2015 Environmental Emergencies Forum. Lessons from environmental peacebuilding for humanitarians
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1 2015 Environmental Emergencies Forum Lessons from environmental peacebuilding for humanitarians
2 Lessons from Environmental Peacebuilding for Humanitarians Carl Bruch 3 June 2015
3 Overview Background: natural resources, conflict, and peacebuilding The books and their findings Institutionalizing environmental peacebuilding Approach and lessons
4 Natural resources and conflict Contributing cause of conflict Resource scarcity Equity and benefits Environmental degradation Poor public participation Lack of dispute resolution Transboundary impacts Sustain & finance conflict Capture resources Capture territory Conflict financing Motivation for recruitment Targeted in conflict Spoil peacebuilding Economic incentives (and vested interests) reinforce political divisions Challenge in peace negotiations Environmental damage caused by conflict
5 Research partnership To fill the knowledge gap, four institutions partnered in 2008 to establish a new global research program on post-conflict peacebuilding and natural resources: Objective was to collect 20 case studies and develop evidence-based policy guidance. Call for proposals; nearly 300 submissions received; six donors came forward to publish 150 cases:
6 Research 150 case studies and analyses By 225 authors from 50 countries In 6 edited books, totaling pages (Earthscan ) All cases freely available online six months after initial release: Drawing upon experiences in 60 countries Plus a seventh, overarching book (Cambridge University Press 2016)
7 Key findings
8 1. Natural resources affect all post-conflict peacebuilding priorities, and in many ways Peacebuilding Priorities Peace and security Peacekeeping Provision of basic services Water Governance and inclusive political processes Sector reforms Economic revitalization, employment, and livelihoods Sanctions & conflict resources Demobilize, disarm, and reintegrate excombatants Security Sector Reform Restore access (mines/uxos) Remediate hotspots Sanitation Waste management Energy Shelter Resource rights Concessions Revenues and wealth sharing Public participation in NRM decisions CBNRM Platform for cooperation / trust Gender Agriculture Fisheries Forestry / NTFP Pastoralist Mining, oil, gas Protected areas Repair and construction Value chains Natural Resources
9 2. The post-conflict period is a window of opportunity for major NRM reforms Opportunity to undertake major reforms in how natural resources are managed. - Land reform - Concession review and reform - Transparency, accountability, equity, and public participation in decision making (e.g., EITI) - Sharing and management of resource revenues Important to get the reforms right. Decisions taken or not taken can be locked in for a long time.
10 3. Addressing natural resource in a post-conflict context is different (1) Peacebuilding priorities drive donor, country, and community efforts (2) In-country capacity is often devastated (human, information, natural resources, and infrastructure capacity) (3) Post-conflict situations undergo rapid changes and uncertainty (4) Unsustainable, short-term coping strategies undermine long-term efforts (5) Trust and community cohesion take time to rebuild after conflict (6) Unresolved grievances, lingering suspicions, and persisting tensions affect how assistance is perceived (7) Lingering insecurity undermines programming (8) Uncertain rights and overlapping claims create the potential for new conflicts and relapses into conflict.
11 3. Addressing natural resource in a post-conflict context is different (1) Peacebuilding priorities drive donor, country, and community efforts (2) In-country capacity is often devastated (human, information, natural resources, and infrastructure capacity) (3) Post-conflict situations undergo rapid changes and uncertainty (4) Unsustainable, short-term coping strategies undermine long-term efforts (5) Trust and community cohesion take time to rebuild after conflict (6) Unresolved grievances, lingering suspicions, and persisting tensions affect how assistance is perceived (7) Lingering insecurity undermines programming (8) Uncertain rights and overlapping claims create the potential for new conflicts and relapses into conflict.
12 Adapting NRM to post-conflict contexts Conflict sensitivity Use as a platform for reconciliation and political inclusion Maximize job creation and sustainable livelihoods Must consider how the project contributes to peacebuilding.
