治 大 學. 7. Case Analysis 1 The Oka crisis
|
|
- Shana Bryan
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 7. Case Analysis 1 The Oka crisis The Oka crisis was the outcome of over two hundred and fifty years of land disputes between the Mohawks of the Oka region and the white settlers (Govier, 1997: 199 and Morris, 1995: 76). The Mohawks, like all the other First Nations population of Canada have always had a well-founded distrust for the Catholic Church, the French Canadian settlers, both the federal and provincial government, as well as the Québec Provincial Police (called Sureté du Québec or SQ) (Govier, 1997: 199). In the few decades prior to the Oka Crisis of 1990, the provincial government of Québec had held a series of conferences on the issues pertaining to the Indigenous issues, but all had failed. These failures prompted the Native leaders to lose faith in the political process, and, at a watershed national meeting held in 1987, chiefs from across Canada officially endorsed the concept of direct action to assert their land rights and sovereignty (Morris, 1995: 76). When the Oka crisis occurred, the Indigenous nations across Canada strongly supported any actions taken by the Mohawks. Before we start our description of the events at Oka, we must briefly overview the community structure of the Mohawk nation as it pertains directly to our claim that their social capital levels are high and enabled them to take collective action and cooperate. The Mohawk clan is part of the greater Iroquois nation. The Mohawks nations are composed of a network of five nations living in various territories of Québec, Ontario and the State of New York (U.S.A.) (Pertusati, 1997: 127, Obomsawin, 1993: 27:50 and Who are the Mohawk, 2004). This network integrated people from within each, as well as among, the Mohawk territories based on family and friendship ties, and it created an effective communication system. This type of network facilitates a multi-level sense of commitment and responsibility to living friends and relatives, as well as ancestors or historical actors, by movement participants. (Pertusati, 1997: 130) 國 立 政 治 National Chengch 大 學 i University The Iroquois Nation s tradition of networking without a doubt facilitated collective action at a national level. Further on, the Mohawk community was able not only to mobilize people, but they were also able to have access to food and financial support, most notably, they had access to heavy weaponry (Pertusati, 1997: 130). The land the Mohawks had lived on for centuries had been taken away from them in the early 18 th century and had been sold by the Catholic Church to French Canadian settlers 48
2 (Govier, 1997: 199). In 1945, the Canadian Federal Government purchased land on behalf of the Mohawks but the area constituted only 1 per cent of the original total. (Govier, 1997: 199). Needless to say the Mohawks were disappointed, even more so as they had not been consulted beforehand (Govier, 1997: 199). In 1961, in suite of trying to resolve the matter, the Canadian government organized a committee to look into the matter, while the Mohawks hired lawyers on their side (Govier, 1997: 199). The trouble was that by then, the town of Oka had already well developed and part of the land claimed by the Indigenous people had been turned into a golf course (Govier, 1997: 199). The federal committee nevertheless concluded that the natives claims were justified and that they had undeniably received a bad deal. In their conclusion, the Commission declares that the issue must be resolved; unfortunately, the advice of the committee was disregarded (Govier, 1997: 199). By 1990, the issue was still unsolved and the Mohawks were still stuck in a status quo situation. However, in the summer of 1990, things were going to change. The mayor of the municipality of Oka agreed to extend the golf course: it would extend on parts of the Mohawk sacred burial land in the municipality of Kanehsatake (Govier, 1997: 199, Salée, 2004: 100, and Morris, 1995: 75). The Mohawk people had not been consulted on the issue and when they heard about the news they decided on March 10 to form a small barricade on a dirt road leading to the golf course to prevent the construction work to continue. (Govier, 1997: 199, Morris, 1995: 75 and Obomsawin: 1993: 00:50). The Oka mayor, Mr. Ouellette, informed the citizens of Kanehsatake they had until July 9 to take down their barricade or he would be forced to call the Sureté du Québec according to an injunction he issued (Obomsawin: 1993: 1:15). On the 9 th, the Mohawks had still not abandoned their position and continued to manifest non-violently (Govier, 1997: 199 and Lavery and Morse: 1991). Two days later another community of natives, the Warriors of Kahnawake decided to support their brothers and sisters cause and blockade all roads leading to their reserve, including the Mercier Bridge which services an average of people on a daily basis (Obomsawin, 1993: 4:48). The police officers at the Kanehsatake blockade decided to take action and throw tear gas and small bombs towards the protesters (Obomsawin: 1993: 5:02). Shots were fired on both sides: in a dramatic turn of events, SQ caporal Marcel Lemay, was killed, although there is no proof as to where the shot came from (Govier, 1997: 199 and Obomsawin: 1993: 5:39). 49
3 After this incident, the crisis escalated: the natives of Kanehsatake moved their barricade to a central road (road 344) whereas the provincial government called upon the Canadian Army to take over the security of the Oka people and Mohawks as well as try to dismantle the barricade (Govier, 1997: 199). This only led to more violence and a strong solidarity among the native people of Kanehsatake (Govier, 1997: 199). An additional native community of the region came to the town to support the efforts. A peace camp was set up by over 2,500 indigenous and non-indigenous people: they came from as far as Vancouver, Mexico and South Dakota (Obomsawin: 1993: 6:36, 14:15 and 86:26). All across the country, Indigenous people blocked the way to roads and railways (Obomsawin: 1993: 9:41). Further on, Warriors came from Akwesasane, a reserve on the border of the United States, Ontario and Québec (100 and Obomsawin, 1993: 7:00). The Mohawks from Kanehsatake and Kahnawake asked the Warriors to help, especially in matters involving the defense of the barricade and confrontations with the Armed Forces and the Sureté du Québec. At that point 