7 th Grade Review. Examples: diary entry of someone at the event; newspaper, photograph

Transcription

1 Geography/ Culture/ Native Americans: 7 th Grade Review 1. Primary source: first hand source/account Examples: diary entry of someone at the event; newspaper, photograph 2. Define geography: the study of people, their environment, and their resources Mountain: high, steep, rugged land that rises sharply Island: land that is surrounded by water Peninsula: land surrounded by water on three sides Hemisphere: half of the Earth (Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western) Equator: divided Earth into Northern and Southern hemispheres What happens to climate as one gets closer to the equator? Temperature increases Prime Meridian: divides the Earth into Eastern and Western hemispheres Which hemisphere is the US in? Northwestern 3. Define culture: complete way of life for a civilization Give an example of an ethnocentric statement: America has the best culture in the world! 4. Eastern Tribes: Iroquois How geography impacted their culture: Eastern Woodlands: Use of trees to make longhouses Iroquois Confederacy: 5 nations of the Iroquois came together to form a Representative- Democracy **helped with defense

2 Label the following features: Atlantic Ocean(A), Pacific Ocean(B), Mississippi River(C), Rocky Mountains(D), Appalachian Mountains(E), Great Plains(F), Gulf of Mexico(G) B D F E A C G A. Long Island E. Niagara Falls B. Hudson River F. Catskill Mts C. Finger Lakes G. Albany D. Lake Champlain Label the areas A-G on the map

3 Exploration: Land Bridge Theory: connected Asia to Americas; used to get to American continent Use the space below to list reasons for exploration for each European nation. Portuguese Spanish French Sea route to India/Asia around Africa God, Gold, Glory Northwest Passage Columbus: sailed for Spain Goals: route to India Accomplishments: landed in the Americas- colony Hispaniola (NOW: Haiti and Dominican Republic) Columbian Exchange: A global exchange of goods and ideas between Eastern and Western hemispheres Positive impacts of exploration: Columbian Exchange (new resources) Negative impacts of exploration: spread of disease and slavery to the New World, destruction of Native American people

4 Colonization: Reasons for coming to the New World: Pilgrims/ Quakers/ Puritans: religious freedom What was the first successful English colony? Jamestown What contributed to its success? Tobacco crop, Native American help, organization/leadership (No work, no food) 1. New England: Geography: rocky soil, cold winters, short growing season How geography impacted culture of the area: lumber, fishing, ship building Mayflower Compact/Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: representative self - government in the colonies and town meetings (early democracies) Subsistence Farming: farming just enough to provide for your family

5 2. Middle: Geography: fertile soil, mild winters How geography impacted culture of the area: farming (bread basket colonies), trade Bread Basket: raised wheat, barley, rye Assemblies: representative governments (early democracies) 3. Southern: Geography: fertile soil, warm climate, long growing season How geography impacted culture of the area: plantations; cash crops Cash Crops: crops raised and sold for profit (cotton, indigo, rice, tobacco) **Plantations House of Burgesses: first representative government in US (Virginia)- early democracy Define the following: Mercantilism: colonies exist for the economic benefit of the Mother Country **colonies make the Mother country $$ Salutary Neglect: English colonial policy of not interfering in colonial politics and economy as long as the neglect benefited England led to autonomy (self-governing bodies in colonies) The American Revolution: 1. Explain events and how they contributed to the outbreak of the Revolution: French and Indian War: between English and French with Native American Allies- Results in end of French control in North America **Britain in debt and wants colonies to help pay for the war since it benefitted them * Albany Plan of Union: Ben Franklin s idea to create one government for colonies for the common defense (JOIN or Die snake cartoon) **didn t happen but first time it was suggested that the colonies act as one Proclamation Line of 1763: England s law forbidding colonists to settle west of Appalachian Mountains (avoid conflict with Native Americans) No taxation without representation : colonists will not pay taxes if they do not have representation from the colonies in Parliament Give Examples: Stamp Act, Sugar Act, Townshend Acts Boycott: protest based on refusing to buy products or using services (hurt England economically)

