNESCO, on the occasion of the presentation of the 1992 Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize to The Hague Academy of International Law, so many eminent persons whose names are linked with the defence of the ideals of justice, solidarity and respect for human rights which have guided UNESCO's action since its inception. I should like first of all to welcome Her Majesty Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, who has been good enough to come here today to express her regard and esteem for the action of the prestigious institution that is the winner of the prize. I also wish to greet and to thank for his presence, Mr François Mitterrand, President of the French Republic, who has so often proved his concern to promote the rule of law and who has agreed once again to bear witness to the host country's support. I welcome Mr Mario Soares, President of the Portuguese Republic, whose perseverence in working for the negotiated settlement of conflicts places him naturally among the participants in this ceremony to honour the law in the service of peace. I should also like to greet Sir Robert Yewdall Jennings, President of the International Court of Justice, a special guest of the Jury, which expressed the hope that the award of the prize this year would take the form of an event designed to highlight the place of international law in the settlement of international conflicts and wished to associate with it the institution of the United Nations system specializing in such matters. I should like to thank the President of the General Conference and the Chairperson and members of the Executive Board for having agreed to suspend the Board's work for a short time to enable them to take part in the ceremony. 17

17 In addition, I wish to pay tribute to a brave activist in the cause of human rights, a woman who, by her action to promote democracy and freedom of expression, has exposed herself to ordeals which she is still enduring today, and whose determination was honoured in 1991 by the award of the Nobel Peace Prize. I am speaking of Ms Aung San Suu Kyi, whose inability to reply to my invitation I deeply regret. Wherever she may be, may she know that we are with her in spirit in her ordeals and that we hope to see her among us very soon. Finally, I am delighted to welcome the sponsor of the prize, Mr Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of the Republic of Côte d'ivoire, to this platform. Allow me, Mr President, to pay tribute once again to your action in the service of peace, justice and dialogue. As the mediator of many conflicts and the guarantor of peaceful coexistence on the African continent, you are indeed the Wise Man to whom many people turn for your opinions and counsel. Your Majesty, Your Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, 18 I shall simply quote one sentence among many others from our Constitution - in which I often seek inspiration and which is remarkably topical. Since a peace based 'exclusively upon the political and economic arrangements of governments would not be a peace... [it] must therefore be founded, if it is not to fail, upon the intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind'. In our troubled times, when landmarks are disappearing, when certainties are crumbling, when balances are tilting, how can we fail to understand that, if we are to take up the new vital challenges awaiting us, whose names are population, environment, poverty, famine and fanaticism, we have no choice but to found such solidarity? To save ourselves from 'the end of hope', which, as General de Gaulle said, is 'the beginning of death', we must redouble our efforts, in private as in public, to ensure that behaviour based on sharing, non-violence and respect for the law will prevail. It is this last pillar that The Hague Academy of International Law has been helping to consolidate since it was established in 1913: it teaches international public and private law in summer courses which many specialists attend in order to perfect their knowledge of the theory and practice of international law. In 1992, for example, more than 600 people from nearly 100 countries had the benefit of this teaching. In addition, the collection of the Academy's courses since their inception, running to more than 230 volumes, is an invaluable reference source for legal experts the world over. Through a foreign programme which enables it to send ten or so professors to teach in the developing countries every year, the Academy also contributes to the sharing of high-level specialized knowledge, the lack of which is so keenly felt by the least favoured nations.

18 Finally, this distinguished institution is a truly international network of eminent persons from the diplomatic and legal fields. Five judges or former judges of the International Court of Justice and the Secretary- General of the United Nations, Mr Boutros Boutros-Ghali, have been serving on the Curatorium of the Academy in a personal capacity for many years. It is therefore with great pleasure that I shall, in a few moments, beside the President of the Jury, present the Félix Houphouët- Boigny Peace Prize to The Hague Academy of International Law. Ladies and Gentlemen, While reflecting on the 'advamages', if one may call them thus, of war, Henry de Montherlant noted nevertheless that 'one has to cope with peace'. Yes, indeed, violence is certainly easier, more spectacular than self-control and respect for others. But humanity will owe its survival and its develop ment to non-violence and peace. Peace is equity, justice and love. As Mr Houphouët-Boigny said in 1986 on the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the African Democratic Rally: 'Our fight is not over; it will never be over. The real fight goes on, and is the fight for peace'. UNESCO's main auditorium during the ceremony for the award of the 1992 Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize. 19

19 Address by Mr Joseph Verner Reed Under-Secretary-General, Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations Your Majesty, Mr President of the French Republic, Mr President of the Republic of Côte d'ivoire, Mr President of the Portuguese Republic, Mr Director-General, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is an honour for me to be here as the personal representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Dr Boutros Boutros-Ghali. The Secretary- General would have very much liked to have been here on this great occasion and asked me to come to Paris, which I was honoured to do, and I would like to read his very personal message which he took the time to work on himself this past week-end, between sessions of the Security Council: 20 In awarding the Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize to the Academy of International Law, the jury is rewarding a place of learning, a place of free dom and an institution that is dear to my heart. Since 1923, through its teaching and research, the Academy has been performing a mission for peace, a mission that is essential to the international community. It represents one of the prestigious forums for the teaching of publicists, which Article 38 of the International Court of Justice correctly describes as 'subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law'. Through its general and specialized courses, through its seminars and its symposia, the Academy brings together the most eminent jurists in public and private international law. The teachings offered form a veritable school of freedom - freedom of the spirit, freedom of method, freedom of operation. Each year, the United Nations General Assembly does not fail to commend the Academy's contribution to the 'teaching, study, dis semination and wider appreciation of international law'. My relationship with the Academy of International Law is in the form of a long working association. I remember that as a young student at the Faculty of Law, I would eagerly consult the indispensable Collected Courses, contemplating

