Define, significance, source [author & title of book/article], example
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1 SOSC 1000 Midterm Study Define, significance, source [author & title of book/article], example 1) Thomas Hobbes [taken from Shusky s History of Social Science philosopher key to origin of social science. - established human behaviour was appropriate subject of study - assumes that humans would compete strongly against each other in a state of nature - humans must subject themselves to a common power could they live in reasonable security - each of them obligeth himself by contract to everyone of the rest - Hobbes believed society began with such a social contract 2] Immiseration [taken from Heilbroner s 21 st Century Capitalism] - originator: Karl Marx - production requires reduction of real wages and worse working conditions 3] Dominant Ideology [taken from Marchak s Ideology and Social Organization ] -also known as conventional wisdom provides the rule of thumb for society - claim to explain society in historical and comparative perspective - originate from European Industrial Revolution -widespread of ideology creates an incapacity for judgment of its truth - Ex. Columbus story 4) Aggregate Demand [taken from Heilbroner s 21st Century Capitalism] -established by Keynes - term used in economics - total demand for final goods and services available in the economy at a time and given price level - government has to increase expenditure to create more jobs and lower inflation 5) Holmberg s Mistake [taken from Mann s A View From Above ] - assumptions made about Native American life is incorrect due to war circumstances - reference somewhat to Mythistory 6) Westray [taken from Glasbeek s The Westray Story] - 26 coal miners were killed by explosion on May 9, failure to ensure health/safety regulations - mine owners commited 52 violations 7) Mythistory [taken from McNeill s Mythistory, or Truth, Myth, History, and Historians] myth and history are close kin in both explaining how something is through a story - rejecting someone else s conclusion = myth
2 - early history = catalogue of chronological facts - revisionism is still rampant/source criticism allowed new depth, scope, range and precision - limits of scientific history -> does not giving meaning or facts are trivial - to become history, facts have to be put in a pattern that is understandable and credible, where people can draw upon making decisions and taking actions ex. Natural science: Newton s truths needed adjustments. Natural science is historical and evolutionary; theories are only accepted and embraced when there are more explanation of facts than its predecessor. 8) Dissenters - challenging opinion /opposite to majority 9) Creative Destruction [taken from Rinehart s 21 st Century Capitalism] - originator: Joseph Schumpeter - when a new economic force/technology emerges, it destroys previous ones already stationed - people will want keep consuming more and more (insatiable appetite) 10) Classical Liberalism [taken from Marchak s Ideology and Social Organization] - heavily individual based [outweighs interests of the state - supports the idea of very minimal government intervention - left winged ideology 11] Moral Economy [taken from Thompson s The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the 18 th Century] - historically based on the food riots in England - peasants/poor stating that a fair price is more important than market price -economy based on goodness/fairness/justness - possible in small communities based on mutuality 12) Marilyn Waring - female economist - wrote If Women Counted - stated how there is unpaid work in the economy [usually women] and gender inequality - nominated for Nobel Peace Prize - Ex. Reminiscent of Margaret Thatcher 13) Honour [taken from Campbell s Excerpts from Honour, Family and Patronage: A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Moutain Community - respect and esteem - honour is concerned with strength and sexual shame 14] New International Division of Labour [taken from Broad s Globalization, Industrial Restructuring and Labour ]
3 - outcome of globalization - labour is no longer confined to national economies ex. Clothes made in China 16] Just in Time Workforce [taken from from Broad s Globalization, Industrial Restructuring and Labour ] - flexible in accumulation process [changing amount of production instantaneously] - emphasis on corporate accumulation and not on individuals - workers are victims of cost-cutting and demand for greater efficiency Ex. Part-time / self-employed employees Essay 1) Outline the content, origins and evolution of conservative, liberal and socialist ideology. [taken from Marchak s Ideology and Social Organization] Contemporary liberalism[canada]/classical liberalism under individualist and elitist - classical liberalism provides basis for contemporary libertarianism [absolutely free market being the key to social development - Liberalism has a somewhat different meaning in Canada than in US - Liberalism is dominant in Canada - Liberal view equality is seen as positive, equality of opportunity is sufficient and is achieved within present social system - unconcerned with classes, emphasis on education [equal opportunity] - concerned with morals in terms of individual rights/freedoms - individuals strive towards personal goals - role of government is to regulate the market place and ensures rules are fair and equitable/not truly or directly involved in the free enterprise system Social Democratic under egalitarian and collectivist - social democrats accept the basic values of liberalism, but place more emphasis on equality - recognizes classes/class barriers, governments acting in interest of a dominant/ruling class - share some understanding with socialists - committed to evolution of more egalitarian society where workers particulate in management and collective ownership of resources/industries - social democrats tend to move away from centralized state ownership and towards mixed economy with state planning/markets Socialist under egalitarian and collectivist - identifies capitalism as an oppressive & exploitive system [ruling class extracts wealth from sub. Class(es), sells products made by labour and uses profits to invest in further displace/enslave labour]
