Subterranean Politics in Europe

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1 Subterranean Politics in Europe

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3 Subterranean Politics in Europe Edited by Mary Kaldor Professor of Global Governance, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Sabine Selchow Research Fellow, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Palgrave macmillan

4 Selection, introduction and editorial matter Mary Kaldor and Sabine Selchow 2015 Individual chapters Respective authors 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN ( ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Subterranean politics in Europe / [edited by] Mary Kaldor (professor of global governance, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK), Sabine Selchow (research Fellow, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK). pages cm Includes bibliographical references. 1. Europe Politics and government Europe Social conditions 21st century. 3. Political activists Europe History 21st century. 4. Protest movements Europe History 21st century. 5. Social movements Europe History 21st century. 6. Radicalism Europe History 21st century. 7. Political culture Europe History 21st century. I. Kaldor, Mary. II. Selchow, Sabine. D2024.S dc

5 Contents List of Boxes, Figures and Tables Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors vi viii ix 1 Introduction In Search of Europe s Future: Subterranean Politics and the Other Crisis in Europe 1 Mary Kaldor and Sabine Selchow 2 In Search of European Alternatives: Anti-Austerity Protests in Europe 31 Mario Pianta and Paolo Gerbaudo : Subterranean Politics and Visible Protest on Social Justice in Italy 60 Donatella della Porta, Lorenzo Mosca and Louisa Parks 4 The Swarm Intelligence and Occupy: Recent Subterranean Politics in Germany 94 Anne Nassauer and Helmut K. Anheier 5 The 15-M: A Bet for Radical Democracy 119 Jordi Bonet i Martí 6 Hungary at the Vanguard of Europe s Rearguard? Emerging Subterranean Politics and Civil Dissent 141 Jody Jensen 7 Political Blockage and the Absence of Europe: Subterranean Politics in London 168 Sean Deel and Tamsin Murray-Leach 8 Alter-Europe: Progressive Activists and Europe 200 Geoffrey Pleyers Conclusion: Towards a European Spring? 231 Ulrich Beck and Mary Kaldor Index 239 v

6 Boxes, Figures and Tables Boxes 2.1 Blockupy Frankfurt! The first European strike European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) The European Appeal: Another Road for Europe European Progressive Economists Network (Euro-pen) No TAV Common goods Freedom of information The influence of the Indignados Anonymous Germany: An overview GuttenPlag: An overview Occupy Germany: An overview The genesis of the 15-M Timeline of dissent Occupy London UK Uncut UK student protest movement London Citizens Blockupy: A pan-european anti-austerity protest in the counter-globalisation tradition? 217 Figures 3.1 The different phases of the research design Protest events in Italy by month, year 2011 (absolute values) Type of actor involved in protest events (multiple responses, % of cases) Configuration of actors involved in the 15-M 126 Tables 2.1 Major Europe-wide anti-austerity protests Types of union involved in protest events (multiple responses, % of cases) 67 vi

7 List of Boxes, Figures and Tables vii 3.2 Type of social group involved in protest events (multiple responses, % of cases) Repertoire of action (multiple responses, % of cases) Issues of protest (multiple responses, % of cases) Targets of protest (multiple responses, % of cases) Level of protest targets (multiple responses, % of cases) Selected actors (absolute values) Visions of Europe by age of the organisations (mean values) Diagnostic frames on Europe Prognostic frames on Europe Mobilisation frames on Europe M frames Comparing the alter-globalisation and the 15-M Mapping major Hungarian grassroots/activist organisations 159

