Dr. Rana Tayyar. Ø Sections: and Ø Office hours/ MTSC Room 320 By appointment only

Transcription

1 Biology 1

2 Dr. Rana Tayyar Ø Lecture Monday through Thursday: 11:30AM 1:45 PM MTSC 401 Ø Sections: and Ø Office hours/ MTSC Room 320 By appointment only

3 Syllabus

4

5 Ø Objectives of the course Ø Grading/ no grades will be sent by Ø Exam policies (ParScores) Replacing lowest exam grade Ø Attendance: Mandatory Ø Classroom policies

6 Succeeding In This Class Ø Take your school work seriously Ø Come to class prepared Ø Attend all lectures Ø Be an active participant

7 Succeeding In This Class Ø Allow some biology time every day Ø Read your notes and rewrite them (within 24 hours is best) Ø Please read the textbook Ø Prepare a list with the new terms and define them Ø Prepare flash cards Ø Form study groups

8 Succeeding In This Class Ø Discuss any questions with me Ø Tutorial Services: you will need to create a MyWcOnline account if you don't already have one in order to schedule a tutoring appointment Phone number: (951) MLK Bldg., Room 232

9 Invitation to Biology

10 Biology Ø Bios = life (from Greek) Ø -logy/-ology = scientific study of a subject Ø Biology = scientific study of life

11 The word science is derived from a Latin word scire meaning to know, to understand Science: The systematic study of the observable world and how it works Science is both a body of knowledge and the process to acquire this knowledge Critical thinking is a big part of science judging information before accepting it

12 Scientific Method Process consisting of a series of steps used to make, test and evaluate hypotheses Ø Is not a rigid procedure Ø Based on evidence

13 Steps of the Scientific Method Pose a scientific question

14 Hypothesis: testable explanation of a natural phenomenon/educated guess Prediction: statement about a condition that should occur if the hypothesis is correct

15 Experiment: test designed to support or falsify a prediction Variable: a characteristic or event that differs among individuals or over time Independent variable: condition or treatment controlled by the experimenter/ treatment Dependent variable: observed result that is influenced by the independent variable

16 Experimental group: receive a certain treatment or have certain characteristics Control group: identical to an experimental group, but without exposure to the independent variable Sample size and replications

17

18 Butterflies and Birds Researchers investigated whether certain peacock butterfly behaviors defend them against predatory birds

19 Initial observations: When a peacock butterfly rests, it folds its wings, so only the dark underside shows When a butterfly sees a predator approaching, it flicks its wings open, producing a hissing sound and a series of clicks

20 Ø First hypothesis: wing-flicking exposes brilliant spots that resemble owl eyes Ø Second hypothesis: hissing and clicking sounds may be an additional defense that deters predatory birds

21 Experimental design: u Paint the wing spots of some butterflies black u Remove sound-making wing part of others u Apply both treatments Ø Place butterfly into cage with a hungry blue tit Ø Observe for 30 minutes

22

23 Conclusions: Ø The test results supported the hypotheses Ø Predatory birds are indeed deterred by peacock butterfly sounds, and even more so by wing spots

24 Inductive reasoning: drawing a conclusion based on many specific observations Deductive reasoning: using a general idea to make a conclusion about a specific case

25 More Terms relating to scientific inquiries Sampling error Probability Statistically significant Scientific Theory Law of nature

26 Limitations of Science Science addresses only testable ideas about observable events and processes It does not address anything that is not testable, such as beliefs and opinions

27 Forms of Life Share Common Properties Ø Order Ø Energy and nutrients Ø Response to stimuli Ø Homeostasis Ø Use of DNA as hereditary material during reproduction Ø Growth and development Ø Evolutionary adaptation

28 Order Life has nested levels of organization Specific organization of components in a biological system and their interaction give rise to emergent properties

29 Emergent Properties New properties that arise in each step upward in the hierarchy of life as a result of interactions between components and proper arrangement of components An organism is a living whole greater than the sum of its parts

30 A Closer Look at Biological Organization Life organization extends from the microscopic scale of atoms and molecules to the global scale of the biosphere

31 A Hierarchy of Biological Organization Ø Atom Ø Molecule/ Biological Molecules Ø Organelle/Cell* Cells are the fundamental units of life Ø Tissue Ø Organ

32 Ø Organ system Ø Organism (Beyond the level of organisms) Ø Population Ø Community Ø Ecosystem* Producers Consumers Decomposers Physical environment Ø Biosphere

33 Nutrients and Energy Processing Nutrient: substance acquired from the environment and required for growth and survival Why do organisms need energy? Ø Power activities and chemical reactions How do organisms obtain energy? Ø Producers Ø Consumers

34 producer acquiring energy and nutrients from the environment consumer acquiring energy and nutrients by eating a producer

35 ENERGY IN SUNLIGHT 3 Producers harvest energy from the environment. Some of that energy flows from producers to consumers. PRODUCERS plants and other self-feeding organisms 4 Nutrients that get incorporated into the cells of producers and consumers are eventually released back into the environment (by decomposition, for example). Producers then take up some of the released nutrients. CONSUMERS animals, most fungi, many protists, bacteria 5 All of the energy that enters the world of life eventually flows out of it, mainly as heat released back to the environment.

36 Response to Environment Response to a stimulus

37 Homeostasis Living organisms have the ability to maintain a stable internal body environment even in the face of a fluctuating external environment

38 Living Organisms Use DNA Ø DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) carries hereditary information that guides: Ø Development: multistep process by which the first cell of a new multicelled organism gives rise to an adult Ø Growth: increase in the number, size, and volume of cells Ø Reproduction: processes by which individuals produce offspring

39 The Diversity of Life Taxonomy (Carolus Linnaeus) Science that deals with the identification and the classification of living organisms

40 Ø Domain Ø Kingdom Ø Phylum Ø Class Ø Order Ø Family Ø Genus Ø species Taxonomic Classification

41 The Three Domains The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains: Ø Archaea Ø Bacteria Ø Eukarya

42 Bacteria Archaea Protists Plants Fungi Animals Kingdoms Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Domains

43 Domain Archaea Archaea are prokaryotes that often live in Earth s extreme environments

44 Domain Bacteria Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes

45 Domain Eukarya All members have eukaryotic cells Ø Protists Ø Fungi

46 Ø Plants Ø Animals