Modern Spain 1808 to the Present: Liberalism, Militarism, and Regionalism

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1 University of Calgary Fall Session, 2008 HTST 415:02 History of Spain and the Spanish Empire Dr. Christon I. Archer Telephone: ; (main office) Fax Office: SS 644 Office Hours: MWF 09:00-09:30; 11:00-12:00; and by appointment. Modern Spain 1808 to the Present: Liberalism, Militarism, and Regionalism This course examines major themes and interpretations in Spanish History from the European Enlightenment and the Age of Absolutism or Regalism to the present. The European Wars of the Coalitions in the 1790s and the conflicts of first decade of the nineteenth century first against the French Revolution and then Napoleon produced unmitigated disasters for Spain. The French invasion and the occupation of most of Spain , produced regional juntas, the Junta Central, and the internationally famous 1812 Constitution of Cádiz. This liberal Constitution influenced Spanish Americans and many European reformers in such nations as Italy, Greece, and Russia. Spain s preoccupation and internal struggles served to stimulate rebellions and civil strife throughout Spanish America that led to the regional Wars of Independence. Although the struggle in Spain against the French invaders solidified Spanish patriotism, the conflict took place against the backdrop of severe internal splits and the wrenching American conflicts (often civil wars as well as revolutions). Even during the years of French occupation and war, and in spite of the opposition of their British allies, the interim regime at Cádiz dispatched expeditionary forces to the Americas. In some respects, metropolitan Spain suffered the same sort of internal fragmentation and ferment experienced by the overseas provinces. For much of the nineteenth century, Spaniards engaged in complex ideological, political, and military conflicts over what the nation should become and how it could achieve internal unity. Regional struggles confused broader conflicts between monarchists and republicans. On many occasions, the army exhibited deep frustrations that led to military intervention in politics and produced powerful caudillos. During many crises, the populace longed for the emergence of some savior or redeemer who might possess the key to solving chronic divisions. The tragic loss of the last vestiges of empire (Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines) in the Spanish American War (1898) produced a kind of catharsis and a thoroughgoing self-examination.

2 HTST Dr. Christon I. Archer 2 Many of the deeply divisive issues of the nineteenth century carried forward into the twentieth century as Spain struggled to deal with modernization, internal regional divisions, new versus old ideologies, and efforts to define the roles of the military, the Church, and central vs. regional power. Despite a period of prosperity during World War I, the army, labor, regional interests, and competing ideologies set the scene for new conflicts. In many respects, the Second Spanish Republic and the Civil War ( ) can be viewed as emerging from these complex and conflicting elements. The Civil War ( ) not only reflected old issues of contention, but this violent conflict soon became an international battleground for the major ideologies of the epoch democracy, fascism, socialism, Communism, and anarchism. The definitive victory of General Francisco Franco in 1939 against the Spanish Republic restored peace through brute force, but settled none of the underlying issues. The nation endured World War II in an exhausted and depleted state, recovering slowly through the 1950s. In the 1960s, Franco's enforced peace began to produce dynamic economic progress, but the regime stifled meaningful political reforms. Following the Caudillo's death in 1975, Spain entered a remarkable new epoch aides by the reestablished a democratic system, membership in the European Economic Community [1985], and efforts to negotiate settlements with regional and opposition forces to solve some of the chronic issues. In the 1980s, Spain moved to reassert its position as leader of Spanish speaking nations and to at times to exert its regional political and military power. The struggle to meet the demands of autonomous regions while maintaining the integrity of the nation produced strains and also some remarkable creativity. In 1992, to mark the quincentennial of its expansion into the Atlantic world, Spain achieved world recognition for hosting the Barcelona Olympic Games, the Seville World Fair, and for numerous scholarly and cultural activities associated with the Columbus Quincentennial. Despite truly dramatic advances and integration with Europe that provided high optimism for the new millennium, the nation continued to grapple with unequal regional economic development, the stresses connected with the devolution of some powers to the regions, and ongoing terrorism practiced by elements of the Basque radical separatist movement, ETA. Notwithstanding these difficulties and aided by the infusion of European Community funds, Spain emerged as a modern and progressive nation a model of how to solve chronic problems and to make federalism and decentralism function. Course Texts: José Alvarez Junco and Adrian Shubert, Spanish History since (London: Oxford, 2000). Paper Paul Preston, The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge (London: Harper, 2007 edition). Paper

