Practical and Conceptual Problems. Dennis Dijkzeul
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1 Practical and Conceptual Problems Dennis Dijkzeul
2 Topics Last Week! My background! Contents of the course! Other courses! Definitions! Types of Actors! Program Student Activities TODAY WE LL CONTINUE
3 Definitions To a large extent 4 common characteristics: Deterioration or complete collapse of both central government authority and (parts of) civil society. Episodic food insecurity, frequently deteriorating into mass starvation. Macro-economic collapse involving hyperinflation, massive unemployment, and net decreases in Gross National Product. Mass population movements of displaced people and refugees escaping conflict or searching for food.
4 Breakdown of Distinctions?! State, Crime, Army, and Civilians! Private and Public! Natural vs man-made disasters! Sovereignty of State (vs. Security of People)! Security, Relief, Rehabilitation, and Development! New distinctions: Political vs Humanitarian?
5 TOPICS! WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE? (SOVEREIGNTY IN INTRA-STATE CONFLICTS)! CONTINUUM DEBATE: LINKING RELIEF, REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT! DECLINING RESOURCES, DISPARITIES IN ALLOCATION! MANAGEMENT "INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL "INTRA-ORGANIZATIONAL
6 WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE?! WHEN IS IT AN EMERGENCY? "CMR OF 1 DEATH PER 10,000 A DAY "MALNUTRITION > 10% "GENOCIDE IT IS AN EDUCATED GUESS
7 WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE?! SHOULD ONE HELP? "AM I MY BROTHER S KEEPER? #HUMANITARIAN IMPULSE # HUMANITARIAN IMPERATIVE " RIPENESS OF CONFLICT "DIFFERENT TRADITIONS & POWER POSITIONS! CONSEQUENCES OF HELP "TAKES AWAY DIGNITY (ESPECIALLY NON- RECIPROCAL HELP) "CREATES DEPENDENCY "REIGNITES CONFLICT
8 WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE?! DIFFERENCE INDIVIDUAL HELP & ORGANIZED AID "AID DIFFERS FROM SOCIETAL LEVEL TO SOCIETAL LEVEL! IF ONE HELPS; WHAT IS SUFFICIENT HELP? "STOPGAP OR CONTAINMENT "NEW BEGINNING FOR THE NEEDY, I.E. LINKING RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT "REMAIN INDEPENDENT OR TAKE SIDES?
9 WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE?! WHAT IS THE LEGAL BASIS? "THE SHIFT FROM SOVEREIGNTY TO SECURITY OF THE PEOPLE IS INCOMPLETE! WHO INTERVENES: "LEGAL ISSUES: USE OF FORCE "WHO LEADS? SUPERPOWER, REGIONAL POWER, NGOs, UN, ICRC
10 WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE?! CONCLUSION: "CASCADING CONUNDRUMS & UNIQUE CASES "MULTIPLICATION OF ACTORS (ACTOR MIX) "MANY ISSUES TO ADDRESS (ISSUE MIX) "DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SOCIETY (LEVEL MIX) "BUT ALSO INCREASING INSTITUTIONALIZATION AND CODIFICATION OF HUMANITARIAN IDEALS
11 PRACTICAL HISTORY: DIFFICULTIES IN LRD! DURING COLD WAR, MAINLY: "FIRST GENERATION PEACEKEEPING "CONTINUUM IDEA #BASED ON NATURAL DISASTERS (ONE MAJOR CAUSE) # ONE-TIME EVENTS (SHORT TERM) #DIFFERENT SECURITY, DEVELOPMENT AND RELIEF ORGANIZATONS #LIMITED SET OF ISSUES #POLITICAL AND HUMANITARIAN ACTORS WERE THUS SEPARATED
12 PRACTICAL HISTORY: DIFFICULTIES IN LRD! HOWEVER, CHARACTERISTICS OF CONFLICT CHANGED: "EXPLOSION OF CONFLICTS, SOMETIMES REGIONAL "INTRASTATE "CIVILIANS AS TARGET "RAGTAG ARMIES (MILITIAS, WARRING FACTIONS, CIVILIANS, etc.) "WEAK STATE WITH LOW LEGITIMACY! DISILLUSIONS WITH PEACEKEEPING! INEFFECTIVENESS OF HUMANITARIAN AID
13 PRACTICAL HISTORY: DIFFICULTIES IN LRD! FROM FIRST GENERATION TO SECOND GENERATION PEACEKEEPING (REBUILDING WITH A SECURITY COMPONENT) "THREE TRANSITIONS #SECURITY #GOVERNANCE (DEMOCRATIZATION) #SOCIO-ECONOMIC MANY ISSUES COMPETE FOR ATTENTION!
14 PRACTICAL HISTORY: DIFFICULTIES IN LRD! MULTIDIMENSIONAL OPERATIONS: "RELIEF "DEMILITARIZATION "POLITICAL (RE)CONSTRUCTION "SOCIAL (RE)INTEGRATION & (RE)CONCILIATION "ECONOMIC (RE)BUILDING NO STATUS QUO EX ANTE, NO CONTINUUM! DIFFERENT MIXES! ILL-PREPARED, REFLECT OLD INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP (SECURITY COUNCIL, DEV. ORGs, etc.)! STILL EVOLVING (FADING DISTINCTIONS)
15 DECLINING RESOURCES! DECLINE IN "ODA "MULTILATERAL "UN! LESSER DECLINE NGOs, RELIEF & BRETTON WOODS INSTITUTIONS! DISPARITIES IN ALLOCATION! YET, ALSO LACK OF ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY QUESTIONS:! IS CUSTOM TAILORED AID POSSIBLE?! OR DO DONORS JUST WANT CONTAINMENT?
16 MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS! COMMON THEMES: "NOT ENOUGH EMPIRICAL MATERIAL ON MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS "WE CAN LEARN A WHOLE LOT FROM THEIR MANAGEMENT: COMPLEX ENDS & MEANS RELATIONSHIP "INTERESTING INTERACTION WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES AND MANAGEMENT AREAS
17 MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS! NEED FOR INTER- ORGANIZATIONAL COOPERATION, BUT "FUNDRAISING COMPETITION "DIFFERENT PROCEDURES, PROMOTION POLICIES, ETC. "WIDE VARIETY OF ORGANIZATIONS
18 MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS! INTRA-ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES "DUAL ACCOUNTABILITY "DECENTRALIZATION "LOCAL PARTICIPATION? WHO CONTROLS? WHOSE EFFECTIVENESS?
19 ALTERNATIVES! PRODERE! PROGRESS! FIDHEG / PDHSL! DECOPAZ 11 YEARS OF REBUILDING WITH UN SYSTEM
20 SIX COUNTRIES, UN ORGs, NGOs, STATE INSTITUTIONS, $115 MILLION + FOLLOW-UP
21 RECENT RESEARCH! MORE POSITIVE ABOUT THE POSSIBILITIES FOR REBUILDING (IN GUATEMALA)! LINKING RELIEF, REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT! JOINT STRATEGY & TOOLS! SUBSTANTIVE INVESTMENT & LOCAL PARTICIPATION
22 TOPICS! WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE? (SOVEREIGNTY IN INTRA-STATE CONFLICTS)! CONTINUUM DEBATE: LINKING RELIEF, REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT! DECLINING RESOURCES, DISPARITIES IN ALLOCATION! MANAGEMENT "INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL "INTRA-ORGANIZATIONAL
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