1,000 police officers are posted in the town of Oka and at the border of the Kanehsatake municipality; Oka s population is of souls (Obomsawin, 1993: 7:50). On August 12, 1990, the Mohawks finally have their first negotiations with the provincial, federal and municipal government representatives. It is agreed that negotiations will start if: 1. The International Federation of Human rights has chosen and appointed twentyfour representatives to observe the negotiation, 2. Spiritual leaders, Tribal leaders, counselors and lawyers are allowed to free movements within the region 3. The population of Kanehsatake and Kahnawake receive all necessary supplies to live on. (Obomsawin, 1993: 20:55) All terms are accepted and signed upon, the negotiations start. Only three days after the negotiation process has started, the Canadian Armed Forces moves in and surrounds the municipality of Kanehsatake (Obomsawin, 1993: 24:59). The Mohawks see this as a break of trust, the governmental representatives say they were not aware the army had decided to move in. The Mohawk people are frustrated by the events, but they do not want to be the ones who stop the negotiations and thus the consensus building continues nonetheless. However, after almost a month of difficult negotiations, the governmental representative choose to stop further negotiations: the Warriors do not want to back away and remove all their weapons, on the other 50
4 hand, the Sureté du Québec will not leave, and finally, the representatives do not have sufficient powers over the matter to be able to resolve the matter (Obomsawin, 1993: 44:51). The Mohawks, even once assured they would receive immunity from the prosecution were afraid the authorities would still find a way to step in and arrest members of their community: the Mohawks could not come to trust the Canadian Law (Morris, 1995: 81). The legal system in effect had oppressed the Natives too many times. Finally, the barricades were broken down by the Armed Forces, without the Mohawks or Warriors fighting back, during the night of September 26 (Obomsawin, 1993: 114:15). The armed conflict will have lasted 78 days. The media coverage of the event was intense and lasted the entire time. It was even in competition with the coverage of the Gulf War debut (Morris, 1995: 79). The confrontation and its outcome helped fire the radicalization and political mobilization of other Indigenous communities across Canada (Salée, 2004: 101). Many other clashes occurred in other regions of Canada in the following days, and each clash has been a: constant reminder to the state- and Canadian society in general of frustrations, the dissatisfaction, and the profound malaise of Indigenous peoples with respect to their socio-economic status. In Québec, ( ), there were also public accusations from some Indigenous leaders against the Québec government ( ). (Salée, 2004: 101) What had started off as a simple land claim, accompanied with non-violent protest became a grave and pressing issue for the governments of Canada. The Indigenous peoples around Québec and Canada decided that they had waited long enough for the government to recognize their nations and demanded self-determination (Morris, 1995: 74, 80). The stability of the government and its international image of respecting human rights were at stake. With such an important crisis on their hands, accompanied by a tenacious media attention, the Canadian and Québec governments were forced to awaken to what appeared during the 1990 s to be the Indigenous problem (Salée, 2004: 101). The Mohawks and their supporters felt the power they now held in their hands. As Morris states: The Mohawks, ( ), were very conscious of suddenly being able to sit down with the government officials as well as talk to the country as a whole. This new found opportunity to communicate their grievances and demands about selfdetermination to the highest levels could not be passed up. (1995: 80) 51
5 If the power asymmetry had not been balanced, the crisis would have never escalated to such level, it could have been dismissed easily by force if necessary. The people of Kanehsatake were surrounded by the Armed Forces, by tanks and helicopters, high-ranking officials were on the grounds; all the natives had on their side was their small community and their supporters. The governments of Canada had lost all legitimacy in being the authority and unless an entirely new discourse was found one that truly represented the democratic and pluralistic views the Canadian government (and population) held so dear the Indigenous peoples would continue to rise and demand that the issues be resolved (Salée, 2004: 101 and Morris, 1995: 77). Even though there was no agreement per say between the Mohawks of Kanehsatake and the government during the crisis, their rioting proved to have important consequences for all the Indigenous people, especially for those living in Québec. The governments and the population of Canada had listened to the new Indigenous voices. The most notable undertakings of the federal government were the establishment in November of 1996 of a Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: the Commission brought forth 440 recommendations (Salée, 2004:101). This Commission lead to an action plan called Gathering Strength initiated in January of 1998 (Salée, 2004:101). The plan not only acknowledged (once again) that the Indigenous peoples of Canada had suffered great injustices, but it also established an Aboriginal Healing fund (of $350 million) (Salée, 2004:101). It further committed the government, in partnership with native people, to preserve and promote Indigenous languages and culture (Salée, 2004:101). Moreover, the plan called for helping the Indigenous people govern themselves, financially and politically (Salée, 2004:101). In the spring of 1998, the provincial government acted in a similar fashion when it published a new policy framework under the title Partnership, Development, Achievements (Salée, 2004:101). The initiative included a five-year development fund as well as a fiscal agreement between the provincial government and the various Québec Indigenous nations (Salée, 2004:101). Through the use of distrust, the Native nations social and trust networks would steadily be integrated into the democratic government of Québec. The most concrete change however was the founding of Kanehsatake s own police unit. The unit became effective in May of The most intense collision had always been 52
