Interdisciplinary Conference on Poverty and Development in Latin America April 25th :30-17:00 St. Mary s College Hall St.

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1 Interdisciplinary Conference on Poverty and Development in Latin America April 25th :30-17:00 St. Mary s College Hall St. Andrews Latin American and Caribbean Network (LacNet)

2 Introduction: Poverty and Development in Latin America An Interdisciplinary Approach The emergence of the so-called Washington Consensus in the late 1980s sparked intense debates over the likely social impact of macroeconomic stabilization and structural adjustment. Academic critics and political opponents argued that neoclassical economics would simply lead towards more pronounced levels of poverty and inequality in Latin America. Poverty, inequality and development though are not concepts that have emerged so recently. These concepts are rooted in the historical conversation both within Latin America and between Latin America and rest of the World. Indeed, they converge with and inform politics, economics and religion. In a time of immense complexity when many Latin American leaders seem to be moving towards a politics of social justice and transformation in an increasingly globalized world it is even more crucial to take both a historical and interdisciplinary analytical stance towards understanding the region. Only through dialogue across academic and professional disciplines can the unjust structures of social exclusion be understood and transformed into situations of empowerment and freedom. This conference aims to be a small step in that direction. More than that it is a place for professors and students alike to come together and ponder the complexities of a region that often does not receive the attention that it deserves here in St. Andrews. As the organizer of this event I would like to personally welcome you all to what will be an informative and interesting day. I would also like to hope that this small conference spurs others into doing similar events, which would help to connect students and professors around issues that are important to all. Sincerely, Kyle Muther

3 Schedule Morning- 9:30-12:00 Emilia Ferraro (Durham University) Social Anthropology and Sustainable Development Poverty and Development: Some Reflections From Anthropology Will Fowler (University of St. Andrews) Modern Languages, Dept. Of Spanish Poverty, Land Ownership And Political Mobilization In Mexico: A Historical Perspective Ben Thirkell-White (University of St. Andrews) International Relations The New Left in Latin America: Greater Development Space? Afternoon: 14:00-17:00 Michele Winthrop (UK Department for International Development (DFID)) Scottish Representative to Latin America and the Caribbean for DFID An Overview of DFID s Work in Latin America and the Caribbean Nina Laurie (Newcastle University)- Professor of Development and the Environment- Centre for Gender and Women s Studies. A Comment on DFID s role at Combating Latin American Poverty Kyle Muther (University of St. Andrews) Social Anthropology and International Relations Participatory Development: Rhetoric and Practice Mario Aguilar (University of St. Andrews) Divinity The church and Poverty in Latin America -Each talk will be 20 minutes followed by discussion. -There will be a break for lunch from 13:00 to 14:00 and Tea and Coffee served all day. We wish to thank our sponsors: UNYSA, International Relations and Social Anthropology for there generous contributions for transportation and catering.

4 Participants Chairs: -Dr. Mark Harris, Social Anthropology, University of St. Andrews Dr. Mark Harris has carried out fieldwork with peasant river dwellers in the Brazilian Amazon since He has also conducted archival research on the region, focusing on the origins of a massive rebellion in the 1830s. His current research interests lie in partnering knowledge and history, hybridity and religion. -Dr. Huon Wardle, Social Anthropology, University of St. Andrews Dr. Huon Wardle s ethnographic research has examined the West Indies as a region that creates a configuration of problems for anthropologists. I have studied classic issues of family, religion, ritual, money and interpersonal politics, rethinking these from the theoretical vantage point that geographical locality has ceased to be the master index for understanding Caribbean cultural and social processes.

5 Speakers: - Dr. Emilia Ferraro, Department of Anthropology, University of Durham Dr. Emilia Ferraro was a research fellow in the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of St. Andrews before moving to be a teaching fellow in the Department of Anthropology at Durham University. She is interested in anthropology that can lead to a better understanding of human life and that is in continuous dialogue with the world. Her research interests lie in the Andes; economy, culture and religion; credit and debt transactions; development theories and practices as well as gender and development. Presently at Durham University she is part of the Anthropology in Development research group which by using their disciplinary expertise to advance the life chances of the very poor by contributing to work in international development. POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT: SOME REFLECTIONS FROM ANTHROPOLOGY The talk will give an overview of how the category of poverty has been differently defined according to the changing emphases of the international political agendas, showing that the contemporary emphasis on development as poverty alleviation is relatively recent. - Professor Will Fowler, Department of Spanish, University of St. Andrews Professor William M. Fowler is professor of Spanish at the University of St. Andrews. His research interests lie most generally in Latin American Political History, especially of Mexico. Professor Fowler has enhanced his reputation as one of the most imaginative Latin Americanist historians working on nineteenth-century politics with the publication of his long-awaited biography of Santa Anna (Santa Anna of Mexico [2007]) and a number of seminal articles about this caudillo s role in Independent Mexico. In this way, his research has built on his earlier work on Mexican politics during the early national period ( ) with particular reference to the ideas and factions of the "age of proposals", the development of the santanista party and its key ideologue, General Tornel, and the political role of the army.