20 with interest the photographs of the lecturers and reading, with a mixture of admiration and trepidation, the long list of publications often accompanying their biographies. It was subsequently as an auditor that my regular visits to the Peace Palace at The Hague really began. Since then the Academy has marked out the course of my university life, welcoming me as a Professor since 1960 and, on two occasions, as the Director of a Research Centre. At the same time, as always, the Academy has opened itself to the world. From semester to semester young people from all the nations arrive in larger numbers. Young teachers, young diplomats, mag istrates, lawyers, international officials, senior students learn the rules of the law of peace together. For more than 25 years the Academy has been carrying out original activities for jurists and diplomats of the third world, granting scholarships which enable the young people from these countries to partici pate in summer semesters at The Hague. I am happy to have been the instigator of the 'external programmes' which have been carried out alternatively in Africa, Latin America and Asia. It is with emotion that I remember having participated in that first experience, in the early 1970's, at Rabat. Since it has honoured me by appointing me to its Curatorium, I appreciate the importance of its activities more and more. I am a witness of the great dedication with which they and, in particular, its President Judge Roberto Ago and his Secretary-General, Professor Daniel Bardonnet, urge on those who sustain it. Thanks to the efforts of them all, the Academy has thus established an incomparable scientific community throughout the world. Even today, whenever a friend takes me into his library and I notice the long green shelves there where the Collected Courses are assem bled, I still feel it to be a renewed scientific partnership. Through this personal remembrance I wanted to pay homage to the Academy of International Law, the strong bonds it continues to main tain between its members, its auditors and the readers of its publications, and to underline how much it contributes to the great adventure of inter national law. On my own behalf and on behalf of the United Nations Organization, I am so very happy that the Academy is today receiving a recognition that it so richly deserves. 21

21 In the Hall of Ceremonies, Professor Abdus Salam, "Winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics, Vice-President of the Jury, converses with President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.

22 Address by Mr Pieter Dankert Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of The Netherlands, where the Academy of International Law has its Headquarters. Your Majesty, Mr President of the French Republic, Mr President of the Portuguese Republic, Mr President of the Republic of Côte d'ivoire, Mr Director-General of UNESCO, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, The Netherlands Government is most gratified that the Jury should have chosen to award this year's Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize to The Hague Academy of International Law. President Houphouët-Boigny's policy has always been directed towards the maintenance of peace and neutrality in Africa, aware as he was that dialogue had to supplant confrontation. This viewpoint is clearly reflected in the awarding of his prize to The Hague Academy of Inter national Law, since the Academy's activities - the promotion and spreading of knowledge in the area of international law - contribute to the establish ment of peaceful international relations. The Jury has thus once more recog nized the importance of imernational law as the foundation of present day international society. The Netherlands Government can only give its most heartfelt approval. In choosing the Academy, the Jury, in the opinion of the Netherlands Government, has also found a worthy successor to the previous prize-winners - President De Klerk of South Africa and his fellowcountryman, Nelson Mandela. This represents the culmination of efforts to secure the recognition of fundamemal principles such as justice, equity and equality. It is striking to note how deeply the two Peace Conferences which were held at the beginning of the cemury in The Hague have left their mark on today's world. This especially applies to the Convention for the peaceful settlement of international disputes. With the aim of preventing recourse to violence in relations between States, this Convention lays down rules for the use of good offices, mediation, commissions of enquiry and arbitration commissions. Lastly, the Convention provides for the establish ment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which sits at the Peace Palace. Another achievement of The Hague Peace Conference of 1907 was to call for the creation, in addition to this Permanent Court of Arbitration, of an institution for the teaching of imernational law. 23

23 This led, in 1913, to the creation of the Academy of Inter national Law which, according to its constitution, would sit at the Peace Palace in The Hague. The International Court of Justice, the highest legal authority of the United Nations, also sits at the Peace Palace. It was about the same time, at the beginning of the 1920s, that the International Court of Justice and the Academy began their activi ties in the very same Palace. The fact that the seat of the Academy of International Law should be in the same city as that of the Netherlands Government is more than just symbolic. The Netherlands Government is indeed particularly keen that The Hague should be recognized as a centre of international law, firstly because we feel that international law has an important role to play in inter national relations. Under the terms of our constitution, the government 24 should stimulate the development of international juridical order. The sec ond reason is that this function of The Hague's is an effective stimulus to the study and development of international law. By choosing The Hague as the seat of a possible ad hoc tri bunal for judging war crimes committed in Yugoslavia, the General Secretariat of the United Nations has demonstrated its acknowledgment of the importance of a concentration of institutions active in the same field. This concentration does not only have a stimulating and complementary effect but also enables effective use to be made of available resources. This is why my government will favourably receive any future request by the General Secretariat of the United Nations for the setting up of this tribunal in The Hague. International law sets itself the goal of formulating a num ber of universal values and lines of conduct which are applicable in a society which is multiracial and multicultural and has divergent political and eco nomic interests. The Academy provides a valuable contribution to the for mulation of these values and lines of conduct. This IS why we hope that this a'ward will encourage other governments to contribute to the activities of the Academy and to help con solidate them in the future.