6 between the Sureté du Québec and the Mohawk community, even before the crisis there had been reports of police officers being particularly aggressive towards the Native people (Branswell, 1997:1). It also had been in part because of the distrust towards the SQ that the crisis had escalated and that the negotiations had failed in the first place. The agreement to establish a special police unit for the native community was signed in December of 1996, and was going to cost the government $1,25 million dollars per year (Branswell, 1997: 1). Cooperation between the Mohawk police unit and the Sureté du Québec has been easier since then; the new police force even declared that there now existed a good working relationship between both groups (Branswell, 1997:1). The fact that the Mohawks were able to mobilize a large group of people was tantamount to the policy changes and consensus building that occurred after the events (Salée, 2004: 111 and Morris, 1995: 81). The governments of Canada must now face the fact that the Indigenous people and their issues are important ones and they must now face the fact that they have the means and mediums to have their voices heard: Indigenous resistance is not likely to fade away (Salée, 2004: 117). Discussion This case demonstrates the relationship between social capital and distrust fairly well. The combination of the trust networks and social networks allowed for an organized and sustained social action (Pertuasi, 1997: 133). It must be recalled that the non-violent protests latest for three months and the armed conflict lasted for another 78 days during which the community was limited in action, and at a certain point, even food was short. The Mohawks of Kanehsatake distrusted the government officials and chose to act to bring change to the situation. During the negotiation process, and because often the governmental agents had showed they were untrustworthy, they made sure they had people from outside both parties to look over the mediating process. Because of their collective action, and their distrust in the government, the native community was able to finally be heard. Not only that, but innovative commissions, action plans, and laws have been passed. These will not only protect the rights of Indigenous people in Canada, but the government will have a harder time ignoring the issues and demands. The trustworthiness and goodwill of the governmental actors can now 53
7 only heighten. Further on, as an outcome of the crisis, the community was given their own police unit as they could no longer trust the provincial one. There is still much work to be done for the First Nations of Canada, but thanks to their tenacity and hard work, the first real step towards bettered conditions was taken. 54
Native Land Claims - Oka, Ipperwash, & Caledonia -
Native Land Claims - Oka, Ipperwash, & Caledonia - Background: REVIEW When the numbered treaties were signed, there were misunderstandings due to language barriers and some of the oral promises made by
More informationRoyal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: An Exercise in Policy Education. For CPSA Panel, June 1 & 2, Peter H. Russell, University of Toronto
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: An Exercise in Policy Education For CPSA Panel, June 1 & 2, 2010 Peter H. Russell, University of Toronto The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples was established
More informationSupplemental Study Notes Protest, Rebellion and Civil Disobedience
Supplemental Study Notes Protest, Rebellion and Civil Disobedience Chilcoltin War Protest by the Sto:lo nation of the lower Fraser Valley in 1874. Nisga'a & Tsimshian petition to the BC Government in 1887
More informationLast updated on: March 31 st 2016
Positions Book The CSU Positions Book: Last updated on: March 31 st 2016 The CSU positions book was implemented by the CSU Council in the 203-14 academic year. A common document in many representative
More informationA FRAMEWORK FOR POLICE PREPAREDNESS FOR ABORIGINAL CRITICAL INCIDENTS
A FRAMEWORK FOR POLICE PREPAREDNESS FOR ABORIGINAL CRITICAL INCIDENTS FIELD SUPPORT BUREAU PROVINCIAL COMMAND, FIELD & TRAFFIC SERVICES Page 1 of 11 INTRODUCTION The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) is
More informationA PROPOSAL FOR A PROCESS TO RE-ESTABLISH A NATION TO NATION GOVERNMENT TO GOVERNMENT RELATIONSHIP
A PROPOSAL FOR A PROCESS TO RE-ESTABLISH A NATION TO NATION GOVERNMENT TO GOVERNMENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE IROQUOIS CAUCUS MEMBER NATIONS AND THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA A Proposal for Prime Minister Justin
More informationChief of Ontario Presentation to the Ipperwash Inquiry Ontario Regional Chief Angus Toulouse Speaking Notes
March 8, 2006 Traditional Greeting. Chief of Ontario Presentation to the Ipperwash Inquiry Ontario Regional Chief Angus Toulouse Speaking Notes I would like to extend my appreciation to Justice Sidney
More informationFirst Nations Groups in Canada
First Nations Groups in Canada First Nations in BC Over 200 First Nations Amazing diversity 60% of FN languages in Canada are in BC Terminology Indian an older/outdated term for Aboriginal person First
More informationTHE JUSTICE SYSTEM. The Police Service: intervention and enforcement. The Courts: judgement and sanctions
THE JUSTICE SYSTEM The Police Service: intervention and enforcement The Courts: judgement and sanctions The Corrections System: punishment and rehabilitation Inherent Rights Our history begins with the
More informationSupplementary Exercises for Chapter 6 Lessons for Europe from the Quebec Trade Summit
Supplementary Exercises for Chapter 6 Lessons for Europe from the Quebec Trade Summit I. Questions on the text: 1. Why did the author compare people on the streets of Quebec to a nutty Japanese soldier
More informationSaulteau First Nation Negotiation Protocol Kawaskimhon Moot. Submitted by: BUCKSKIN, BUCKSKIN & BROWN LLP
Saulteau First Nation Negotiation Protocol 2008 Kawaskimhon Moot Submitted by: BUCKSKIN, BUCKSKIN & BROWN LLP Our client wishes to invoke the Indigenous Legal Order ( ILO ) of the Saulteau First Nations
More informationA BRIEF HISTORY OF KAHNAWÀ:KE. 1-Overview - written historical records
A BRIEF HISTORY OF KAHNAWÀ:KE 1-Overview - written historical records The written records of early explorers, such as Cartier, Noel, and Champlain, place Iroquoian peoples throughout the St. Lawrence Basin.