3 HTST Dr. Christon I. Archer 3 Recommended for Supplementary Reading. Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth: An Account of the Social and Political Background of the Spanish Civil War (Cambridge, 1943). Sheelagh Ellwood, Franco (London, 1994). Charles J. Esdaile, Spain and the Liberal Age: From Constitution to Civil War, (Oxford, 2000). Raymond Carr. Modern Spain, (Berkeley, 1980)., ed., Spain: A History. (New York, 2000). Richard Herr. The Eighteenth Century Revolution in Spain. (New York, 1958). Gabriel Jackson, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, (Princeton, 1965). George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia. (London: Penguin, 1989). Stanley G. Payne, A History of Spain and Portugal. 2 vols. (Madison, 1973). Francisco J. Romero Salvadó, Twentieth Century Spain: Politics and Society in Spain (New York, 1998). Adrian Shubert, A Social History of Modern Spain (London, 1990). Hugh Thomas. The Spanish Civil War (London, 1977). Pierre Vilar, Spain: A Brief History. (New York, 1984) Weighting of Grades: A: Essay Assignment Each student will prepare an analytical essay on a historical topic of choice of about ten to twelve pages--approximately 2,500-3,000 words. [Please make sure to discuss topics with the instructor during office hours]. Nine Pillars toward Wisdom: 1] Number the pages.

4 HTST Dr. Christon I. Archer 4 2] Watch paragraph length not too long or too short. 3] Use footnotes or endnotes (please do not use citations in the text as in some Social Sciences disciplines). Check the printed History Department Essay Guide available at the department s Home Page for correct form to adopt. 4] Proofread--spell check will not catch "their" and "there," friar and fryer, etc. 5] Use apostrophe where needed. 6] Work up a stimulating title and hypothesis for the essay. 7] Explain your thesis or analytical approach in the Introduction and write a strong Conclusion to the essay. 8] Avoid citing encyclopedias in your Bibliography. Exercise special care with these sources and other weak ones from the Internet. Avoid Encarta for example and make certain that you list all Internet sites by name as well as Internet address. Indicate in your footnotes what may be found in the sites cited. At the same time, there are some excellent Internet sources available government documents, scholarly essays, diaries, etc. 9] Subtitles are not recommended in the essay. Transitions can be made smoothly in a shorter research essay simply by changing paragraph. 10] No title page required: place your title at the top of page 1 and your name; use a staple to bind the essay. Term Essay based upon the above due November 20, % The essay is to be analytical rather than narrative or descriptive. Students should seek to answer a question or to solve a problem rather than describing some development. First, work up a general topic area and then identify a special subject that can be managed in a short research essay. Try to be imaginative in developing the title so that you will grab the attention of potential readers. Where possible use primary sources such as newspapers, diaries, gazettes, correspondence, and government documents, etc. If you read Spanish, the University Library has a number of document collections. For research on the Spanish Republic and the Civil War, the New York Times, the London Times, and published United States State Department documents are very useful. B: Mid Term Test--50 Minutes in Class % October 23, 2008 C: Final Take-home Examination % This assignment is due seven days following the last class, December 12, Total % Note: To obtain a passing grade in the course, students must undertake each of the above assignments

5 HTST Dr. Christon I. Archer 5 Lecture Outline: A ] Introduction: Spain s Eighteenth Century Revival and Enlightenment B] Spain in the Age of Revolution: The Guerra de Independencia C] Cataclysm 1: The Loss of Empire D] Liberalism, Modernism, and Carlism E] Searching for a Savior: The Army in Politics and Society to the Revolution of 1854 F] Trouble in the Empire: Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines G] Revolution and the First Republic of 1873 H] The Restoration: Society, Labor, and Caciquismo I] Revolutions in Cuba and the Philippines K] The Strange Politics of the Turno Pacífico L] Cataclysm 2: The Spanish American War M] Socialism, Anarchism, Anti-Clericalism, and the Rise of Labor N] Spain as a Neutral Power in World War I O] Morocco, Crisis and the Dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera ( ) P] The Second Republic, Q] The Spanish Civil War, R] Franco's Spain, : World War II, Saved by the United States and the Cold War S] Modern Spain: Democracy, Regionalism, and Integration with Europe and the World Plagiarism: Departmental Statement Plagiarism occurs when one submits or presents one's work in a course, or ideas and/or passages in a written piece of work, as if it were one's own work done expressly for that particular course, when, in

6 HTST Dr. Christon I. Archer 6 fact, it is not. As noted in the Department of History Guide to Essay Presentation, plagiarism may take several forms: a) Failure to cite sources properly may be considered plagiarism. This could include quotations, ideas, and wording used from another source but not acknowledged. b) Borrowed, purchased, and/or ghost written papers are considered plagiarism, as is submitting one's own work for more than one course without the permission of the instructor(s) involved. c) Extensive paraphrasing of one or a few sources is also considered plagiarism, even when notes are used, unless the essay is a critical analysis of these works. The use of notes does not justify the sustained presentation of another author's language and ideas as one's own. Plagiarism is a serious academic offense. A plagiarized paper will automatically be failed. Plagiarism may also result in a failing grade for the entire course and other penalties as noted in The University of Calgary Calendar.