8 Acknowledgements This research would not have been possible without the generous support of the Open Society Foundations. In particular, we would like to thank Rayna Gavrilova, Heather Grabbe and Ellen Riotte at the Open Society European Policy Institute (formerly OSI Brussels) for their help and enthusiasm throughout. Jordi Vaquer, of the Open Society Initiative for Europe, also contributed significantly to the research process. We would especially like to thank all those who gave their time to take part in the focus groups and interviews carried out by the field teams. It is also important to stress partially on their behest that their comments and our extrapolations do not necessarily reflect the views of all those involved in the loosely affiliated groups and movements that we see as characteristic of subterranean politics. Indeed, the importance of avoiding the imposition of an overriding ideology on fellow activists is a core belief of many of those interviewed. This book draws on the Subterranean Politics research project. The full reports from the seven contextual case studies are available to academic researchers working on related topics; please see the website for further details: In addition to the contributors to this volume, we would like to note the researchers who worked on the initial studies: Dr Bartolomeo Conti (CADIS, Paris), Maro Pantazidou (IDS), Erin Saltman (UCL) and Hajnalka Szarvas (Corvinus University). We would also like to thank Dominika Spyratou, Pippa Bore and Jon Wiltshire (intern) of the Civil Society and Human Security Unit of the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) for their tireless assistance. viii

9 Contributors Helmut K. Anheier is Professor of Sociology and Dean at the Hertie School of Governance. He also holds a chair in sociology at Heidelberg University and serves as Academic Director of the Center for Social Investment. He received his PhD from Yale University in From 2001 to 2009, he was Professor of Public Policy and Social Welfare at UCLA s School of Public Affairs and Centennial Professor at the London School of Economics. He founded and directed the Centre for Civil Society at the London School of Economics and the Center for Civil Society at UCLA. Before embarking on an academic career, he served as social affairs officer to the United Nations. He is currently researching the role of foundations in civil society and focuses on concepts and methods in civil society and globalisation studies. He is the founding editor of the Global Civil Society Yearbook and editor of the Cultures and Globalization series (with Raj Isar). His recent publications include Foundations and American Society (with David Hammack, 2009) and Nonprofit Organizations: Theory, Management and Policy (2005). Ulrich Beck was Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Munich and Visiting Centennial Professor at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He was a prolific author; his most notable books translated into English include Risk Society (1992; originally published in German in 1986), Reflexive Modernization (1994, with Anthony Giddens and Scott Lash), The Normal Chaos of Love (1995, with E. Beck-Gernsheim), The Reinvention of Politics (1996), Democracy Without Enemies (1998), World Risk Society (1999), Individualization (2000), Power in the Global Age (2005), The Cosmopolitan Vision (2006), Cosmopolitan Europe (2007, with Edgar Grande), World at Risk(2008), German Europe (2013) and Distant Love (2014, with E. Beck-Gernsheim). Described as the most influential sociologist of his generation by Lord Anthony Giddens, Beck died aged 70 on 1 January 2015, as this book went to press. Jordi Bonet i Martí is Lecturer in Organizational Psychology at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (Chile). He completed his PhD in social psychology at Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona and his ix

10 x Notes on Contributors undergraduate studies at Universitat de Barcelona. His research interests lie in the area of community development, urban policies, minority rights and discourse analysis. In recent years, he has focused on feminist methodology through his participation in the creation of SIMREF (Seminari Interdisciplinar de Metodologia de Recerca Feminista; Seminar on Interdisciplinary Feminist Research Methodology). Sean Deel is a researcher in the Department of International Development at the London School of Economics. Donatella della Porta is Professor of Sociology in the Department of Political and Social Sciences at the European University Institute, where she directs the Center on Social Movement Studies (Cosmos). She also directs a major ERC project, Mobilizing for Democracy, on civil society participation in democratisation processes in Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Latin America. Among her very recent publications are Can Democracy Be Saved? (2013), Clandestine Political Violence (with D. Snow, B. Klandermans and D. McAdam, eds., 2013), Blackwell Encyclopedia on Social and Political Movements (2013), Mobilizing on the Extreme Right (with M. Caiani and C. Wagemann, 2012), Meeting Democracy (ed. with D. Rucht, 2012), The Hidden Order of Corruption (with A. Vannucci, 2012), Social Movements and Europeanization (with M. Caiani, 2009), Another Europe (ed., 2009), Democracy in Social Movements (ed., 2009) and Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences (with M. Keating; translation into Spanish by Akal, 2008). In 2011, she was the recipient of the Mattei Dogan Prize for distinguished achievements in the field of political sociology. Paolo Gerbaudo is Lecturer in Digital Culture and Society at King s College London. He has worked as a reporter for the Italian Left newspaper il manifesto and has been involved in anti-corporate, global justice and ecologist campaigns. His current research focuses on the use of new media and social media by social movements and emerging digital parties. He is the author of Tweets and the Streets (2012), a book analysing social media activism in the popular protest wave of 2011, from the Arab Spring to the indignados and Occupy Wall Street. He has a PhD from Goldsmiths College, where he worked under the supervision of Professor Nick Couldry. He has previously taught at Middlesex University and the American University in Cairo. He is currently the convenor of the Digital Culture and Political Protest module at King s College.