13 4. Importance of managing trade-offs
14 Institutionalizing Environmental Peacebuilding Environmental Peacebuilding Knowledge Platform - Visitors from 185 countries Environmental Peacebuilding Community of Practice - Google Group, Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook - > 2400 people in 80+ countries Environmental Peacebuilding Update (every 2 weeks)
15 Institutionalizing Environmental Peacebuilding Operational guidance Environmental Peacebuilding Academy Annual lecture and award on environmental peacebuilding Communities of practice - Environmental Peacebuilding Working Group - Côte d Ivoire, Liberia, South Sudan Communication: policy briefs, infographics, etc. Coming: peer-reviewed journal and regular conference
16 Approach Integrative: bring together practitioners, researchers, and decisionmakers Sustainability Voice: ensure participation from developing and conflictaffected countries Language: broaden range of languages of information and exchange Link initiatives
17 Lessons Funding often available for short-term tasks, but not for ongoing activities Need to engage and empower partners Risk (likelihood) that they will do things differently than you would Importance of communication and tolerance Monitoring and evaluation challenges Substantial interest yet often an act of faith Collect praise and anecdotes value, but impact hard to show
18 For more information: Carl Bruch, Environmental Law Institute David Jensen, UN Environment Programme
19 Land and environmental peace building: Reflections from Nepal Perspective shared at the Panel "Lessons from Environmental Peacebuilding for Humanitarians" at the Environmental Emergencies Forum, June 1-3 in Oslo, Norway. Bishnu Raj Upreti, PhD Nepal Centre for Contemporary Research (NCCR) Kathmandu, Nepal
20 6/2/2015 Nepal in the Asian Map
21 1. Situating the context 1. Nepal: agrarian structure and subsistence economy armed insurrection by the Maoist 3. End of Monarchy and domination of communist ideology and structures 4. Prone to disasters: foods, avalanche and April- May 2015 Earthquake
22 2. Land: structural cause of conflict 1. Highly skewed land ownership, social structure and land-based power relation 2. Land used for political benefits (land for tillers and landless) and frustration 3. Extremely poor land governance (corruption, manipulations, etc) 4. Land in 40 point demands of Maoist before insurgency 5. Land 75 point programme of war time parallel government of Maoist 6. Land capture and redistribution in war time
23
24 CPA Guiding framework for land based agrarian transformation and environmental peace building
25 3. Land : means for environmental peace building 1. Land in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) and Interim Constitution 1. CPA included the provisions for addressing land based discrimination. Same provisions in the Interim Constitution, e.g., Article 3.7 To adopt a policy to introduce a scientific land reform programme by ending feudal land ownership i to adopt a policy of ensuring socio-economic security and provide land to the economically backward classes, including the landless, bonded labourers [kamaiyas], tillers [haliyas], farm labours and shepherds [haruwa charuwa], 3. High Level Land Reform Commission
26 3. Land : means for environmental peace building-2 A. Land in the new National Land Policy and Agricultural Dev. Strategy (ADS) B. Adaptation in the regulations: 35 % waiver in registration fee and joint land ownership (addressing inequality) Main concern-translation into practice
27 Land is said to be one of the causes of the high damage from the earthquake Death: 8580 Wounded: (Source: Nepal Police, 31 May 2015)
28 Cultural heritages ruin to rubbles
29 Complete destruction of one of the historical landmark tower of Kathmandu from the earthquake
30 4. Earthquake disaster and implications to environmental peace building Immediate negative effects to environmental peace building (source of tension: building collapsed due to weak texture of land, damage of natural resources and infrastructures, more stress to NR, etc) National unity among the people (divided society uniting) Long term positive implications : moving from conflict to cooperation among the political forces and society (national unity government in discussion, community collaboration in the ethnically divided communities) NPC: Post-earthquake reconstruction and rehabilitation plan with high priority to environmental issues New environmentally friendly settlement land-use policy and plan
31 5. Lessons Conflict sensitive planning of NRM Utilization of local resources for early recovery and communal harmony (land and peace + community resilience) Awareness on environmental peace building at policy and decision making levels Effects of disasters is as well as armed conflict are far more to poor, and vulnerable section of society and therefore need to relate them in conceptual, policy and operational levels
32 6. Conclusion Land ownership was one of the major power sources of and determinants of the social relations. Consequently land became one of the main sources of the Maoist insurgency and social tension Land became broad-base socio-economic reform agenda in the CPA and IC and therefore contributed to environmental peace building Disasters like the recent earthquake in Nepal bring both challenges and opportunities to promote environmental peace building.
33 Thank you for your kind attention 33
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