24 Seated on the podium at the ceremony, the heads of State, the Director-General of UNESCO, the prize-winner's representative, the members of the Jury and the guests of honour of the Organization.

25 The Ceremony was held in a packed auditorium, where Mr Henri Konan Bédié, President of the National Assembly of Côte d'ivoire, can be seen seated next to Mr Michel Roussin, French Ministerfor Co-operation. Among the guests of honour are, from left to right: Air Michel Roussin, French Minister for Co-operation, H.M. Queen Beatrix of The Netherlands, Mr Jacques Chirac, former French Prime Minister and Mayor of Paris, H.R.H. Princess Cristina of Spain. 26 Mrs Mario Soares, wife of the President of the Portuguese Republic, with Mr Philippe Yace, President of the Economic and Social Council of Côte d'ivoire, Mrs Félix Houphouët-Boigny and Mrs Federico Mayor.

26 Address by Mr Mario Soares President of the Portuguese Republic Your Majesty, Mr President Houphouët-Boigny, Mr President François Mitterrand, Your Royal Highness, Mr Director-General of UNESCO, Mr Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations, Mr President of The Hague Academy of International Law, Mr President of the International Court of Justice, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is a great pleasure for me to be present at this ceremony for the award of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize to The Hague Academy of International Law, since it provides me with an opportunity to pay homage to that great figure and head of state, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, to stress the role which UNESCO plays in the search for peace and in the promotion of cultural bonds among peoples, and also to draw attention to the contribu tion which The Hague Academy is currently inaking to the solution of the grave problems of today's world. President Houphouët-Boigny is a figure who first won respect for the struggle which he waged for the cause of the freedom of col onized peoples and, later, for the pursuit of peace and understanding among all peoples, especially the peoples of Africa. He carries out his mission unflaggingly and with a courage and determination which deserve both our admiration and support. The hospitality which he showed to the representatives of the Govcrninent of Luanda and UNITA for the holding of their negotia tions - which, it is hoped, will lead to a cease-fire is an immediate example of President Houphouët-Boigny's attachment to peace, that vital condition for progress and the building of a more brotherly and more equitable world. As someone who has always fought for the freedom of colonized peoples, and as a friend of the people of Angola, I would like to take this occasion to assure him of my highest consideration and great respect. UNESCO, as the world's greatest forum for the meeting of the most diversified cultures, where they are expressed in full free dom, enriching one another through the debate of ideas and contact between people, is an organization which, in the years to come, will play an increasingly important role. In the person of its illustrious Director-General, 27

27 my friend Professor Federico Mayor, I greet all those who work for this Organization and who continue to keep alive the spirit of dialogue between different peoples and cultures. The awarding of the Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize to The Hague Academy of International Law is an act of justice and comes at a highly opportune moment. An act of justice because, since it was created eighty years ago, the Academy has worked constantly for the defence of the supremacy of international law in the relations between States. It is also opportune because it comes at a time when the world is witnessing a revival of tendencies such as racism, xenophobia and nationalist and religious fundamentalism, which are in themselves grave vio lations of the principles of Human Rights and which are at the root of sever al conflicts within States and between States. In today's chaotic and confused world, we must, as the President of the Jury for the Prize, Mr Henry Kissinger, said, 'grant a greater place to imernational law in the settlement of international conflicts' and enforce respect for the principles of the United Nations Charter and the resolutions of its organs if the world is no longer to be governed by the will of the strongest but by the universal principles of Law. 28 Surrounding Judge Roberto Ago, President of the Curatorium of The Hague Academy of International Law, can be seen to the right, Mr Pierre Elliott Trudeau and Mr Mohammed Bedjaoui, members of the Jury, and to the left, Mr Jean Foyer, Vice-President of the Jury and Mrs Jean Foyer.