11 Notes on Contributors xi Jody Jensen is a research fellow at the Institute of Sociology and Institute of Political Science, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and the Director of International Economic Relations, Institute for Social and European Studies, Hungary. Amongst other positions, she has been the regional director of ASHOKA Central Europe ( ); director of the HCA Liaison Office for East Central European Cooperation ( ); general secretary of the Consortium for the Study of European Transition ( ); and co-convenor of the Helsinki Citizen s Assembly Commission on Nationalism and (Con)Federal Structures. Focusing on the Balkans, global civil society, transformation of the nation state and the governance of global markets, she contributes regularly to major journals and is also the English editor of the website Találjuk-ki Közepeuropát (Reinventing Central Europe; and editor-in-chief of English publications for Savaria University Press and ISES Publications. Mary Kaldor is Professor of Global Governance, Director of the Civil Society and Human Security Research Unit at the London School of Economics and CEO of the DFID-funded Justice and Security Research Programme. She is the author of several books, including The Ultimate Weapon Is No Weapon: Human Security and the Changing Rules of War and Peace (2010); New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era (1999; third edition 2012) and Global Civil Society: An Answer to War (2003). She was co-chair of the Helsinki Citizens Assembly, a member of the International Independent Commission on Kosovo and convenor of the Human Security Study Group, which reported to Javier Solana. Lorenzo Mosca is an assistant professor at Roma Tre University, where he teaches new media, sociology of communication and public opinion. His research interests are mostly focused on political participation, communication and social movements. Recent research includes anti-austerity movements in Italy, the political use of the Internet in comparative perspective and the Movimento 5 Stelle. Tamsin Murray-Leach is a research officer in the Civil Society and Human Security Unit at the London School of Economics and managing editor of Global Civil Society 2012 and of this volume. Anne Nassauer is a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Sociology, John F. Kennedy Institute, Free University of Berlin. Her main

12 xii Notes on Contributors research interests include collective behaviour, emotions and symbolic interaction. She completed her doctorate at Humboldt University, Berlin, on Violence in Demonstrations: A Comparative Analysis of Situational Interaction Dynamics at Social Movement Protests. Currently, she is researching violence, social movements and crime from a micro-sociological perspective. Louisa Parks holds a PhD from the European University Institute in Florence. She is the author of Social Movement Campaigns on EU Policy: In the Corridors and in the Streets (2015). She is Lecturer in the School of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Lincoln, where she is carrying out research within the Benelux project on the role of NGOs in the elaboration of norms on benefit sharing in global environmental law. This research, funded by the European Research Council, proceeds alongside continued work on social movement campaigning in the EU. Mario Pianta is Professor of Economic Policy at the University of Urbino and is a member of the Centro Linceo Interdisciplinare of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. His recent books include Global Justice Activism and Policy Reform in Europe (ed., with P. Utting and A. Elleskirk, 2012). Geoffrey Pleyers is an FNRS researcher at the University of Louvain, Belgium. He holds a PhD in sociology from the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS, Paris) and teaches sociology of globalisation and social movements at the EHESS and at the University of Louvain. He is the author of Forums sociaux mondiaux et défis de l altermondialisme (2007) and Alter-globalization: Becoming Actors in a Global Age (2010) and has edited the books Movimientos sociales. De lo local a lo global (2009) and Consommation critique (2011). Sabine Selchow is a research fellow in the Civil Society and Human Security Research Unit at the London School of Economics and in the Institute of Sociology at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany. She holds a PhD in government from the London School of Economics. She is the co-editor of Global Civil Society 2012.