More informationWHAT WE HEARD SO FAR
WHAT WE HEARD SO FAR National Engagement with Indigenous Peoples on the Recognition and Implementation of Indigenous Rights February-June 2018 ** Please note that all What we Heard statements included
More informationRESPONSES TO THE GREAT DEPRESSION THE 1930S: A DECADE OF DESPAIR
RESPONSES TO THE GREAT DEPRESSION THE 1930S: A DECADE OF DESPAIR THE GOVERNMENT S RESPONSE As we know, Mackenzie King was not prepared to deal with the economic crisis of the Great Depression he pushed
More informationHow does legislation such as Treaty 6, Treaty 7 and Treaty 8 recognize the status and identity of Aboriginal peoples?
How does legislation such as Treaty 6, Treaty 7 and Treaty 8 recognize the status and identity of Aboriginal peoples? - Pages 123-135 Definition/explanation The Numbered Treaties are laws that affect the
More informationVISION STATEMENT MISSION STATEMENT
I R O Q U O I S C A U C U S Terms of Reference 2014 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Vision Statement... 2 Mission Statement... 2 Iroquois Caucus Declaration of Principles... 3 Statement of Solidarity December 5, 2005...
More informationFirst Nations in Canada Contemporary Issues
First Nations in Canada Contemporary Issues 1) Is it true that First Nation peoples do not pay taxes and get free university? These are both pervasive myths that perpetuate misconceptions about indigenous
More informationHISTORY 304 REVIEW PACKAGE
HISTORY 304 REVIEW PACKAGE CHAPTER 7 ISSUES IN QUEBEC SOCIETY [Since 1980] Theme:!! POLITICAL ISSUES A] QUEBEC s STATUS IN CANADA: 1980 REFERENDUM:! LEVESQUE S PQ government asked Quebecers to vote on!!
More informationA History of 2 Spirited People
A History of 2 Spirited People There have always been 2-2 Spirited People who have been and continue to be vital contributors to Aboriginal communities. Historical Context 2-Spirited Aboriginal People
More informationWhy Are Aboriginal People One Of The Fastest Growing Populations For HIV Infection In Canada?
Why Are Aboriginal People One Of The Fastest Growing Populations For HIV Infection In Canada? According to the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control: AIDS cases are younger than non-aboriginal AIDS cases
More informationProvincial Partnerships
Provincial Partnerships Current FN/M education and governance issues in context Terrance Ross Pelletier Ph. D. Candidate University of Saskatchewan Indian Control of Indian Education There is broad consensus
More informationAfter the Referendum. Where do we go from here?
After the Referendum Where do we go from here? As you read, the Quebec Referendum of 1980 lost. The votes were 40.4% in favour and 59.6% not. Q: What are some potential solutions to repair the relationship
More informationGrade 8 History. Confederation
Grade 8 History Confederation Factors Leading To Confederation Defence Issues During the war of 1812, England successfully defended the colonies in North America against the United States. England had
More informationImproving the Situation and Possibilities of Indiginous Peoples. Committee Guide. Human Rights Council
Improving the Situation and Possibilities of Indiginous Peoples Committee Guide Human Rights Council Table of Contents Personal Introduction... 2 1. Human Rights Council... 3 2. Explanation of the Topic...