28 Address by Mr François Mitterrand President of the French Republic Your Majesty, Mr President of the Portuguese Republic, Mr President of the Republic of Côte d'ivoire, Mr Director-General, Ladies and Gemlemen, The Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize means a great deal to me, having known the President of Côte d'ivoire for so many years, since his has been a life devoted first to the defence of his own people, then to the equilibrium of the political life of Africa and, lastly, to the defence of peace. This prize, generously created by President Houphouët-Boigny in 1991 to honour those who act for peace, is going this year to The Hague Academy of Inter national Law. There have been many reasons for this choice, which the Members of the Jury are better qualified to describe than me. Suffice it to say here that The Hague Academy of Imernational Law and the long-stand ing tradition of the defence of law in that city and in that country give a spe cial meaning to the 1992 Prize. In the long history of human society, the too-often stifled voice of law has rarely - one might even sadly say, almost never - prevailed over the clash of arms. Nevertheless, law throughout the course of history has been more closely related to war than these apparently contradictory words might suggest. After all, peace treaties are, in most cases, one of the oldest manifestations of the influence of law on international relations; at the same time, however, they are more often than not the instrument by which the victor imposes his law on the vanquished. Had the law not progressed beyond that stage, it would, in fact, be no more than a way of legitimating force, while to our way of thinking this cannot be its function. It is precisely because treaties have always been the result of the imposition of force, because they have always been planned to last until the end of time - while they in fact usually only last a few decades - that the smouldering fires of passion, wrath and the desire for revenge flare up again and again. Nevertheless, since the now nameless clerics of the Middle Ages who strove to promote the 'truce of God', to figures such as Henri Dunam, from the theoreticians of 'the just war' to the promoters of The Hague and Geneva Convemions, countless men and women have struggled to contain the devastating horror of war. 29

29 This gave birth to the 'humanitarian law of war', a para doxical but frequently used expression which marks both the progress achieved and the limits of this progress. In accordance with the principle laid down in 1899, 'belligerents do not', hereinafter, 'have an unlimited right to harm the enemy', which means that, in essence, the resort to arms remains licit. In spite of this principle, it is against war itself which we must wage 30 war. As we all remember, the Charter of the League of Nations and later the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 both outlawed war, but failed to create the basis for an international order based on law. As it was, they were unable to prevent the cataclysm of the Second World War, and the League of Nations expired with its idealism, respectable but ultimately incapable of imposing its law. In 1945, when the peoples which joined the United Nations, with their heightened awareness of what they had just lived through, declared themselves determined, and I quote from the Charter, 'to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained', it appeared that a decisive step forward had been taken, and this was true. However, what followed, as you all know, was, practically everywhere in the world, a succession of conflicts, bloody struggles, tribal and ethnic warfare, the re-kindling of ancient enmities and claims, the con tinuing influence of geography on history and, finally, the inability of the United Nations - in spite of its many merits - to prevent echoes of these age-old struggles from being heard again in all parts of the globe. As we know, juridical rules can only fully perform their function of guaranteeing social and national order if they contribute towards ensuring justice, freedom and equality among men. These words may seem grandiose, but we must love them and serve them - and this is as valid in international society as elsewhere. However, the advent of this international law is only conceivable if, as is required by the Charter of the United Nations, generally accepted and respected standards lead to the creation of 'conditions of stability and well-being which are necessary for peaceful and friendly relations among nations'. To achieve this, we have had to wage a relentless struggle against the intolerable inequalities of development and to maintain a constant vigilance which, although often failing to quell the onslaught of ambition and fury, have given us hope that - with the passing of time and as our efforts increase - the universality, the respect and the promotion of Human Rights will finally triumph. It was you, Mr President, Judge Ago - among us here today, and to whom I extend my personal congratulations - who reminded us, in 1956, how States, 'jealous of their equality and their freedom of action, were naturally reluctant to accept the legal judgments aimed at regulating their situation and reciprocal relations'. The observation is not a pessimistic one,

30 since you are no pessimist, but rather it stresses the immense difficulty which lies before us if we are to finally vanquish the legacy of the past. This is why we must help you and why we must help your Academy and all those who work in the field of law by fashioning for them instruments with which they can inspire trust, by creating procedures which will guarantee a hearing to all defenders of peace - in a word, by creating institutions that will lay the foundations for co-operation, will make it possible to arbitrate and to which international disagreements will be submitted. France has put itself to the task, through the CSCE, which, following France's initiative - taken together with Germany - has prepared a convention creating a Court of settlement and arbitration. The Convention has already been signed and will, I hope, soon be ratified. This is one example of the efforts which are currently being made. In France we also feel, in solidarity with the victims of offences against international law, that such offences should be firmly punished. This is why France, as well as taking part in the peace-keeping operations of the United Nations wherever they are needed and especially, at this moment, in the former Yugoslavia - and France is the country which supplies the greatest number of soldiers for the defence of peace in the world - this, I repeat, is why France proposes the creation of an international tribunal for the punishment of crimes against humanity, wherever they are committed and, first of all, the crimes committed in the country of which I have just spoken. By proclaiming the 1990s the 'United Nations Decade of International Law', the General Assembly has expressed its conviction about the 'pre-eminence of law in international relations', thus reviving the old dream - which should no longer be just a dream - of 'peace through law'. Through its patient action for the promotion and spreading of the law of nations, The Hague Academy of International Law has made and continues to make a major contribution to turning this dream into reality. It was right that the members of the Jury should have chosen the Academy, and we have come here today to express our approval of their choice. Ladies and Gentlemen of the Academy, France congratu lates you on this award and thanks you for your contribution to peace through law. May our good wishes go with you. 31

