1900 to the Present..

Transcription

1 1900 to the Present.. 1. World War I, World War II: the hegemony of western Europe was broken by 1945 and replaced by competition between two SUPERPOWERS COLD WAR ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in Nationalism replaces Empire Fascism, Decolonization, Racism, Genocide, Growth of International Organizations supplants political division of world into nation-states (early 21 st century) 3. Revolutions Continue: Political Revolutions favor democracy Social Revolutions and social reform: changes in gender Russian Revolution1917 Chinese Revolution 1949 roles, peasant protests, spread of Marxism, Communism, Socialism, religious fundamentalism 4. Globalization: economic, technological, scientific, and cultural Migration patterns (RESETTLEMENT)

2 Period 6 Issue: How do countries in conflict mobilize their resources for war?

3 World War I Casualties 10,000,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 Russia Germany Austria-Hungary France Great Britain Italy Turkey US Total casualties = 37 million Your textbook: Total casualties = 15 million killed 20 million wounded

4 1918 Flu Epidemic Infected 500 million people around the world Killed million of them Killed previously healthy young adults Early detection may have been masked by high death rate due to combat

5 Battle of Gallipoli April 25, January 9, 1916 Russians asked for Allies to open eastern front to help fight the Ottomans British naval commander Winston Churchill thought it would be a good idea ANZAC troops/ British/ French/ India/ Newfoundland Defining moment for Colonel Mustafa Kemal ( Ataturk ) Ottoman casualties = 175,000 (an additional 65,000 from disease) Allies casualties = 188,000 (an additional 145,000 from disease)

6 Armenian Genocide million ethnic Armenians murdered at the hands of the Ottoman Turks Turks believed Armenians were providing aid to Russia. First genocide of 20 th century Turkey routinely denies the atrocity

7 Armistice Day: 11 am 11/11/1918 Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles

8 First conflict of global proportions 15 million dead 20 million wounded End of four empires Rise of nine new countries Massive global dislocations End of Europe s domination of globe SELF- DETERMINATION! Effects of World War I? What was the intent of the League of Nations?

9 WWI: Failure of the League of Nations Goal? Positives and Negatives? COLLECTIVE SECURITY??

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11 Territorial Changes After the Great War

12 Balfour Declaration 1917?

13 1922

14 C 34: An Age of Anxiety: EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR I Post-War Pessimism Crash of 1929 Global Depression Economic Experimentation The New Deal

15 Albert Einstein ( ) Theory of relativity Thermal properties of light Sigmund Freud ( ) Psychoanalysis Clinical way to treat patients Free association Transference Dreams Repression Ego/Id/Super Ego

16 Twenty One Demands 1915? Mukden Incident 1932? And The League of Nations?

17 Why did the war spread to Asia, Africa and the Pacific? How were these areas influenced by the war?

18 How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks come to power? European powers sent troops and supplies to aid the Whites (anti- Communists) Whites defeated in 1920 (10 million dead)

19 Pages Vladimir Lenin = BOLSHEVIKS Rapid Collectivization/ control of banks Stroke 1922 Died 1924 Confiscations UNPOPULAR New Economic Policy (NEP) * partial privatization * promotion of agriculture * promotion of industry * Kulaks and speculation Centralized government/authoritarian Peasants who rose to prosperity (wealthy) 1921: Reversal of War Communism

20 Isolation Joseph Stalin ( ) Socialism in One Country 1924 vs. Leon Trotsky international communist revolutions First FIVE YEAR PLAN Massive Agricultural Collectivization (HEAVY Emphasize INDUSTRY Ukrainian Famine De-kulakization = SECRET POLICE Non-existence of consumer goods The GREAT PURGE: 8 million Soviets in labor camps by 1939 (gulags) Ukraine : 3 million died Including 1 million children

21 Nikolai Yezhov, the young man walking with Stalin in the top photo from the 1930s, was shot in Following his death, Yezhov was edited out of the photo by Soviet Censors. Such retouching was a common occurrence during Stalin's rule. The Great Purge: Results = Arrests, about 7 million Executed - about 1 million Died in camps - about 2 million In prison, late about 1 million In camps, late about 8 million

22 C 35: Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa and Latin America Global National Identity Crisis: India (Post- WW I) Promise of self determination was a powerful motivator! PROBLEM: Quest for independence focused on independence From British rule BUT was complicated by ethnic differences (Hindus and Muslims). National railroad led to increased communication, class of educated elite Indians = REFORM Indian National Congress 1885, Muslim League 1906 Civil disobedience and non-violence Road to a SOLUTION: Mohandas Gandhi ( ) (transformed the Indian National Congress on his return in 1915) Moral philosophy of tolerance and non-violence (ahimsa) Passive resistance (satyagraha truth and firmness ) Armitsar Massacre 1919 (British killed 379 unarmed protestors) Non-Cooperation Movement (boycott of British goods- return to homespun cotton) Civil Disobedience Movement 1930 (more aggressive- protest on British authority = The Salt March (240 miles)= led 50,000 to the Sea to make salt illegally The India Act 1937= autonomous legislatures in Congress/ Control under the British (failed)

