Japan after International events leading to the growth of nationalism and militarism

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1 Hi friends! We outlined the information, and were super detailed in our notes! This is pretty much every fact from the book so feel free to synthesize it more if it doesn t fit on the study guide thing. We just figured it would be better for you to have more info than not enough and have to look stuff up, and we also would rather have a good study guide! Also the side bubbles at the bottom are things from the margin that I thought were important :) Japan after 1900 International events leading to the growth of nationalism and militarism In 1902, Japan was strengthened by the signing of an alliance with Britain (the Anglo-Japanese Alliance) Ended Japan s diplomatic isolation First military alliance with a Western and non-western nation Japan disagreed with Russia over Korea & Manchuria so Japan surprise attacked Russia in 1904 Great loss of life, successful land battles, and the battles fought at sea were decisive Russia s fleet sailed from the Baltic Sea to Vladivostok and Admiral Togo destroyed it with his fleet They accepted the Treaty of Portsmouth, but that didn t fully please the Japanese people (they wanted more) Gave Japan control of much of south Manchuria, including Port Arthur, and they got railway rights The war caused western nations to respect Japan, and Asian nations looked up to them too. This solidified the nation s belief that it was their destiny to lead Asia Not everyone loved their imperialism War impacted economy, and they needed to have a stronger army and fleet

2 Effect of the First World War Japan was able to expand its influence even more because they seized German military bases on the Shandong peninsula of China Japan issued to china the Twenty-one demands. These went through because the allies were distracted Required China to grant Japan extra commercial privileges in Manchuria and remain in Shandong Called the attention of the US and Britain Japan benefited economically because they were able to supply goods to the allies and fill the spot in Asian trade that the allies couldn't because they were preoccupied Japan became more self sufficient The Bolshevik revolution in Russia in 1917 gave Japan more opportunity to expand Japan sent 70,000 troops to support the Whites. However, they were defeated by the Bolsheviks This generated mistrust from the US, Britain, and France Mistrust generated at home because of the cost spent in Russia and the loss of control of the army (The army acted largely independent of the government during the expedition) At Versailles Conference following the war Japan secured the former german Pacific Islands and a mandate and Germany s former economic privileges on the Shandong Peninsula Established Japan as an important economic power However, there were no racial equality clauses so Japan still wasn't a part of the western club No clauses because US and Britain worried about how it would affect immigration. See side bubble

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6 FOREIGN POLICY JAPAN: ORIGINS 1920s Christian George, Carter McCaskill, Elaina Brooks FOREIGN POLICY OF INTERNATIONALISM DEVELOP ECONOMY THROUGH PEACEFUL MEANS KEEP GOOD RELATIONS WITH USA SEEK ECONOMIC ADVANCEMENT IN CHINA Washington Conference of 1921 Four-Power Treaty (Britain, Japan, USA, France): Replaced AngloJapanese Alliance of 1902 Five-Power Naval Treaty : Limited tonnage of US, Britain, Japanese, French, and Italian navies. Nine-Power Treaty (China Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Britain, Japan, USA, France): Respect China's integrity and independence; "open door" principles. SHIDEHARA KIJURO- FOREIGN MINSTER FRAGILE DEMOCRACY SHIDEHARA'S INTERNATIONALIS M AND MILITARY INFLUENCE ECONOMIC CRISIS Economic boom only lasted until 1921 Scandals and law violations Rural/Cities Divide during elections lost public Conservatives saw Shidehara's aggressive international policy as a Falling Price of rice and support betrayal of Japanese self interest Peace Preservation Law Shidehara wanted Japan to be the cheap imported rice --> farmers suffer made people feel forced into strongest Asian county Political system too focused The US limit immigration from this ideology countries, specifically excluding the on big companies asianic Wall Street Crash of Emperor Hirohito --> Nationalism > global depression POLITICAL INSTABILITY Opium Wars , colonial expansion and gunboat diplomacy of European powers Japan wanted a share of military, legal, and economic privilegesequality with Europe, also security through political control of Asia Due to instability and lack of modernization in China, Japan wins 1st Sino Japanese War ( ) over influence in Korea (imperialism)

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8 JAPANESE EXPANSION IN SE ASIA The Manchurian Crisis and Descent into the Dark Valley A 1 / 2 G R U D I C C H R I S T I N A, C H E L S E A, V E R O N I C A, J U L I A N N A, A G A