31 Address by Mr Jean Foyer Vice-President of the International Jury Madam, Mr President of the French Republic, Mr President of the Portuguese Republic, Mr President of the Repubhc of Côte d'ivoire, Mr Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations, Mr President of the International Court of Justice, Mr Director-General, Mr President of The Hague Academy of International Law, Ladies, Gentlemen, Before proceeding with my duties, I would like to read out the message which I received yesterday evening from His Excellency Mr Abdou Diouf, President of the Republic of Senegal, Acting President of the O.A.U. and Acting President of the Islamic Conference, on this occasion of the award of the 1992 Houphouët-Boigny Prize. Here is the text: 32 'Mr President of the Jury, On the occasion of the ceremony for the award of the 1992 Houphouët- Boigny Peace Prize, which is now being held at the Headquarters of UNESCO, it is with great pleasure that I extend my warmest congratulations to The Hague Academy of International Law, whose exemplary role in the building of a world governed by law and devoted to peace is, on this 18 May, being acknowledged here. Mr President, I would like to take this opportunity to reaffirm Africa's support for those values which are the basis of international law, and the high esteem in which we place the UNESCO Peace Prize bearing the name of Félix Houphouët- Boigny, this tireless champion of dialogue and tolerance who has devoted his whole life to promoting peace, brotherhood and solidarity among men. My warmest congratulations go to Mr Federico Mayor, who, with the unanimous support of the General Conference, has instituted and set in motion this international instrument for the promotion of peace, which increases the effectiveness of UNESCO and illustrates the ideals and the aspirations of the founding fathers of the Organization. Furthermore, I would like to once more assure the Director- General of the full support of Africa and, especially, of the Government of

32 Senegal, which, in agreement with many other friendly countries, hopes that he will carry on with the remarkable work which he is doing at the head of UNESCO. It is also my pleasure to congratulate the jury of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize, its President, Mr Henry Kissinger, and its eminent members who, through their personal prestige and the pertinence of their choices, have from the outset, raised the Prize to the highest international level, in close cooperation with the Director-General Mr Mayor and his colleague Mr Traoré, the Executive Secretary of the Prize and worthy representative of Africa, to whose discreet and effective action in the service of international cooperation we pay tribute. Lastly, I would like to greet the eminent figures who are present in this room, and the many famous people who have come to pay homage to The Hague Academy of International Law and to President Félix Houphouët-Boigny. Signed, Abdou Diouf.' In the absence of the President of the International Jury, Professor Kissinger, who is currently performing a peace mission in the Far East, it is my honour to outline to Your Majesty and Your Excellencies the reason for which the Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize has been awarded to The Hague Academy of International Law. I am all the more touched by this honour tonight because you, Mr President of the Republic of Côte d'ivoire, the founder of the prize, are with us here to attend the award ceremony. Thirty-five years ago, you were a Minister of State in the Government of General De Gaulle, with special responsibility for defining France's new relationships with the coun tries which you had so skilfully led to political independence. You then did me the great honour of inviting me to work with you as legal counsellor, and I shall never forget your personal example and what I learned from you. May I take this occasion to publicly express to you my respect, my admiration and my attachment. These were your words, Mr President, at Abidjan in 1973, "when you opened "the" SixthT Conference^f World Peace" through" Law: 'In our opinion, there is one requirement which stands above all others in wisdom and good sense, this being that a sincere and lasting PEACE, as a necessary condition for any action for progress and well-being, must be based in LAW - in other words, in the definition and the setting in motion of standards of harmony and reason which govern the relationships between States and men and which contribute to the promotion of more equitable communities.' The International Jury drew inspiration from your thoughts by awarding your Prize to the prestigious institution that is The Hague Academy of International Law. This year, 1993, the Academy will celebrate its seventieth an niversary. However, although the first session, chaired by Charles Lyon-Caen, 33

33 34 was held in 1923, the founding charter itself was drawn up in its implementation having been delayed by the First World War - and the birth of the actual idea of the foundation goes back to the beginning of the century. Madam, when Your Majesty's capital hosted the first Peace Conference, the then unprecedented developments in weapons technology, and the means for slaughter which it created, made all wise and humane men aware of the urgent need for substituting peaceful settlements of international disputes - and above all settlements by the application of law - for settlements by force. Since then, this lofty hope has been cruelly disappointed, time and time again. The development and spread of international law were felt to be complementary to the creation of arbitral and jurisdictional institutions. It seemed appropriate to establish the headquarters of an establishment for higher studies in international law in the same country as these institutions, in the land of Erasmus - whose words are inscribed in the Peace Palace reminding each generation of jurists that war is only sweet for those who have no experience of it, Bellum dulce inexpertis - and of Grotius, perhaps the greatest of the founders of international law. Under the scientific direction of a Curatorium, composed of seventeen eminent figures, academics and world-renowned practitioners, chaired with such distinction by His Excellency Judge Roberto Ago, sup ported by the Secretary General of the United Nations and five judges or former judges or vice-presidents of the International Court of Justice, the Academy performs an educational mission, organizing sessions each year which lead to the award of an official diploma which is as rightfully prized as it is difficult to obtain. The Academy organizes research through study and research centres, each one welcoming twenty-five young academics and diplomats, whose work is published in a special volume. One of the centres, which has become permanent, deals with matters related to human rights. Also, for a quarter century now, the Academy has been organizing external sessions and symposia. The courses which have been given at the Academy fill more than two hundred and thirty volumes. These courses, the work of the study and research centres and the records of the symposia have now become vital sources for all scientific work in international law. Some thirty-five thousand jurists from every continent, men and women, have studied at the Academy. But the Academy does not only have an academic aim. It is also a meeting place for the future practitioners and teachers of international law throughout the world. All its work is done in an atmosphere of impartiality and objectivity. It has neither an official nor a political doctrine. The Academy strives to give room to the representatives of the great families of law among which mankind is divided. There are no established teaching staff - the professors, diplomats and academics change every year. They bring to The Hague - with the fullest possible freedom -