23 India finally gains independence: 14 August 1947 (secular India/ Muslim Pakistan)

24 Intermittent Civil War Global National Identity Crisis: China PROBLEM: Revolutionary and nationalist uprising in response to increasing Western influence and threat= Fall of Qing Empire 1911 (Puyi) War lords remain powerful Road to a SOLUTION: - National reunification Dr Sun Yat Sen ( ) = PROCLAIMED Chinese republic 1912 Chinese republic failed = control fell into hands of warlords The continued sway of unequal treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners on universal to intervene suffrage in Chinese society. Foreigners did not control the state but through their privileges, they impaired its sovereignty. World War I = Missed opportunity: no support for Chinese self-determination thought end of war would end unequal treaties but instead supported further Japanese aggression... May Fourth Movement (Chinese students/ intellectuals rebel against Foreign Japanese aggression ) Communism = Chinese Communist Party 1921 Mao Zedong Three Principles of the People: - Elimination of special privileges for foreigners - Economic development - Democratic republican government based Nationalists = Sun Yatsen then Chiang Kai-Shek( )

25 JAPAN Mukden Incident 1931 Japan invaded China(Manchuria) League of Nations does nothing Global Depression weakens Europe Rape of Nanjing 1937 (Dec 1937-March 1938) Japanese bomb urban center 400,000 Chinese used for bayonet practice, massacred 20,000 women raped 1/3 of all homes destroyed Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy (1940) Non-Aggression Pact with USSR (1941)

26 China Sun Yatsen/ Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi): Nationalist in contrast to Communists (Three Principles of the People (nationalism, socialism, democracy) = no special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, democratic government, universal suffrage) Did not believe in social revolution that involved the Chinese masses shunned partnership with the Communists (especially as the Chinese Communist party becomes more unified) avoided Great Depression/ supported agrarian economy not connected to global economy Problems = only control small part of China, warlords still in control in some areas, Communist revolution still a threat, could not ward off Japanese aggression World War II? Mao Zedong: Communist Revolution 1949 opposition to arranged marriages campaigned against footbinding Political radicalism women s equality and right to divorce Leader of the Long March (6215 miles) women s equality/ socialism ideology: Marxist-Leninist (Maoism)= RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION/ COLLECTIVIZATION of agriculture Peasants rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution

27 Global National Identity Crisis: Africa PROBLEM: Competing Interests ** desire for some degree of economic and political independence after WW I: differed from country to country ** African interests conflict with desire by colonial powers to maintain control = ECONOMIC MONOCULTURE Persistent colonialism leads to embryonic nationalist movements Post WW I Post WWII Road to a SOLUTION: -Victorious colonial powers maintained control - Previously self-sufficient African economies were overpowered by European colonial powers - Europeans built businesses and prospered while Africans were used as forced labor ** African educated elite began to develop movement to support African nationalism (Jomo Kenyatta, Marcus Garvey) ** After WW II, Africans would demand independence from colonial rule (Ghana = first to become independent in 1957) Belgian Congo independent 1959 Kenya independent 1963

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29 To promote unity and mutual cooperation between the government and the South African black people To maintain a channel between the government and the black people African National Congress 1912 To promote the social, educational and political upliftment of the black people To promote understanding between chiefs, and loyalty to the British crown and all lawful authorities and to promote understanding between white and black South Africans To address the just grievances of the black people

30 Nelson Mandela: Imprisoned: (President F.W. de Klerk reversed ban on ANC) Nobel Peace Prize: 1993 President: 1994 (first democratically elected South African president)

31 "As long as imperialism exists it will, by definition, exert its domination over other countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism." Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary, 1965 Taft Dollar Diplomacy Neo-Colonialism Nicaragua Somoza Diego Rivera Cardenas Mexico Roosevelt Good Neighbor Sandino Cuba Castro

32 Anastacio Somoza Nicaragua Augusto Sandino Objected to presence of US Marines Killed in 1934 Sandinistas 1979 Father of family Dynasty that ruled For over 40 years Personal fortune = US$60 million FDR: Somoza may be a son-of-a bitch, but he s our son-of-a bitch 50,000 killed 120,000 exiled 600,000 made homeless

33 Roosevelt Corollary 1904 formally renounced in 1933: no state has the right to Intervene in the internal or external affairs of another

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38 1898: just before Spanish-Am War, Boxer Rebellion, Boer War 1945

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40 EVERYONE will be assigned ONE of the time periods for review discussion- EVERYONE must however answer ALL questions. Expectations for each Time Period Presentation Panel: Go through the Key Concepts and Answers to the Key Concept Questions for your time period Be able to share with the class the issues/concepts that you feel are THE MOST IMPORTANT to remember for each time period Be able to share issues/concepts that were the most confusing to you (2-3): explain them to us Be prepared to share significant CHANGES and CONTINUITIES for the time period Be prepared to review an issue/concept with the class that you think we didn t address completely: explain this issue/concept for us

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42 Brave the wind and the waves, everything has remarkable abilities, 1958

43 The commune is like a gigantic dragon, production is visibly awe-inspiring, 1959 Great Leap Forward Promoted industrial output over agricultural production Result: an agrarian catastrophe that led to death by starvation of nearly 20 million people BLAME? Capitalist West.

44 Everybody comes to beat the sparrows, 1956 Eliminating the last sparrow, 1959

45 Cultural Revolution Goal was to purge all vestiges of western influence Widespread government persecutions and Re-education centers Mao s Red Guards: mostly teenagers given unlimited powers/ only answer to Mao himself Intentional mutilation of Red Book = death Many high ranking Communist Party officials were killed China reports 1 million killed BUT others say closer to 30 million

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47 Mao Zedong ( )

48 Deng Xiaoping ( )