4 - capitalism is expected to self-destruct Syndico-Anarchism/Socialist Anarchism under egalitarian and collectivist - small groups should have control over their collective life - hostility towards large capitalist organizations and government - ex. European trade union movement [rights for workers organizations to organize production] or small communities to govern themselves Communism under egalitarian and collectivist - capitalism is built on exploited labour and must be destroyed by force - normally hostile to syndicalist arguments, believes that a centralized government will become obsolete - ideal: all production is centralized and all workers/representatives have a say in how society is managed Traditional Conservatism under elitist and collectivist - capitalism necessarily involves inequality - acknowledges classes as positive value, necessary because society requires leadership - natural hierarchy [paternalistic relations between capital and labour] - whole within which individuals have assigned places as opposed to personal goals - concerned with collective moral fabric Corporatism under elitist and collectivist - values of traditional conservatism, except that economics units (corporations) should make decisions about the conduct of economic life - won t allow uniformed/unpropertied to take part in democratic process due interference of social progress Ex- Mussolini in Italy Neo-Conservatism [ new right ] under elitist and collectivist - combination of libertarianism and corporatism - completely free market, extreme individualism, strong & centralized government and special concern for major economic corporations in the international market-place - hostile towards democracy, welfare state, unions and collective bargaining - ruling class [essential for survival] does not have obligation to care for the lower class Fascism under elitist and collectivist - extreme form of corporatism - accepting use of force in controlling dissidents Ex. Nazi Germany in 1930s & 1940s, fascist party in Canada
5 2) Compare and contrast the views of capitalism contained in the theories of: a) Adam Smith, b) Karl Marx, c) Joseph Schumpeter, and d) John Maynard Keynes. [Taken from Heilbroner s Twenty-First Century Capitalism] Intro: Capitalism is unique in generating persistent and powerful tendencies to change. It s all about relationship between business and government. Adam Smith: - originator of the invisible hand theory - benefit of wealth: wealth bestows esteem [based on unequal status] - benefit of wealth: wealth is purchasing power - wealth implies inequality in terms of individuals entering the market/enjoying the fruits of society - individuals have to find a skill/labour to market on - individuals want to better their condition - save portion of profits and invest in output - output increases product remains the same - every individual has the right to pursue their self-interest/competition with others as long as it doesn t interfere with laws of justice -3 duties of the state: protect society from violence/invasion, duty of protecting members of society from injustice/oppression of other members [as far as possible], maintaining certain public works/institutions Karl Marx: - drive of capitalism is merely insatiable desire to accumulate more materialistic items - one capitalist always kill many element of war in capitalism - class struggle - alienation: individuals unable to grasp the nature of social order because of subordination to its demands Joseph Schumpeter: - capital accumulation was the displacement of one process or product by another at the hands of a giant enterprise - corporation based - originator of Creative destruction John Maynard Keynes: - provided rationale with using public realm as a fiscal agency in capitalism [with goal of full employment] - high level of national spending with accumulation activities of private sector - challenge: relationship with labour/wage negotiations - notion against conservatism: government is responsible for growth and responsible for stopping inflation
6 4.Why does James Rinehart is a social problem? Outline the 4 aspects and 3 sources of alienation he discusses. In what sense is alienation structural? 4 aspects - many are affected by social conditioning - child labour, long hours, harsh discipline - legislative action 3 sources alienation [taken from Alienation and Its Sources by Rinehart]: - concentration of the means of production in the hands of a small but dominant class small/dominant class will operate production to their own advantage. Majority will be excluded from determining the products and labour process. The relationship between labour and capital shown to be exploitive. - markets in land, labour and commodities under the domain of prices. Prices and profits become the ultimate determinants of the means and ends of production. - elaborate division of labour- Specialization and the separation of the mental and manual labour [fragmentation of work into minute tasks and permanent assignment to specific individuals]. Separation of the conception of work from its performance. Work becomes repetitive, mindless and narrowly circumscribes the development of human capacities.
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