34 the fruits of their experience and research in every area of public and private international law. When presenting his summary of the Academy's first halfcentury of activities, my associate, colleague and friend Professor René-Jean Dupuy, then Secretary-General and currently a member of the Curatorium, said that the functions of The Hague Academy could basically be divided into 'functions of revelation' or 'functions of anticipation'. The function of revelation concerns the revelation of juridical standards, aimed chiefly at three fundamental objectives: peace, justice and development. International development law is playing an increasingly important role in the work of the Academy, which is welcoming increasing numbers of observers from developing countries, and decentralizing its activities by holding external regional-level sessions in Africa, Latin America and Asia. The function of anticipation concerns the current rapid evolution of international law. International natural law evolved from the law of the community of States into the law of the international community, and is now increasingly becoming the law of mankind. De facto world unification, and the necessary solidarity which it has created, make the intervention of the law of nations in ever new fields a necessity. Beyond States, this law is or should be aimed, in today's world, at individual men and women as the final beneficiaries, or more exactly as the owners and subjects of the rights which it guarantees. At the present time, we would do well to read - and take heed of, on a planetary scale - the famous sentence with which the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen begins: 'Ignorance, forgetfulness of and contempt for Human Rights are the only causes of the misfortunes of peoples and the corruption of Governments.' Let us add here that they are the main cause of the chief of public misfortunes, which is war. After witnessing the atrocities which shall be its shame forever and which, sadly, have not been eradicated everywhere, our century experienced a confrontation between two blocs which were only kept from direct conflict by the balance of terror. On the other hand, local conflicts continued to break out around the world, since the antagonism of the super powers paralysed and inhibited the international organization in charge of keeping the peace. However, the end of the cold war has not brought with it the end of local conflicts - tragically, it has actually given rise to new ones. Can the use of force, even when justified by law and for the application of the law, restore a real peace? The answer is certainly no. In today's world more than ever before we are seeing with our own eyes that international peace is not just non-war, the otium of the ancient Romans; rather, real pax means agreement, harmony, understanding and voluntary submission to the demands of justice, as they are expressed in law. UNESCO's Constitution nobly states this idea in a solemn declaration: 35

35 'Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed.' The Hague Academy of International Law is successfully contributing to constructing the defences of peace. It is devoted to rooting in the minds and in the hearts of men the conviction that peace, real peace, can only be achieved by justice. Opus justitiae pax. These, then, are the reasons for the Jury's decision. With your permission, Mr Director-General, we will now ask His Excellency Mr Roberto Ago, President of the Curatorium of The Hague Academy of International Law, to come forward and receive the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize. Judge Roberto Ago, President of the Curatorium of The Hague Academy of International Law receives the 1992 Prize from Mr Federico Mayor, Director-General of UNESCO, and Mr Jean Foyer, Vice-President of the Jury. 36

36 Address by Judge Roberto Ago President of the Curatorium of the Academy of International Law Your Majesty, Mr President of the French Republic, Mr President of the Portuguese Republic, Mr President of the Republic of Côte d'ivoire, Mr Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations, Your Royal Highness, Mr President of the International Court of Justice, Mr Director-General of UNESCO, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, I feel deeply honoured to have been chosen to receive, on behalf of The Hague Academy of International Law, the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize, and, furthermore, to do so at the prestigious Headquarters of UNESCO, under the auspices of its Director-General, Professor Federico Mayor. I owe this honour to the fact that I am the current President of the Academy's Curatorium, the organ which directs its scientific and teaching activity. I share this responsibility with Minister Max van der Stoel, President of the Administrative Council, the body in charge of the Academy's admini strative and financial affairs. I am receiving the second Houphouët-Boigny 37 Peace Prize. The first, as you all know, was awarded to two figures who have devoted their lives' work to the search for the solution to one of the most complex and challenging problems of human coexistence of our time. The second prize is different from the first in that it is being awarded not to individuals but to an institution, to an Academy which, since its creation in 1923, has devoted its efforts and resources to spreading knowledge of and to developing and strengthening international law. To have awarded such a renowned international prize, with the aims that go with it, to an institution which was established to perform the task which I have just described, and to have done so during a period which the United Nations has designated as "Decade of international law" is the mark of a deep conviction. It stems from the recognition of the importance and of the priority role of law in promoting, maintaining and guaranteeing peace and, therefore, in the harmonious development of human society. As the great internationalist whose memory does such honour to your beautiful country, Your Majesty, stated in his Prolegomena, nulla est communitas quae sme jure conservari possit. While this statement holds true

