An International Perspective on Policing

Transcription

1 Comparative Criminal Justice Systems / 6 th edition Chapter 6: An International Perspective on Policing Professor Kenny Loui 케니루이교수 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Explain Bayley s typology of police structures and provide examples of countries exemplifying each type 6.2 Compare police misconduct in the United States to police misconduct in other countries 6.3 Give both international and regional examples of police cooperation in fighting transnational crime 1

2 Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes Explain Bayley s typology of police structures and provide examples of countries exemplifying each type Typology = 유형분류체계 Exemplify = 전형적인예가되다 Who is David H. Bayley? Professor Emeritus of Criminal Justice, SUNY - Albany ( 뉴욕주립대학교올버니캠퍼스형사행정학과명예교수 ) Born March 26, 1933 Ph.D., Political Science, Princeton University Fields of specialization: Comparative criminal justice ( 비교형사사법제도 ) Comparative politics ( 비교정치 ) Police administration ( 경찰행정 ) 2

3 Bayley s Types of Police Structure Dispersal of Command ( 명령권한의해산 ) Dispersal of command Centralized: One primary command authority for all levels of command. Decentralized: Different command authorities at each level of command; command authority dispersed to lower level(s) of command. Bayley s Types of Police Structure Number of Forces ( 경찰력의수 ) Number of forces Single: One type of police force. Multiple: More than one type of police force. Coordinated: No overlapping jurisdictions of authority. Uncoordinated: Overlapping jurisdictions of authority. Overlap = 중복 Jurisdiction = 관할권 Authority = 지휘권 3

4 Bayley s Types of Police Structure Dispersal of command Number of forces Centralized ( 중앙집권화 ) Decentralized ( 분권화 ) Single ( 하나 ) Multiple Coordinated ( 많은 / 협조된 ) Multiple Uncoordinated ( 많은 / 개별적으로 ) Ireland Ghana Nigeria Poland Saudi Arabia Austria England and Wales France Belgium Italy Spain Switzerland Japan Australia Canada German India Mexico United States Policing in Ghana A centralized single system of policing Operates with one national police force for the entire country That force, the Ghana Police Service (GPS) operates under the Ministry of the Interior Everyday policing is organized at the district level where police stations, posts, and officers are found 4

5 Policing in Ghana A centralized single system of policing Policing in Japan A decentralized single system of policing Operates with one national police force for the entire country That force, the National Police Agency (NPA) reports to the central government and serves as the supervisory agency for Japan s police system Everyday policing is organized at the prefectural level where all the highest-level officials are NPA employees All other prefecture headquarters officers are employed by the prefecture rather than by the NPA Despite separate employers, all officers throughout the country are supervised and trained by the NPA but command is dispersed to the prefectural level *** 5

6 Policing in Japan A decentralized single system of policing Policing in Japan A decentralized single system of policing 6

7 Policing in France A centralized multiple coordinated system of policing Operates with two national police forces for the entire country The Gendarmerie Nationale, operates under the Ministry of Defense and the Police Nationale, operates under the Ministry of Interior The gendarmerie provide law enforcement in rural areas and in communities under 20,000 population; the national police enforce the law in urban areas Two police forces with separate jurisdictions but reporting to the central government has the potential for confusion and inefficiency, but the two great French police forces operate in a coordinated manner with minimal conflict Policing in France A centralized multiple coordinated system of policing 7

8 Policing in Germany A decentralized multiple coordinated system of policing Operates at the federal and state (Länder) levels Primary federal agencies are: 1. Federal Criminal Police (BKA) with a broad range of federal and international duties 2. Federal Police (BPOL) with responsibility for patrolling the borders and railways and for protecting most major airports Each German state controls its own police force, but considerable similarity exists: Standard uniforms with state-specific sleeve patches Three-part division with uniform-wearing Schutzpolizei having broadest duties, Kriminalpolizei developing cases and initiating charges, and the paramilitary standby police responding to calls for crowd control and emergencies Policing in Germany A decentralized multiple coordinated system of policing 8

9 Policing in Spain A centralized multiple uncoordinated system of policing Three major police forces operating under the authority of the national government National Police Corps Civil Guard Municipal Police The Cuerpo Nacional de Policia operates in Spain s urban areas Responsible for urban policing and supervising private security forces Reports to the Ministry of Interior The Guardia Civil, is Spain s oldest national police force Patrols rural areas and highways between cities Reports to both ministries of interior and defense The Policia Municipal assist tourists, control traffic, and assist other police forces Reports to the mayor ( 시장 / 市長 ) of each city but governed by the national government Considered uncoordinated because of overlapping authority and the possibility of confusion and working at cross-purposes Policing in Spain A centralized multiple uncoordinated system of policing 9