More informationChapter 16: Attempts at Liberty
Chapter 16: Attempts at Liberty 18 th Century Few people enjoyed such rights as, and the pursuit of ; and absolutism was the order of the day. The desire for personal and political liberty prompted a series
More informationWho s this? Why is he on the $5 bill? French Canadians outvoted the Conservatives Beginning of Canadian Multiculturalism
Who s this? Why is he on the $5 bill? first French-Canadian Prime Minister Elected in 1896 Liberal Spoke french and english Wanted to bring the French and English sides together The Manitoba Schools Question:
More informationCanada s Response to the Special Rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous peoples
Canada s Response to the Special Rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous peoples Canada received a letter from the Special Rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous peoples dated 6 October 2011 related to
More informationThe Nicaraguan Crisis
Organization of the American States The Nicaraguan Crisis Director: Ana Paula Rivera Moderator: Triana Rodríguez INTRODUCTION The people of Nicaragua are currently experiencing one of the, if not the worst,
More informationThe PLEA. Vol. 34 No. 2 PM
Canada s Legal System : An Introduction The PLEA Vol. 34 No. 2 Canada is very fortunate to be a country with a fair legal system. This is because Canada adheres to the Rule of Law. The Rule of Law is the
More informationInfluences on Canadian Law
Influences on Canadian Law Early British Law Although we have seen influences from Hammurabi, Mosaic, Greek and Roman law, British law has had the greatest influence on Canadian law Early British law saw
More informationImmigration in Nova Scotia A Report of the Halifax Chamber of Commerce
Immigration in Nova Scotia A Report of the Halifax Chamber of Commerce July 2004 INTRODUCTION In September 2000, the Halifax Chamber of Commerce published a discussion paper on immigration, recommending
More informationDEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS Division for Social Policy and Development Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
PFII/2017/EGM Original: English UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS Division for Social Policy and Development Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
More informationSocial Studies Individual Rights and the Common Good
Social Studies 1202 Individual Rights and the Common Good THINKING ABOUT RIGHTS 1. Take a few minutes to list at least 10 rights you think we share as Canadians. 2. Of these rights, rank what you think
More informationCanadian Legal Aid. Mark Benton QC 1
Canadian Legal Aid Mark Benton QC 1 Procedural justice Social Justice/ Civil Society Politics and Social wellness Three legal aid building blocks 1960s SCOTUS - Gideon Law Societies, lawyers & judges lead
More informationDemocracy, Sovereignty and Security in Europe
Democracy, Sovereignty and Security in Europe Theme 2 Information document prepared by Mr Mogens Lykketoft Speaker of the Folketinget, Denmark Theme 2 Democracy, Sovereignty and Security in Europe The
More informationMAYOR S REPORT. Report to Executive Committee Update on Toronto Gun Violence Strategy SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS. Date: March 19, 2008
MAYOR S REPORT Report to Executive Committee Update on Toronto Gun Violence Strategy Date: March 19, 2008 To: From: Wards: Executive Committee Mayor Miller All Reference Number: SUMMARY I am committed
More informationCLC Discussion Document: Framework for a Labour Plan of Action on Reconciliation with Justice
CLC Discussion Document: Framework for a Labour Plan of Action on Reconciliation with Justice This discussion document comprises excerpts from the research document being prepared on behalf of the CLC
More informationUNIFOR ONTARIO REGIONAL COUNCIL BYLAWS
UNIFOR ONTARIO REGIONAL COUNCIL BYLAWS INDEX Article 1 Name, Purpose and Membership... 3 Article 2 - Membership... 6 Article 3 Officers and Executive... 7 Article 4 Meetings of the Council... 8 Article
More informationA continuum of tactics. Tactics, Strategy and the Interactions Between Movements and their Targets & Opponents. Interactions
A continuum of tactics Tactics, Strategy and the Interactions Between Movements and their Targets & Opponents Education, persuasion (choice of rhetoric) Legal politics: lobbying, lawsuits Demonstrations:
More informationHistory- Confederation Review. The Great Migration
History- Confederation Review The Great Migration This contributed to the diversity in Canada s makeup. Many Irish came over as a result of the Potato famine, and these people were Protestants. This conflicted
More informationCanada s Response to the Great Depression
Canada s Response to the Great Depression Effects on Canada Some argue that Canada was the country worst hit during the depression (especially the prairies). Wheat prices go from $1.43 a bushel in 1925
More informationPAMUN XVI RESEARCH REPORT Reevaluating the role of the United Nations (through the UN charter)
PAMUN XVI RESEARCH REPORT Reevaluating the role of the United Nations (through the UN charter) Introduction of Topic Since its creation in 1945, the United Nations has acted as a major player in global
More informationCANADA'S WAR ON FIRST NATIONS. By Russell Diabo First Nations Policy Analyst
CANADA'S WAR ON FIRST NATIONS By Russell Diabo First Nations Policy Analyst CANADA'S RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL APOLOGY On June 11, 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued a scripted apology to Residential
More informationENGAGEMENT TOWARDS A RECOGNITION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF RIGHTS FRAMEWORK
2018 ENGAGEMENT TOWARDS A RECOGNITION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF RIGHTS FRAMEWORK Public Engagement Guide Our efforts to build a better relationship with Indigenous peoples in Canada are not only about righting
