Liquid Democracy: Promise and Challenges. Prof. Bryan Ford Decentralized and Distributed Systems Lab (DEDIS) Computer and Communications Sciences
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1 Liquid Democracy: Promise and Challenges Prof. Bryan Ford Decentralized and Distributed Systems Lab (DEDIS) Computer and Communications Sciences Tribu January 15, 218
2 Liquid Democracy Origins
3 Liquid Democracy Origins Dennis Lomax, Beyond Politics (23) Joi Ito, Emergent Democracy (23) Sayke, Liquid Democracy (23) James Green-Armytage, Direct Democracy by Delegable Proxy (25) Mark Rosst, Structural Deep Democracy (25) Mikael Nordfors, Democracy 2.1 (26)...
4 Pre-Internet precedents Lewis Carroll, Principles of Parliamentary Representation (1884) James C. Miller, Direct and proxy voting in the legislative process (1969)
5 What is Liquid Democracy? In principle, a combination of the best parts of representative democracy and direct democracy
6 es Repr Voters ent Elec t Representative Democracy
7 Representative Democracy Form Government r to Answ e e ent Voters ag Man es Repr Elec t Accountability Government
8 Representative Democracy Information, accountability bottleneck Form Government r to Answ e e ent Voters Limited interaction ag Man es Repr Elec t Accountability Government
9 Representation = Compression of Voter Preference Information Suppose a well-informed voter has a clear picture of what they want from government 1-to-1
10 Representation = Compression of Voter Preference Information Suppose a well-informed voter has a clear picture of what they want from government 1-to-1 1-to-1
11 Representation = Compression of Voter Preference Information Suppose a well-informed voter has a clear picture of what they want from government 1-to-1 1-to-1 1,-to-1
12 Representation = Compression of Voter Preference Information Suppose a well-informed voter has a clear picture of what they want from government 1-to-1 1-to-1 1,-to-1 US Congress: 7, voters to 1 representative
13 The Ideal of Direct Democracy Get the people involved in the regular, everyday process of governmental decision-making. Every voter learns about, decides, and votes on every important community issue
14 High-Tech Direct Democracy? What if democracy could fully leverage today s (and tomorrow s) best available technologies? Involve voters continuously in governance Allow voters to discuss issues Express support for positions Initiate new proposals
15 Beautiful dream Even if we could make the technology work, and secure enough...
16 Problems with Direct Democracy They re made of people. People with
17 Problems with Direct Democracy They re made of people. People with Varying time, attention, and commitment A few get deep into an issue, others less so
18 Problems with Direct Democracy They re made of people. People with Varying time, attention, and commitment A few get deep into an issue, others less so Varying knowledge, expertise on any issue Ignorant loudmouth gets as much time and voting power as respected expert
19 Problems with Direct Democracy They re made of people. People with Varying time, attention, and commitment Varying knowledge, expertise on any issue A few get deep into an issue, others less so Ignorant loudmouth gets as much time and voting power as respected expert Only 24 hours in each day Even in small groups, direct democracy can exclude anyone with something better to do Pure direct democracy just doesn t scale
20 More people means more governance work 1 1 Public Sector Population countries, source: ILO, OECD Total Population 1 1 1
21 1 issues The scalability challenge 2 votes (1 per person) Pure direct democracy may work for a small group... (not to scale) 1M issues 2 participants but will never work for a large country 2M votes (1M per person) 2M participants
22 Direct democracy can work In Switzerland for example But: Switzerland is a small country (~8.5M) Most voting done in smaller cantons, towns Most governance still handled by representatives; use initiatives & referenda only on select issues
23 Saving Time in Direct Democracy In any direct democracy (even a small one), you probably can t become expert on every issue. Instead, we must take shortcuts. Ask a friend who knows more. Get opinion of a trusted expert. If friend s or expert s opinion makes sense to us, we may decide to vote according to their advice.
24 What is Liquid Democracy? It s just technology-enabled following of advice you trust. If there are many healthcare issues to vote on, and I m not an expert but trust a friend who is, I can delegate my vote on health issues to her. My vote automatically follows friend s advice But only as long as I want. I can cancel anytime and vote for myself again.
25 Different Topics, Different Experts Representative democracy falsely presumes we can find representatives who are competent in everything. We get representatives specializing only in politics, and not in any topics on which they re setting policy. Liquid democracy allows voters to delegate to different representatives in different areas. Delegate health issues to my doctor friend Delegate technology issues to geek friend Bring the benefits of specialization to democracy
26 Freedom of Representative Choice Representative democracy typically gives voters only a few choices Known insiders with party support High barriers to official candidacy Liquid democracy lets anyone be a representative If you give good advice & someone wants to take it, why shouldn t they? Your choice is limited only by the people you know
27 Deep and broad voter participation Liquid democracy removes the information and accountability bottleneck at the top Topic-area delegates Rich interaction, accountability Health Information Environ. Finance Feedback Voters Government Health services Environ. Finance Government
28 From Theory to Practice
29 LiquidFeedback Platform developed and used by the German Pirate Party for several years starting in 26
30 LiquidFeedback German Pirate Party experiment produced important lessons and voter-behavior datasets
31 DemocracyOS Developed Democracia en Red in Buenos Aires, subject of TED talk by Pia Mancini
32 Great, so what could go wrong? A lot, unfortunately if we re not careful.
33 Great, so what could go wrong? A few (of the many) challenges to address: Unintended concentration of delegated votes Voter privacy versus delegate accountability Building secure decentralized implementations CAUTION DEMOCRACY HAZARD
34 Concentration of delegated votes If many see one person as the top expert on topic, and all delegate their votes to same person Winner-take-all effect accidental dictators Example: superdelegates in LiquidFeedback Mitigation: enable and encourage voters to split their voting power among multiple delegates Avoid winner-take-all, give not-quite-top experts their fair share of delegated voting power too
35 Voting privacy versus accountability We usually want to enforce voting privacy So voters can express preferences freely So voters can t prove how they voted to anyone trying to coerce them But if you delegate your vote to a friend or expert, don t you need to know how they cast your vote to keep them accountable?
36 Voting privacy versus accountability Mitigation: keep delegated votes private, but enable private comparison of voting record. I can see that my [potential] delegate has agreed with me about 75% of the time I can t see how they cast any particular vote Current liquid democracy systems don t do this, but the needed underlying technologies exist.
37 Implementation security challenges Current Liquid Democracy prototypes have single points of failure or compromise. You completely trust whoever runs the server Unscrupulous admin or hacker can do anything Weakest-Link Security Should currently be used only for small-scale experiments in friendly security environments!
38 We need secure decentralized tools From weakest-link to strongest-link security Weakest-Link Security Strongest-Link Security Mission of my lab at EPFL (w/ many collaborators): Create open-source decentralized platform with the scalability, security, and privacy needed for trust-critical uses such as Liquid Democracy
39 Conclusion Liquid Democracy gives voters individual choice of whether to participate a lot or just a little of which topics to follow and vote on directly of whose voting advice to trust We can make direct democracy scale! But many challenges to solve.
40 How we can make it happen Safely deploying liquid democracy will require: Communities to organize and participate in small-scale, non-critical experiments first Researchers to develop the theory, and to study and learn from experiments Technologists to build secure decentralized platforms for liquid democracy Governments to provide deployment support and set standards for security, privacy
41 Thank you! Decentralized/Distributed Systems (DEDIS) dedis.epfl.ch github.com/dedis
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