10 Policing in Mexico A decentralized multiple uncoordinated system of policing Operates at the federal, state, and local levels The various forces have many layers of overlapping authority (hence, multiple and uncoordinated) Federal policing Federal Ministerial Police (PFM) and the Federal Police (PF) work together on investigations State policing Each of the 31 states have police with either order maintenance or investigating authority but the structure varies from state to state Local policing Each municipality may have police but only with order maintenance authority investigating authority is handled by state or federal police Policing in Mexico A decentralized multiple uncoordinated system of policing 10

11 Police Structures in Pictures Republic of Korea: Single / Centralized Police Structures in Pictures United States: Decentralized / Multiple Uncoordinated 11

12 KEYPOINT: The Importance of Culture Police Structures as a Result of Cultural Values United States of America Individualism 개인주의 Republic of Korea Collectivism 집산주의 Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 6.2 Compare police misconduct in the United States to police misconduct in other countries Misconduct = 불품행 ( 공권남용 ) Corruption = 부정부패 12

13 6.2 Public Sector Corruption 공공부문부패 VOCABULARY Political Parties: 정당 Parliament and Legislature: 의회 Police: 경찰 Business and Private Sector: 민간부문 Media: 언론 Public Officials and Civil Servants: 공무원 Judiciary: 사법부 NGOs: 비정부기구 Religious Bodies: 교단 Military: 군사 Education: 교육기관 6.2 Public Sector Corruption 공공부문부패 In Korea, which of the following do you think is the most corrupt? Political Parties: 정당 Parliament and Legislature: 의회 Police: 경찰 Business and Private Sector: 민간부문 Media: 언론 Public Officials and Civil Servants: 공무원 Judiciary: 사법부 NGOs: 비정부기구 Religious Bodies: 교단 Military: 군사 Education: 교육기관 13

14 6.2 Public Sector Corruption Political Parties (1) Parliament and Legislature (2) Police (7) Business and Private Sector Media Public Officials and Civil Servants (3) Judiciary NGOs Religious Bodies Military Education 14

15 6.2 Public Sector Corruption Political Parties (1) Parliament and Legislature (1) Police (2) Business and Private Sector Media Public Officials and Civil Servants (3) Judiciary NGOs Religious Bodies Military Education Police Misconduct Ranges from accepting gifts and free meals to protecting the illegal activity of others or committing crimes directly It can also include actions violating citizen and suspect rights or exhibiting discriminatory behavior toward minority group members Transparency International s Global Corruption Barometer indicates that citizens of Finland and Denmark perceive their police to be not very corrupt whereas citizens of Burundi and Nigeria perceive their police to be very corrupt Police misconduct is found in countries around the world, but does that pervasiveness result from certain personality types being attracted to police work, or does police work itself breed misconduct? 15

16 Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 6.3 Give both international and regional examples of police cooperation in fighting transnational crime International = 국제적인 Regional = 지역적 / 국지적 6.3 Difficulties with International Cooperation in Law Enforcement BRAINSTORM ACTIVITY Answer the following question: What are some difficulties with international cooperation among law enforcement agencies and police officers from different countries? Give examples. 16

17 6.3 Difficulties with International Cooperation in Law Enforcement Three Major Factors The different structures of police forces around the world make it difficult for officials in one country to know which department in another country has authority to deal with a case or provide information. The use of different languages can become a barrier to communication and may discourage or even interfere with communication. Differences among legal systems ( 법률제도 ) may present problems ranging from frustration to inability to cooperate. 6.3 International and Regional Examples of Police Cooperation Because both crime and criminals increasingly ignore national boundaries, cooperation at international and regional levels is necessary Interpol Europol An international organization that coordinates police cooperation among its member nations Investigations are conducted by police in the member nations, not by Interpol itself Controls databases with such information on criminals as their photographs, fingerprints, and DNA profiles A regional organization of the European Union Serves to prevent and combat such criminal activities as illicit drug trafficking, illicit vehicle trafficking, human trafficking, terrorism, and money laundering Facilitates the exchange of data, reports, and analysis among police agencies 17

18 6.3 YOU SHOULD KNOW! (P. 176) Interpol FAQs ( 인터폴자주묻는질문들 ) Is Interpol an international police force? No. Does Interpol actually investigate cases? No. How does Interpol communicate? National Central Bureau. Does Interpol collect information on international criminals? Yes. How is an internationally wanted criminal traced? Red Notice ( 빨간공지 ). * MOVIE: Rush Hour (1998) Police Cooperation Think about the following What were the three types of police agencies involved in the kidnapping case of Consul Han s daughter? How would you describe the relationship among the different law enforcement officers and agencies involved in the case? 18