More informationOverview of Background, Purpose, Applicability and Resources
A Framework for Police Preparedness for Aboriginal Critical Incidents Chiefs of Ontario Critical Response Issue The mandate of the Ipperwash Inquiry, particularly in part two of the Inquiry is to make
More informationprinciples Respecting the Government of Canada's Relationship with Indigenous Peoples
principles Respecting the Government of Canada's Relationship with Indigenous Peoples Principles Respecting the Government of Canada's 2 Information contained in this publication or product may be reproduced,
More informationGwaii Haanas: Working Together to Achieve Common Goals
Gwaii Haanas: Working Together to Achieve Common Goals Ernie Gladstone, Field Unit Superintendent, Gwaii Haanas National Park, Reserve and Haida Heritage Site, 60 Second Beach Road, Skidegate (Haida Heritage
More informationA/HRC/EMRIP/2015/CRP.4
Distr.: Restricted 20 July 2015 English only Human Rights Council Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Eighth session 20-24 July 2015 Item 8 of the provisional agenda United Nations Declaration
More informationCanada. Privately Sponsored Refugee Resettlement in. Information Bulletin
Privately Sponsored Refugee Resettlement in Canada Information Bulletin You are interested in resettling to Canada and your application has received an initial review by Canadian officials. Now you are
More informationNATIONAL ROUNDTABLE ON MISSING AND MURDERED INDIGENOUS WOMEN AND GIRLS
NATIONAL ROUNDTABLE ON MISSING AND MURDERED INDIGENOUS WOMEN AND GIRLS FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION TO PREVENT AND ADDRESS VIOLENCE AGAINST INDIGENOUS WOMEN AND GIRLS INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE The goals of the
More informationImpressions and perceptions of Aboriginal peoples
Impressions and perceptions of Aboriginal peoples Importance of Aboriginal peoples to Canada Most Canadians say Aboriginal history and culture are a defining characteristic of what makes the country unique,
More informationCanada: Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Canada: Implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Joint Submission to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 93 rd Session, 31 July - 25
More informationAs in the Middle East, imaginary borders were created to divide us. Some of our nations ended up in many colonial jurisdictions.
CONFEDERACY OF INDIGENOUS ARAB NATIONS MNN. Feb. 24, 2011. If the Arab Indigenous nations can bring down the dictators, can they unite? Indigenous are united by blood to our families, clans, communities,
More informationPresentation to the Prairie Region Restorative Justice Gathering. March 26, Barbara Tomporowski Ministry of Justice and Attorney General
Presentation to the Prairie Region Restorative Justice Gathering March 26, 2008 Barbara Tomporowski Ministry of Justice and Attorney General What is Restorative Justice? A philosophy guided by values such
More informationKatsi tsakwas Ellen Gabriel
1 Katsi tsakwas Ellen Gabriel Kanien kehá:ka Nation Turtle Clan Kanehsatà:ke Mohawk Territory Indigenous Human Rights Activist I would like to thank the organizers of for including us in this special event.
More informationOVERCOMING UNION RESISTANCE TO EQUITY ISSUES AND STRUCTURES 1
Clarke Walker 93 OVERCOMING UNION RESISTANCE TO EQUITY ISSUES AND STRUCTURES 1 Marie Clarke Walker Executive Vice-President, Canadian Labour Congress, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Despite many changes in the
More informationAre you a Sixties Scoop survivor? A proposed settlement may affect you. Please read this notice carefully.
PROPOSED SETTLEMENT OF SIXTIES SCOOP CLASS ACTION Are you a Sixties Scoop survivor? A proposed settlement may affect you. Please read this notice carefully. The Ontario Superior Court and the Federal Court
More informationTexas Independence
Texas Independence Introduction WARM UP: Some Canadians are angry that the state of Maine, prominently located between Quebec and New Brunswick, is part of the United States, and should be given up to
More informationApprentice Boys of Derry (Case Study) POLITICS & SOCIETY IN NORTHERN IRELAND,
Apprentice Boys of Derry (Case Study) POLITICS & SOCIETY IN NORTHERN IRELAND, 1949-1993 Apprentice Boys of Derry One of the Loyal Orders If the Orange Order primarily celebrates the victory of William
More informationDeclarations of Oruro Gathering on Environmental Justice and Mining in Latin America Monday April 9, :16 PM Oruro, Bolivia, March 9-11, 2007
Declarations of Oruro Gathering on Environmental Justice and Mining in Latin America Monday April 9, 2007 12:16 PM Oruro, Bolivia, March 9-11, 2007 This past March 9-11, representatives from civil society
More informationUNIT 4: Defining Canada Chapter 7: The Emergence of Modern Canada
UNIT 4: Defining Canada Chapter 7: The Emergence of Modern Canada Laurier: The Compromiser In 1896, 20 years of Conservative rule ended when the Liberals won a majority government in an election Wilfrid
More informationUSING AN. Action Council TO BUILD POWER & SUSTAIN OUR MOVEMENT
USING AN Action Council TO BUILD POWER & SUSTAIN OUR MOVEMENT WRITTEN BY Brianna Richardson, Arielle Klagsbrun, Lisa Fithian, Maurice Mitchell, Derek Laney, Kaveh Razani, Julia Ho COUNCIL DIAGRAM BY Emily
More informationTHE DURBAN STRIKES 1973 (Institute For Industrial Education / Ravan Press 1974)
THE DURBAN STRIKES 1973 (Institute For Industrial Education / Ravan Press 1974) By Richard Ryman. Most British observers recognised the strikes by African workers in Durban in early 1973 as events of major
More informationChapter 3: Reconciling Nationalist Loyalties
Chapter 3: Reconciling Nationalist Loyalties Chapter Issue: How should people reconcile their contending nationalist loyalties? Related Issue #1: Should nation be the foundation of identity? Name: Related