6 Boston Massacre: British fire into a crowd of unarmed colonists (colonists were harassing soldiers)- used as propaganda throughout the colonies to unite them against England Define Propaganda: ideas spread deliberately to help or harm a cause Quartering Act: colonists must house and feed the Redcoats (British soldiers) Boston Tea Party: (1773) American colonists (Sons of Liberty) dressed as Indians threw British tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act (Tea Act hurt smugglers) Coercive Acts/ Intolerable Acts : (1774) passed by England to punish the Massachusetts colony for the Boston Tea Party Loyalist: colonist who remains loyal to England Patriot: colonist who supports independence from England (Sons of Liberty) 2. Lexington and Concord: shot heard around the world; start of revolution **Before Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence: (1776) document declaring the colonies independent from British rule; justified the rebellion in an attempt to gain foreign support Battle of Saratoga: Turning Point; American victory convinced French to send aid French Alliance: helped supply Americans with soldiers, NAVY, money, leadership Battle of Yorktown: US (with the help of French Navy) surrounds British troops to force surrender; end of American Revolution Treaty of Paris: America is now a country and owns land up to the Mississippi River Government: 1. Articles of Confederation: agreement to form a government between the states Positives: Northwest Ordinance Negatives: weak central government (couldn t collect taxes; no executive or judicial branches; 13 separate states and lacked national unity) Shay s Rebellion: an uprising of farmers in Massachusetts protesting increased taxes; federal government couldn t help; proves how weak the Articles are Constitutional Convention: delegates from the 13 states came to revise the Articles

7 Great Compromise: agreement to create a bicameral (2 House) Legislature; Senate: 2 representatives from each state (making small states happy) and House of Representatives: representatives based on state population (making large states happy) 3/5 s Compromise: agreement to count 3/5 s of a states slave population for representation and taxes 2. Constitution: written law of the land Preamble: introduction; stated the six goals for the nation Federalism: a division of power between the federal government and state government Delegated Powers: powers given only to the federal government (regulate foreign trade, make money, foreign policy, regulate interstate trade) Reserved Powers: powers given only to state government (regulate state trade, schools, marriage and divorce laws) Concurrent Powers: powers shared by state and federal governments (taxes) Separation of Powers: powers of the government are divided among 3 branches Executive: President, Vice President (enforces the law) Legislative: Congress; House of Representatives & Senate (make the laws) Judicial: Supreme Court (judges laws to be constitutional) Checks and Balances: to ensure that no one branch can become too powerful Judicial Review (Marbury vs. Madison): court decides if laws passed by Congress or President are constitutional Electoral College: electors from all states that vote for the President Bill of Rights: a formal list containing a citizens rights and freedoms **First 10 Amendments **Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Amendment Process/ Elastic Clause: to change the Constitution to adapt/govern to the times First 7 Presidents: George Washington: Explain 4 major precedents established by him: a. Choosing the cabinet b. No 3 rd term c. Title of Mr. President d. Neutrality

8 What advice did Washington give in his Farewell address: avoid foreign conflicts and political parties Whiskey Rebellion: protest on tax; Washington reacts to uprising with using the US military to put it down Explain rise of political parties: Split of opinion on key issues (size of government, constitutional strictness) Federalists: supporters of a strong central government and loose interpretation Constitution; led by Alexander Hamilton Democratic-Republicans: supporters of strong central government and strong interpretation of Constitution; led by Jefferson John Adams: Alien Act: raised the residency requirement for an immigrant to become a citizen (keep votes from Democratic Republicans) Sedition Act: could not criticize the government XYZ Affair: French officials demand a bribe; US refuses. Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute showed strength of the new country Thomas Jefferson: Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson buys land (calls it a peace treaty) from Napoleon (France); doubles the size of the United States Lewis and Clark: explored the Louisiana Territory Embargo Act: US does not trade with any European country Non-intercourse Act: US can trade with Europe EXCEPT England and France James Madison: War of 1812: US versus England Causes: Impressment of US sailors; British supplies Native Americans with weapons Results: British burn the White House; Battle of New Orleans, Star Spangled Banner, increased nationalism (pride in America) War Hawk: American who wants war with England Nationalism: pride in your country Treaty of Ghent: ended War of 1812; restored pre war conditions James Monroe: Era of Good Feelings Monroe Doctrine: US foreign policy to stop Europe from colonizing in the Western Hemisphere

