INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY A SIMPLE START
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1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY A SIMPLE START DOES THEORY MATTER? WHAT ARE ITS PHILOSOPHICAL & HISTORICAL ROOTS? REALISM LIBERALISM/IDEALISM PUTTING THEORY INTO PRACTICE ALL IR TEXTBOOKS HAVE THEORY CHAPTERS
2 This file can be downloaded from our Website Doppeldiplom/aktuelles.html! There you can also find further material to accompany our seminars on International Theory and International Politics! Lost in the maze??? Send to
3 WHY THEORY? IR THEORIES ARE GENERAL IDEAS ABOUT WORLD AFFAIRS IDEAS MATTER THEORIES INFLUENCE POLICIES AND POLITICS THEORY HELPS US DEAL WITH COMPLEXITY
4 WHAT THEORIES DO DESCRIBE EXPLAIN PREDICT PRESCRIBE
5 THEORIES ARE NOT LAWS THEY REFLECT HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES THEY REFLECT THE PERSONAL VIEWS AND EXPERIENCES OF THOSE WHO WRITE THEM THEY ARE CONTINUALLY BEING REVISED IN LIGHT OF CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES
6 BE CRITICAL FOR MOST COMPLEX PROBLEMS THERE ARE EASY SOLUTIONS THAT ARE OFTEN WRONG COMMON SENSE CAN BE NONSENSE STATES, LIKE PEOPLE, ACT FOR MANY REASONS THAT SOMETIMES CONTRADICT DIFFICULT CHOICES OFTEN MAKE FOR BAD POLICIES
7 HOW THEORIES DEVELOP THEORIES BEGIN WITH ASSUMPTIONS THEORIES OFFER HYPOTHESES THEORIES HAVE INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES PRACTICAL EXAMPLES?
8 HYPOTHESIS? IF WE CONTINUE TO BURN RISING AMOUNTS OF OIL THEN THE WORLD S TEMPERATURE WILL RISE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE - BURNING FUEL DEPENDENT VARIABLE - GLOBAL CLIMATE SCIENTISTS TEST THEIR THEORIES EMPIRICALLY MEASURING INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IN ORDER TO SHOW A CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP TO GLOBAL WARMING
9 CONCEPTS TO KNOW PREMISSES HYPOTHESES INDEPENDENT/DEPENDENT VARIABLES VALIDITY CRITERIA (Refutation vs. Corroboration) ACTORS LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
10 Three Images or Levels of Analysis of International Relations
11 Three Images Kenneth Waltz Man, the State, and War. What are the causes of war? Third Image: The International System Second Image: The State First Image: Human nature
12 1 st Image: Human Nature Optimists People are basically good Social Reform, Education Crime and war are deviant behaviors Progress is possible, perhaps inevitable But... Does knowledge lead to peace? Does knowledge imply same preferences for everybody? Pessimists Human nature is flawed Passion and egoism are fundamental Crime and war are normal Utopian ideals are not achievable But... Incomplete explanation
13 1 st Image Original Sin: Augustine ( ) Reinhold Niebuhr ( ), Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932) Thucydides ( B.C.) Fear, Power, Honour Sigmund Freud ( ) Subconscious, repression Robert Jervis (1976), Perception and Misperception in International Politics
14 2 nd Image: The State Bad Institutions Despotic states Internal strife
15 Liberalism The State " Reason and progress make the eventual elimination of war possible Immanuel Kant ( ) On Perpetual Peace Historical evolution Technology leads to more brutal wars States will be compelled to become more peaceful as citizens have to bear the cost of warfare Republics < i.e. states ruled by law > will be inclined towards peace Commerce creates incentives to pursue peace World Society as voluntary association of peaceful states in legal federation
16 The State Marxism-Leninism The mode of production determines social relations Government represents dominant class interests Under capitalism Expanding production leads to diminishing returns Search for profits leads to demand for new markets and investment opportunities Conflict among capitalist states Harmony among socialist states
17 3 rd Image: International anarchy Thomas Hobbes ( ). Leviathan (1651) Human beings are animals that seek pleasure and survival In the state of nature, others are threats, so all are at war Life is nasty, brutish and short To transcend anarchy, we surrender our natural rights to an absolute sovereign in a social contract International anarchy State of Nature State of War
18 Again: What is a Theory?! Theory is "the net which we throw out in order to catch the world - to rationalize, explain, and dominate it." Karl Popper. Logik der Forschung, 6. Aufl. Tübingen 1976, p.31 * * * A good theory should fulfil the following functions:! describe, explain and predict positivist idea of theorizing! verify (traditional position) or falsify (Popper) observation statements - by confronting accumulated knowledge with reality No matter how many instances of white swans we may have observed, this does not justify the conclusion that all swans are white. Karl Popper, Logik der Forschung, op. cit., pp 39 et seq.! be internally consistent and coherent
19 Napravi Pauzu!
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