More informationMEASURING PUBLIC VIOLENCE IN SOUTH AFRICA: TOWARDS A MONITORING FRAMEWORK
MEASURING PUBLIC VIOLENCE IN SOUTH AFRICA: TOWARDS A MONITORING FRAMEWORK Lizette Lancaster Manager: Crime and Justice Hub Copyright Institute for Security Studies 4 September 2014 OVERVIEW The Crime and
More informationFrom Promise to Action: Implementing Canada s Commitments on Poverty. Submission to the Human Rights Council s Universal Periodic Review of Canada
From Promise to Action: Implementing Canada s Commitments on Poverty Submission to the Human Rights Council s Universal Periodic Review of Canada September, 2008 1 Executive Summary 1. Citizens for Public
More informationA Response to Bill 96, the Anti-Human Trafficking Act, 2017
A Response to Bill 96, the Anti-Human Trafficking Act, 2017 May 2017 Introduction This document is a submission of the Ontario Federation of Indigenous Friendship Centres to the Standing Committee on Social
More informationLevels of Police in Canada
Chapter 8 Levels of Police in Canada The Federal police force of Canada is the Royal Canadian Mounted Police which was formed in 1873 as the Northwest Mounted Police. The RCMP serves as provincial police
More information2011 National Opinion Poll: Canadian Views on Asia
2011 National Opinion Poll: Canadian Views on Asia Table of Contents Methodology Key Findings Section 1: Canadians Mental Maps Section 2: Views of Canada-Asia Economic Relations Section 3: Perceptions
More informationSocial Review Questions Chapter 4. The Iroquois Confederacy
Social Review Questions Chapter 4 The Iroquois Confederacy Chapter 4 The Iroquois Confederacy Key Vocabulary Haudenosaunee United Nations Confederacy Clan Collective identity Political map Historical map
More informationThe Vietnam War. Student Protest and the Anti-War Movement
The Vietnam War Student Protest and the Anti-War Movement Rise of Student Activism in the 1960s Why were students more politically active in the 1960s? By the beginning of the 1960s, the Baby Boom generation
More information2009/ /12 Service Plan
7200708334343200060888000011230005467200607008094000012303040500009080700060500444400 BUDGET 2009 2030403040500009074030520102020100678883340003432000608880300001123000546770009954000 5000090807000605004444003020101032030403040500009074030000102020010067888334000343200
More informationYour Jail. Activities. Overview. Essential Questions. Learning Goals. Dolor Sit Amet
10 [PAST Questions I] Reading for Reading History History: Eyes on on the the Prize: Prize: Ain t Ain t Scared Scared of Your of Jail Your Jail Grade level: 9 to 12 Activity type: Project Period: Multiple
More informationLandmark Case FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION; THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL AND THE CHARTER OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
Landmark Case FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION; THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL AND THE CHARTER OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS Prepared for the Ontario Justice Education Network by Law Clerks of the Court of Appeal for Ontario
More informationJustice ACCOUNTABILITY STATEMENT
BUSINESS PLAN 2000-03 Justice ACCOUNTABILITY STATEMENT This Business Plan for the three years commencing April 1, 2000 was prepared under my direction in accordance with the Government Accountability Act
More informationOpen Letter: Non-participation in the Policy Forums/Study Commission
Missing Women Commission of Inquiry Attn: Commissioner Wally Oppal, QC #1402-808 Nelson Street Vancouver, BC V6Z 2H2 April 10, 2012 Dear Commissioner Oppal, Open Letter: Non-participation in the Policy
More informationSSUSH12. The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth
SSUSH12 The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth 12.a- Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrant s origins to southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this
More informationNeutrality and War (Delivered October 13, 1939)
Neutrality and War (Delivered October 13, 1939) Tonight, I speak again to the people of this country who are opposed to the United States entering the war which is now going on in Europe. We are faced
More informationThe Industrialization of the United States CONSEQUENCES s 1910 s
The Industrialization of the United States CONSEQUENCES 1860 s 1910 s SSUSH12 The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth. O a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants
More informationFROM MEXICO TO BEIJING: A New Paradigm
FROM MEXICO TO BEIJING: A New Paradigm Jacqueline Pitanguy he United Nations (UN) Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing '95, provides an extraordinary opportunity to reinforce national, regional, and
More informationChapter 3 Power & Countervailing Powers
Chapter 3 Power & Countervailing Powers Chapter 3 Power & Countervailing Powers Section 2: The British Regime Part 5: The Constitutional Act to the Rebellions of 1837-1838 Discontent after the Constitutional
More informationRegional Autonomies and Federalism in the Context of Internal Self-Determination
Activating Nonviolence IX UNPO General Assembly 16 May 2008, European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium Regional Autonomies and Federalism in the Context of Internal Self-Determination Report by Michael van
More informationGinger Goodwin Protests
Ginger Goodwin Protests Longshoremen against Returned Soldiers during the Vancouver General Strike of 1918 Chris Madsen, Canadian Forces College 2 August 1918, first general strike by labor in Vancouver
More informationGrade Six Social Studies PAT Practice Exam. June Edmonton Catholic School District
Grade Six Social Studies PAT Practice Exam Edmonton Catholic Schools June 2010 Use the following chart to answer question #1 Freedoms Equity Representation Justice 1) What is the best title for the chart?