9 C H I N A What were the results of the Manchurian crisis? By 1932 Manchuria was completely under Japanese control; Jaanese set up an independent government and called the new state Manchukuo. In 1932, conflict broke out between China and Japan in Shanghai, intensifying Chinese outrage and inflaming Chinese nationalism. By 1933 Japan controlled territory totalling more than France, Germany, Italy and Austria combined in Manchuria. J A P A N Benefited economically from the occupation of Manchuria Forced to increase tax due to the cost of sending troops to China Little hope that Japanese government would gain control over the military Huge public support for the Kwantung Army actions in China N A T I O N A L I S T S China s response: Ask LoN for help Lytton Report took almost a year to publish. Jieshi s forces were ordered not to resist the invasion Realized Japanese forces were much better equipped Chinese furious+boycott Japanese goods Didn't stop Japan Treaty of Tanggu China accepted Japanese control of Manchuria Jiang selling space to buy time so he could focus on the communists

10 The Descent into the "Dark Valley" The division between the government and the military as well as divisions within the military Further destabilization of Japan Two parties created Imperial Way Faction Koda-ha Control Faction Tosei-Ha Assassination plots from 1932 to 1936 destabilized the government M A Y O F May 15 Incident army and navy officers attacked banks, party offices and the police headquarters in Tokyo PM Inukai Tsuyoshi was shot and killed Trials of conspirators showed there was wide public support for their actions F E B R U A R Y Koda-ha officers marched into Tokyo, took over the parliament buildings, police headquarters and Prime Minister s residence They brutally murdered many officers Martial law was proclaimed and the plotters decided to surrender after emperor stated he would not support coup d'état) Members of the Tosei-ha were now most important members in army planning Effect - made political leaders wary of opposing the military Result of the attempted coup was to greatly increase army influence over the government.

11 The Descent into the "Dark Valley" M A R C H - F E B R U A R Y O F Hirota Koki became PM after the plot Weak, made many compromises with the military. In May, 1936 he agreed that ministers of army and navy have to be serving officers N O V E M B E R O F Signed Anti-Comintern Pact with Hitler If attacked by USSR, Germany and Japan will consult each other for protection (central idea - to oppose communism) Japanese became Honorary Aryans J U N E O F Prince Konoye took over the government but he wasn t successful General Tojo Hideki became chief of staff of Kwantung Army Within six weeks of Konoye s taking the power, he ordered the invasion of China

12 The International response to Japanese expansion, China appealed to LoN, The LoN response to events in Manchuria : League acted cautiosly. Japanese gov. appeared to be cooperating, however still expanding influence in Manchuria defying request from LoN. League sends fact-finding commission led by Lord Lytton to Manchuria. One year after Mukden Japan s action in Manchuria incident, Lytton Incident first significant Commission's Report was challenge by a major power published. to LoN est Japan did not accept report Centered around concept of and withdrew from collective security - states League in protest in March would take joint action to deal with aggression. No further action taken against Japan. The response of the League and Europe to events after 1932: China appealed to LoN after Marco Polo Incident and Shanghai bombing but LoN and Europe preoccupied w/ war. Nine Power Treaty convened for last time condemning acts of Japan but did not physically stop aggression. The response of China to events after 1932 Second United Front was formed between the Nationalist Party and the Communist Part civil war was put aside; focused instead on the war of national resistance National conference was held. Mao declared a policy of total resistance by the whole nation The United States response was generally weak Issued moral statements on Japanese wrongdoings Not until later was oil embargo placed

13 GRUDIC SL HISTORY C1/2 BY: ALICIA C. MADISON B. AND WILL C. F1 INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE THE USA'S RESPONSE TO JAPANESE ACTION Isolationism USA lacked strong pacific navy presence Struggling with economic depression Economic interests were not hindered/didn't want to threaten relations with Japan Policy: Stimson Non-Recognition Doctrine Neutrality Acts WHY DID THE USA CHANGE ITS POLICY TOWARDS JAPAN AFTER 1938 US policies towards Japan became more aggressive, and placed "moral embargos" on Japan US stopped trade agreement with Japan July 1941 the US ceased to provide assets and stopped providing oil Pinned Japan, and ultimately may have resulted in the attack on Pearl Harbor due to "do or die" situation - Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, WHAT WAS THE REACTION OF THE USA TO THE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR? - Before people were very reluctant to enter WW2 - After attack people became extremely engaged with the war - Millions of men and women entered work force in support of entering the war - Distrust in Japanese Americans resulting in detention camps and taking away of their rights.