37 38 for all the independent political systems into which mankind is divided, it is all the more so for the largest of human communities - the international community, which has now become universal. Recognizing the importance of international law is tanta mount to affirming that law is the mainstay of the community of States, and that the development and achievements of this community can only go hand in hand with the progress of the law which it expresses. This recognition is especially important at a time when the law of nations, after centuries of slow and sometimes barely perceptible development, appears certain to reach an intense and tumultuous pace of development. This law has been extended to a great number of new areas, plunging to the depths of the sea and soaring to outer space; it is being precipitated, by incessant scientific and technical progress, towards increasingly vast horizons and towards previously unimaginable responsibilities. May the members of the Jury who took the decision to honour our Academy, and to whom we are so deeply grateful, rest assured that the precious resources which they have made available to the Academy will be used for the training of young people who wish to devote themselves to activities in the area of international relations. This training will obviously cover international law in its current state. However, I would like to particularly point out that we shall devote very special attention to people who feel this calling in the least privileged regions and in countries which have only recently joined the community of independent States. This, in fact, is precisely what we have been doing for many years now, in our summer sessions at The Hague, in our external sessions, in our research centres, in our study groups and in our other initiatives. In the same way, the Academy has already decided to create a Houphouët-Boigny scholarship to go to a young Côte d'ivoire researcher. Furthermore, I would like to make it clear that all those who in one way or another contribute to this training activity should con stantly bear in mind the fact that law, and especially international law, is not a merely technical subject, arid and static. Rather, the subject which we teach is a living one, drawn from the life and blood of history. This does not only mean that it constantly evolves with history but it also means that it has a soul. In saying this, I naturally have in mind the words with which Félix Houphouët-Boigny has, in a way, summarized his credo: T feel hatred for hatred'. International law, its expectations for peaceful coexistence and the harmonious development of relations between States, its criteria for the increasingly necessary pursuit of common goals, its institutions for the peaceful settlement of conflicts, its prescriptions for the definitive elimination of the curse of war and armed struggle in all its forms, can never triumph if the feelings of intolerance and hatred which still lie buried in the hearts of men - whether their origin is religious or ethnic, national or cultural - continue to well up.

38 For the tender shoot of international law to thrive, the soil in which it is rooted must be cleared once and for all of noxious ideas and replaced by those of mutual understanding, reciprocal respect, cooperation and unity in a shared destiny. We are living in incredibly difficult times, in which the forces of dislocation and fierce opposition sometimes seem about to gain the upper hand. My old friend Boutros Boutros-Ghali, a member of the Curatorium of our Academy, is deeply committed to the struggle against these forces - indeed, this very struggle is what has prevented him from being here with us today, as he so keenly wished. Nevertheless, his work stands as a message of confidence for all of us. We should never be discouraged: let us cast out of our minds forever the fear of the annihilation of the ideals and hopes which have brought us here together today, thanks to the generosity and farsightedness of this eminent African head of State. The poisons of the human soul which he hates, and which we hate with him, will not be strong enough to prevail: non prevalebunt! Mr Jean Foyer, Vice-President of the Jury, with Judge Roberto Ago, representing the 1992 prize-winner. 39

39

40 On the podium, listening attentively to President Félix Houphouët-Boigny's speech, can be seen, from left to right: Ms Marie Bernard-Meunier, Chairperson of the Executive Board, Mr Pieter Dankert, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Mr Bethwell Allan Ogot, President of the General Conference of UNESCO, AirJoseph Verner Reed, Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Mr Alario Soares, President of the Portuguese Republic, Air Abdus Salam, Vice-President of the Jury, Air Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of the Republic of Côte d'ivoire, Air DanielJanicot, Director of the Executive Office of the Director-General of UNESCO, _ AirJuan Antonio Carrillo Salcedo, member of the Jury, Mr Federico Alayor, Director-General of UNESCO, Air Alohammed Bedjaoui, member of the Jury, Mr François Alitterrand, President of the French Republic, Air Pierre Elliott Trudeau, member of the Jury, Judge Roberto Ago, President of the Curatorium of The Hague Academy of International Law, Air Alioune Traoré, Executive Secretary of the Prize, and MrJean Foyer, Vice-President of the Jury. Following the addresses delivered by the various participants in the ceremony, the sponsor of the Prize, President Houphouët-Boigny, himself took the floor. He said that he did not wish to make a formal speech. After congratulating the Director-General of UNESCO, the General Conference, the Executive Board and the members of the Jury on the institution of the Prize named after him and on the procedures adopted for its award, he expressed his warmest thanks to the Heads of State and the numerous distinguished guests who were honouring the ceremony by their presence. In a brief and moving extempore address, the art of which is known only to the great masters of African oral tradition, he recalled how the Prize came into being, the philosophy that it represents and the role it is destined to play on the international scene. Extolling the Jury's first decisions, he expressed his satisfaction at their great symbolic value. When the Prize was awarded for the first time, in 1991, the winners had been Nelson Mandela and Frederik W. De Klerk. He emphasized the difficulties encountered by these two prominent figures in South African political life in their quest for a fair and equitable peace, and appealed to the international community to support the efforts of these two great leaders until they were crowned with success, as they strove to free their country from the bonds of apartheid and to further the advent of a multiracial, free, just and democratic South African society. He then praised the Jury's decision to award the 1992 Prize to The Hague Academy of International Law. He stressed the irreplaceable role played by that distinguished institution in safeguarding and maintaining peace through the channels and according to the principles of international law, and the need for these two concepts never to be separated. 'Peace and law make good bedfellows', he said. He concluded his remarks by reaffirming his commitment to peace in the true sense of the word, peace 'of hearts and minds, through justice, tolerance, respect for human rights, active solidarity and happiness...' and reiterated his belief that 'God is love'. 41