More informationWorld Geography Unit 2: US & Canada Cultural Notes The Impact of Immigration
The Impact of Immigration 1. The People- US a. The US population is among the most b. Diversity reflects the influence of on the country 2. The People- Canada a. Canadians trace their roots to b. Some
More informationIt is my utmost pleasure to welcome you all to the first session of Model United Nations Conference of Besiktas Anatolian High School.
Forum: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Student Officer: Sena Temelli Question of: The Situation in Ukraine Position: Deputy Chair Welcome Letter from the Student Officer Distinguished
More informationAuthor: Kai Brand-Jacobsen. Printed in Dohuk in April 2016.
The views expressed in this publication are those of the NGOs promoting the Niniveh Paths to Peace Programme and do not necessarily represent the views of the United Nations Development Programme, the
More informationCharter of the Assembly of First Nations (AFN)
This is a consolidation of the original AFN Charter adopted in 1985 and subsequent amendments up to 2003. April 2003 PREAMBLE Charter of the Assembly of First Nations (AFN) WE THE CHIEFS OF THE INDIAN
More informationHazard Risk Analysis. Conflictual Social Action. Conflictual Social Action. Definition. Conflictual Social Action
Hazard Risk Analysis This section introduces conflictual social action, which refers to situations where community conflict escalates either internally or with external groups. Definition Conflictual social
More informationChapter : The Formation of the Canadian Federal System Section 12: The Métis Rebellions
Chapter 1 1840-1896: The Formation of the Canadian Federal System Section 12: The Métis Rebellions Pages that correspond to this presentation The Métis Rebellions: 84-88 Expanding Canada s Territory after
More informationInternational Security Problems and Solutions by Patrick M. Morgan (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2006)
Global Tides Volume 2 Article 6 1-1-2008 International Security Problems and Solutions by Patrick M. Morgan (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2006) Jacqueline Sittel Pepperdine University Recommended Citation
More informationExecutive Summary...3 Why This Conference?..5 Lead Partners..7 Attendees.8 Results..11 Agenda.14 Speakers...16 Resources.20
1 Executive Summary...3 Why This Conference?..5 Lead Partners..7 Attendees.8 Results..11 Agenda.14 Speakers...16 Resources.20 Animal abuse does not inevitably lead to interpersonal violence, but we must
More informationIn your notes... What caused the American Revolution?
In your notes... What caused the American Revolution? Unit Question Was the American Revolution truly revolutionary? Causes of the American Revolution In the news... Scotland is seeking independence from
More informationREBELLION ON THE ST. LAWRENCE
REBELLION ON THE ST. LAWRENCE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION DECLINE OF FUR TRADE RISE OF TIMBER INDUSTRY SHIP BUILDING DEVELOPMENT OF CANADIAN BANKS REBELLION ON THE ST. LAWRENCE URBAN LIFE LOWER CANADA - GROWTH
More informationBrock University Aboriginal Education Council TERMS OF REFERENCE
Preamble Brock University Aboriginal Education Council TERMS OF REFERENCE 2014-2016 The Brock University Aboriginal Education Council (AEC) is committed to understanding and developing course work, programs,
More informationTHE WOMEN ARE THE TITLE HOLDERS of the land of Turtle Island as recalled by Wampum 44 of the Kaianereh'ko:wa, constitution of the Rotinonhsonni:onwe
08.02.2007 17:38:27 Fraudulent Land Claim Settlement of "City of Toronto" WOMEN TITLE HOLDERS OF SIX NATIONS CONFEDERACY CHARGE CANADA FOR VIOLATING TWO ROW WAMPUM, SILVER COVENANT CHAIN AND INTERNATIONAL
More informationChapter 5 - Canada s Immigration Laws and Policies By: Jacklyn Kirk
Chapter 5 - Canada s Immigration Laws and Policies By: Jacklyn Kirk 1. What is immigration? -Immigration is the introduction of new people into a habitat or population. 2. What are refugees? -Refugees
More informationRemarks by. The Honorable Aram Sarkissian Chairman, Republic Party of Armenia. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Tuesday, February 13 th
Remarks by The Honorable Aram Sarkissian Chairman, Republic Party of Armenia Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Tuesday, February 13 th INTRODUCTION I would like to begin by expressing my appreciation
More informationADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS AND THEIR COMPOSITION
Background Paper Page 1 of 6 ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS AND THEIR COMPOSITION Similarities in Administrative Tribunals - As discussed in Adminstrative Law, (4 th ed.) by Evans, Janisch, Mullan and Risk:
More informationCOST OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
COST OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE JOHN HOWARD SOCIETY OF ALBERTA 1997 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 1994-95, the administration and operation costs of criminal justice services in Canada totalled almost $10 billion, broken
More information