6 POVERTY, LAND OWNERSHIP AND POLITICAL MOBILIZATION IN MEXICO. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE This paper aims to analyse the relation between poverty and land ownership, and the extent to which the landless or dispossessed have resorted to political violence to redress their condition. Focussing on the 1810 and 1910 revolutions, as well as the origins of a sample of indigenous-agrarian nineteenth-century pronunciamientos, the evolution of the unresolved problems of land ownership, wealth disparity, widespread poverty and social injustice in Mexico will be assessed from a historical perspective. The economic as well as political causes of poverty will be scrutinized, drawing parallels between the impact the reforms of Bourbon Mexico ( ), the Porfiriato ( ), and neoliberal Mexico (1982 ) had in the countryside. This contribution will conclude raising questions about present-day Mexico, and seek to compare the cycles of economic globalization, social discontent, poverty, and political mobilization that characterized the acute crises of the beginning of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with a view to exploring whether the current socio-political crisis may lend itself to parallel revolutionary activity. - Dr. Ben Thirkell- White International Relations, University of St. Andrews Dr. Thirkell White is lecturer in International Relations at the University of St. Andrews. His research interests include the governance of global development, with a particular emphasis on development finance and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Other interests include critical theory and global economic governance, development theory, the politics of poverty reduction and the political economy of development in Southeast Asia and Latin America. THE NEW LEFT IN LATIN AMERICA: GREATER DEVELOPMENT SPACE? This paper will draw on writing in International Political Economy to take a large-scale perspective on economic policy and poverty in Latin America, paying particular attention to the interaction between domestic state-level politics on the one hand and international constraints on the other. In the light of that macro-level and long-term perspective it will make some remarks on the likely impact of a recent 'turn to the left' in the region, with particular focus on Bolivia and Argentina. I will argue that, to date, changes are modest rather than revolutionary. High commodity prices, at the moment, have allowed a modest expansion in social policy but this is unlikely to have sustained impact on poverty without more fundamental and dramatic changes at the national and international level.

7 -Michele Winthrop, UK Department for International Development (DFID), Scottish Representative to Latin America and the Caribbean for DFID AN OVERVIEW OF DFID S WORK IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARRIBEAN Latin America has long been a home of innovation in development. DFID s work in Latin America has been no exception to this. From the earliest days of Overseas Development Administration support to agricultural research in the Andes, to recent cutting-edge work on working with non-state actors; Latin America has always provided valuable lessons that other regions of the world have learned from. In the last ten years, both UK approaches to official development assistance and Latin America itself have changed a lot. This presentation maps out the evolution in UK Development assistance to the LA region, by examining key moments of change, and their impacts on pro-poor growth, deepening democracy and creating space for pro-poor dialogue, and social inclusion. It also examines how DFID s ways of working have evolved throughout the years. It is argued that the LA region has entered a new phase, where the role of the traditional donor or international NGO has been displaced by a range of non-traditional drivers. How will these new forces contribute to the achievement of the MDG s in the region? And how has DFID responded to this changing context? The presentation concludes by highlighting some challenges and opportunities that the region now faces in addressing inequality and poverty. - Professor Nina Laurie, Newcastle University, Professor of Development and the Environment-Centre for Gender and Women s Studies. Professor Nina Laurie specializes in gender and development, with a regional emphasis on gendered-'work' in Latin America. Her current research centers on neo-liberalism and changing gender identities in Latin America. A COMMENT ON DFID s ROLE IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARRIBEAN

8 -Kyle Muther, 4 th year undergraduate student, MA International Relations and Social Anthropology Kyle Muther is in his final year of undergraduate study at the University of St. Andrews. His interests lie in development, politics and anthropology. Over the past summer he spent two months in Ecuador working for the Yanapuma Foundation, a small cooperatively run NGO, which focuses on water, sanitation, recycling and community health projects. He hopes to continue researching participatory development practices in a theoretical way as well as implementing them in the field. PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT: RHETORIC AND REALITY This paper examines the discourse of participatory development and the practice of participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). In particular, it addresses the disjuncture between the theory and practice of participatory development by critically engaging with the language used by development practitioners in the implementation of projects and programmes. This paper argues that by analyzing the roots of the concepts that form the rhetoric of participatory development, facilitators can better understand the reality of development practice. - Dr. Mario I. Aguilar, School of Divinity, University of St. Andrews Dr. Mario I. Aguilar is Professor of Religion and Politics at the University of St. Andrews. He has a particular interest in Churches, theology, religion, ritual, and politics of Latin America and Africa and the relation between anthropology and biblical studies. He is currently writing a nine volume work on the social history of the Catholic Church in Chile and has written two volumes on the History and Politics of Latin American Theology. Mario is also the director of the Centre for the Study of Religion and Politics (CSRP) at the University of St. Andrews. THE CHURCH AND POVERTY This paper explores the link between the social role of the Catholic Church in Latin America and issues of poverty and development. Forty years ago, in 1968, the Catholic Bishops gathered at Medellín spoke publicly about the structures of sin in Latin America that were the main cause of poverty and underdevelopment. By 1971 Gustavo Gutiérrez had systematized this connection between theology and development with the publication of A Theology of Liberation. In a continent with a majority of Roman Catholics and with a significant connection between localized communities and churches the force of a preferential option for the poor has triggered a public challenge to political and social structures that have created poverty and underdevelopment. This paper provides a historical overview focusing on two examples of the practicality of religion and politics: the Hogar de Cristo in Chile and the formation of the Vicariate of Solidarity in 1976 during the Pinochet regime.

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