9 John Quincy Adams: Election of 1824: Corrupt Bargain; controversial 3 candidate election; house of reps vote Quincy Adams as winner over Jackson; leader of the house becomes sec. of state Andrew Jackson: Leader of the common man Indian Removal Act: forced Native Americans to move West of the Mississippi River **Trail of Tears Spoils System: Jackson gave government jobs to unqualified supporters, friends, and family; kitchen cabinet Veto: Presidential power to override legislative branch; uses more than all Presidents before him National Bank: killed the National Bank Westward Expansion: how the US acquired land and the settled of these territories Manifest Destiny: belief that the US had the right to expand its territory How the US acquired land: Treaty of Paris(1783): expanded the boundary of the 13 states to the Mississippi River Louisiana Purchase: doubles the size of the US and gained access to Mississippi River Mississippi River: trade Annexation of Texas: Texas becomes a state (cause of Mexican-American War) Mexican- American War: Mexican Cession; southwest acquired Motives to move west: Transcontinental Railroad: made it easier, faster and safer to transport people and goods between the west and east connected east and west coast Gold Rush: get rich quick; 49ers; boomtowns (created when gold was found in an area and then miners and merchants went there; ghost towns (gold dried up and they all left) Homestead Act: government gave away 160 acres of land to those who would cultivate the land and make it productive farm land (Great Plains became the Great American Breadbasket) Cattle kingdom/cowboys: open range cowboys would round up cattle and bring them to the RR to be shipped east.

10 What impact did westward expansion have on Native Americans? Land taken they were put on reservations (treaties = broken promises); assimilation (Americanized); Indian Wars (battles if Native Americans resisted) How did westward expansion lead to sectionalism? As states entered the Union there was debates and tensions whether or not they would enter as a free or slave state Civil War: a war between the people of one country (north and south of US) Rise of Sectionalism: division among sections within the country (North, South, West) over economy, immigration, slavery, tariffs *differences in geography Rise of Abolition Movement: ban on slavery Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom s Cabin: novel which helped spread abolitionist movement in the North and hated in the South Dred Scott Decision: court case (slave sues for freedom because he went to a free state) Ruling: slaves have no rights and cannot sue (slaves are property) Lincoln s House divided speech: need to maintain the Union or America cannot survive Missouri Compromise: agreement of 1820 that administered Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state Kansas-Nebraska Act: act of 1854 establishing that the people of a territory should decide whether slavery would be allowed Popular Sovereignty: belief that people can and should govern themselves before entering the Union as a state, their would be a vote to determine free or slave Bleeding Kansas: abolitionist attacks on pro slavery towns in Kansas Election of 1860: Lincoln wins the election without any Southern electoral votes States vs. National Government s Rights: do states have the right to secede? Secession: to leave the Union; South Carolina is the 1 st state to secede Fort Sumter: Confederate attack on a Northern fort in South Carolina Lincoln s primary reason for fighting the war: to preserve the Union Advantages of the North: railroads, manufacturing, population, navy, $

11 Advantages of the South: military leadership, knowledge of the land, motivation Emancipation Proclamation: declaration by Lincoln freeing all slaves in southern states; did not actually free slaves expanded his goal for the Civil War (ending slavery) Battle of Gettysburg: turning point- last time the south will attack on northern soil Appomattox Courthouse: end of the civil war; lee surrenders Reconstruction: rebuilding the south after the Civil War. Explain the conditions of the south after the Civil War: Economy: economy of the south was destroyed because no workers (slaves) for Plantations Political: CSA leaders are removed; new republican leaders; harsh radical republicans for the south Social: the complete way of life is turned upside down for the south, cities are destroyed Lincoln s 10% Plan: lenient; 10% of CSA soldiers had to swear loyalty to the union and then reapply for statehood *go easy on the south (preserve the union) Who assassinated Abraham Lincoln? John Wilkes Booth Johnson s Presidential Reconstruction Plan: amnesty for all the south; Southern leaders back into the Union and Congress **similar to Lincoln s (Radical Republicans in Congress hated the plan) Reconstruction Act: plan by radical republicans; punish the south; no one involved in Confederate States of America involved in politics; majority of south swear loyalty; rewrite state constitution; recognize 14 and 15 th amendment *severely punish the south Freedmen s Bureau: set up to help freed slaves (education, jobs, food, housing ) 13 th Amendment: FREE : abolish slavery 14 th Amendment: CITIZENS: African Americans are US citizens 15 th Amendment: VOTE: African American males can vote