41 Acclaimed by loud applause from the audience. President Félix Houphouët-Boigny withdrew, having conferred, by his presence and his speech, particular distinction upon the ceremony. The 1992 prize award ceremony ended with a performance by the great African singer. Amy Koita, and her musical ensemble, who sang African melodies specially composedfor the occasion. 42

42 43

43 Background to the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize 44 The Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize was established in 1989 under resolution 23, unanimously adopted by the twenty-fifth session of the General Conference of UNESCO. This resolution, recalling that 'UNESCO was founded immediately after the Second World War to contribute to the maintenance of peace through education, science and culture', also stresses that 'peace, which is a pre-condition for strengthening "the intellectual and moral solidarity of humankind", can be guaranteed only by equal dignity for all peoples and respect for life and for human rights.' The Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize, the most important awarded by the Organization in this field, is intended to honour individuals, bodies or institutions that have made a significant contribution to promoting, seeking, safeguarding or maintaining peace, in the spirit of the Constitution of UNESCO and the Charter of the United Nations. It bears the name of President Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 'doyen of African Heads of State and a tireless advocate of peace, concord, fellowship and dialogue to solve all conflicts both within and between States', according to the terms of the resolution. The Prize, comprising a cheque for 800,000 French Francs, a gold medal and a diploma signed by the Director-General of UNESCO, will be awarded each year by an international jury, consisting of eleven prominent individuals from the five continents and presided over by Dr Henry A. Kissinger, former American Secretary of State and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. In creating a peace prize, the General Conference has placed itself in the mainstream of the philosophy of UNESCO's founding fathers, who, in the preamble to the Organization's Constitution, solemnly declare that: 'Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed.' By this highly symbolic decision, the General Conference strikingly demonstrated its attachment to peace, dialogue and universal values at a time when the successive upheavals that are threatening the world political balance make it all the more necessary for there to be a constant reminder of the need for those values to be upheld. At its first meeting held on 27 June 1991, the Jury unani mously decided to award the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize jointly

44 to Mr Nelson Mandela and Mr Frederik W. De Klerk 'for their contribution to international peace, to encourage them to continue in their effort and as a tribute to what they have done to educate their people towards an under standing and towards an overcoming of prejudices that many would not have thought possible a few short years ago'. 45

45 International Jury of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize Henry Alfred Kissinger (U.S.A.) President Former Secretary of State Nobel Peace Prize Mohammed Bedjaoui (Algeria) Former Ambassador Permanent Representative of Algeria to the United Nations Judge at the International Court ofjustice in The Hague Juan Antonio Carrillo Salcedo (Spain) Former Judge of the European Court 46 of Human Rights. Professor of International Law at the University of Seville Jean Foyer (France) Former Minister ofjustice under General de Gaulle Member of the Académie des Sciences morales et politiques (Institut de France) Misael Pastrana Borrero (Colombia) Former President of the Republic of Colombia Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (Argentina) Nobel Peace Prize President of the International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples Abdus Salam (Pakistan) Nobel Prize for Physics Director of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (Trieste, Italy) Mario Soares (Portugal) President of the Portuguese Republic Iba Der Thiam (Senegal) Former Minister of Education of Senegal Former member of the Executive Board of UNESCO Member of the Senegalese National Assembly Professor at the University of Dakar (Senegal) Pierre Elliott Trudeau (Canada) Former Prime Minister of Canada Andrew Young (U.S.A.) Former Mayor ofatlanta Former Ambassador Permanent Representative of the U.S.A. to the United Nations Mr Alioune Traoré (UNESCO) Executive Secretary of the Prize Mohammed Hassan El-Zayyat Born in 1915 in Damietta, Egypt. Died on 24 February Former Ambassador, Permanent Representative of Egypt to the United Nations, Former Minister of State for Information, Former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Anouar El-Sadat, Mohammed Hassan El-Zayyat was, from 1991 to 1993, Vice-President of the International Jury of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize 'to which he contributed his great wisdom and his great experience in the search for peace. His name will be remembered at UNESCO and by the Jury as a synonym for peace and fraternity between men', as Mr Federico Mayor, Director-General of UNESCO declared in his message of condolences to his family.

46 President Félix Houphouët-Boigny 47