Democracy. Lecture 4 John Filling
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1 Democracy Lecture 4 John Filling jf582@cam.ac.uk
2 Aggregative (Majority rule) Extraaggregative (Deliberative) Indirect (Representative) 1 2 Direct (Participatory) 3 4
3 Overview 1. Aggregation a) Sortition 2. Extra-aggregation a) Deliberation b) Testimony 3. Summing-up
4 Lottery Ø Everyone votes; one vote selected at random wins Ø NOT: equal opportunity for each individual to influence Ø NOT: equal outcome/satisfaction for each individual/group Ø RATHER: proportional opportunity for each view to be decisive Ø Aristotle/Montesquieu: positions requiring a) good sense and basic commitment to justice Ø Open to all, selected by lottery b) special talents Ø Filled by the few, selected by election
5 Lottery FOR AGAINST Legitimate procedures Minorities have a chance If tiny minority wins, then is this fair to majority? Desirable outcomes Even majority have incentive to persuade others What if extremist wins?
6 Equality versus proportionality Equal Proportionate Participation Majority rule Voting by estates Opportunity Outcomes Majority rule with no entrenched minorities Majority rule with no entrenched majority Lottery PR
7 Overview 1. Aggregation a) Sortition 2. Extra-aggregation a) Deliberation b) Testimony 3. Summing-up
8
9 James Fishkin s model of deliberative democracy Political equality: Ø Equal consideration of everyone s preferences Five features of good deliberation: 1. Informed arguments supported by facts 2. Balanced argument and counter-argument 3. Conscientious participants willing to talk and listen 4. Substantive judge arguments, not speakers 5. Comprehensive all (significant) arguments heard
10 Joshua Cohen s model of deliberative democracy Formal (1) Continuity (2) Legitimacy Substantive (1) Common good (3) Pluralism (4) Publicity (2) Individual autonomy (5) Capacity
11 Joshua Cohen s model of deliberative democracy outcomes are democratically legitimate if and only if they could be the object of a free and reasoned agreement among equals 1. Participants views: Øregard each other as equals 2. Participants aims: Øpresent considerations others have reason to accept, assuming fact of reasonable pluralism 3. Participants dispositions: Øwilling to listen to considerations proposed by others; willing to cooperate and act on results of deliberation
12 Aggregative v. deliberative democracy Procedure Votes express Deliberation as Aggregative democracy Cast votes One s own preferences/ beliefs Deliberative democracy - Fishkin Make arguments, then cast votes One s own considered preferences/ beliefs Deliberative democracy - Cohen Give reasons, then cast votes Public reasons Bargaining Public discussion Public reasoning
13 Overview 1. Aggregation a) Sortition 2. Extra-aggregation a) Deliberation b) Testimony 3. Summing-up
14 Three sets of arguments against deliberation 1. Realism feasibility? 2. Social choice theory rationality? 3. Feminism equality?
15 Four arguments against deliberation 1. Aims: find common voice Ø Prob: suppresses critical voices 2. Content: abstract public reasons Ø Prob: excludes concrete identities/experiences 3. Talking: privileges some kinds of talk Ø Prob: excludes other kinds (e.g. impassioned ) 4. Dialogue: adversarial/competition ØProb: aim to win debate, not to understand others personal perspectives
16 Dynamics of group deliberations The effect of status hierarchies on juries: 1. Selection of foreperson Ø Speak first, sit at head of the table, claim experience 2. Which views accepted Ø Talkative promoter (quantity, not quality, of talking) 3. Style of discussion Ø Verdict-centred v. evidence-centred 4. Aims Ø Pressures of conformity Ø Fixed attitudes (e.g. conviction-prone)
17 James Fishkin s model of deliberative democracy Political equality: Ø Equal consideration of everyone s preferences Five features of good deliberation: 1. Informed arguments supported by facts 2. Balanced argument and counter-argument 3. Conscientious participants willing to talk and listen 4. Substantive judge arguments, not speakers 5. Comprehensive all (significant) arguments heard
18 Alternative modes of political communication Deliberation Testimony/ Storytelling Points of view Shared world Different worlds Goals Common voice Critical voices Language Rational Passionate
19 Overview 1. Aggregation a) Sortition 2. Extra-aggregation a) Deliberation b) Testimony 3. Summing-up
20 Summing-up The problem ØHow should democracy be organised, to ensure all citizens participate as equals? Three proposals 1. Aggregation Ø Count everybody s vote 2. Deliberation Ø Listen to public reasons 3. Testimony Ø Listen to everybody s story
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