COLD WAR CONSUMERISM CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

Transcription

1 1946 to 1961: Three Main Themes COLD WAR CONSUMERISM CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Was it a time of happy days or anxiety, alienation and social unrest?

2 Post War Agenda 1. Deal with Germany: divided into four zones of occupation 2. Creation of the United Nations 3. Deal with the Holocaust: Nuremberg Trials ( ) Punishment of Nazi war criminals Creation of the Nation of Israel Onset of The Cold War Most determines fate of post war Europe

3 The decisions at the Yalta Conference shaped the post WWII world. Many agreements were made but the lasting effect was: You cannot trust the words of a dictator. Yalta DECISIONS MADE AT YALTA Created a United Nations to promote world peace. Germany and Berlin would be divided into 4 zones controlled by the US, British, France and Soviet Union Eastern European countries under Soviet control would have free elections Stalin agreed but kept Eastern Europe under Soviet control after WWII leading to the Cold War..

4 United Nations Allied Powers became the United Nations International peacekeeping body with teeth Sanctions Troops Member nations agree to more stringent requiremnts Germans surrender to the United Nations to end the war in Europe

5 UN U.S.A * ** *Great Britain **France Soviet Union Chin a Limited Democracy Founders of the United Military Nations in Party State Dictatorship Permanent seats on the Security Council. No Self Government Democracy Communism Dictatorship Replaced the League of Nations to Monarchy promote world No Government peace

6 Division of Germany

7 Post War Agenda 1. Deal with Germany: divided into four zones of occupation 2. Creation of the United Nations 3. Deal with the Holocaust: Nuremberg Trials ( ) Punishment of Nazi war criminals Creation of the Nation of Israel Onset of The Cold War Most determines fate of post war Europe

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9 Several Nazi leaders would be found guilty for crimes against humanity. Punishments ranged from prison sentences up to life and execution by hanging... trial

10 Can justice ever be done? The Nuremburg Trials- It was in this context that the trials was created, a trial of judgment for war crimes. But it was not a court convened to mete out punishment for the Holocaust alone. The tribunal was designed to document and redress crimes committed in the course of the most massive conflict the world has ever known. In October 1945, the IMT formally indicted the Nuremberg defendants on four counts: crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and conspiracy to commit these crimes. The Holocaust was, in the legal language of the IMT, a crime against humanity. Convened within months of the end of the war, from the trial s first public session on November 20, 1945, until the verdicts were delivered on October 1, 1946 U.S. Army staffers organize stacks of German documents collected by war crimes investigators as evidence for the International Military Tribunal. Nuremberg, Germany, between November 20, 1945, and October 1, USHMM #03549/National Archives

11 The Creation of Israel 1948 Based on the UN Partition Plan, Israel proclaimed itself an independent state on May 14. Arab states (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Palestinian guerrillas) attacked Israel on May 15. War ended in December 1948, with Israel controlling 77% of the territory of Palestine. Egypt controlled the Gaza Strip and Jordan controlled the West Bank, including East-Jerusalem. Before After

12 Palestinian Refugees About half (700,000) of the Palestinians fled their homes or were expelled. Most settled in Jordan, Gaza, West Bank, Lebanon, Syria, and Kuwait. This refugee flow had a big impact on neighboring countries. During 1948 the population of Jordan doubled with the influx of refugees.

13 Israeli Jews were concerned about new boundaries 80% of Jewish population lives on coastal plain -- felt vulnerable because population centers were only a few miles from hostile populations in Jordanian-controlled West Bank and Egyptian-controlled Gaza Strip. And Jerusalem was divided. Cause for tension and eventual war

14 Post War Agenda 1. Deal with Germany: divided into four zones of occupation 2. Creation of the United Nations 3. Deal with the Holocaust: Nuremberg Trials ( ) Punishment of Nazi war criminals Creation of the Nation of Israel Onset of The Cold War Most determines fate of post war Europe

15 Conclusion: the stage is set for the Cold War The conferences held at Yalta and Potsdam can be argued to have laid the foundations for the end of the Second World War and the beginning of the Cold War.

16 Cold War

17 coldwar Uneasy peace between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Competition for world dominance and global power. Fought on political and economic fronts rather than on military battlefields even though the threat of war was always present. Defined America s foreign policy from 1946 to It affected domestic politics and how Americans viewed the world and themselves. Constant state of military preparedness and arms race Propaganda war----democracy vs Communism US policy: Support nations threatened by Communism

18 Potsdam Conference July 1945 Final wartime conference Big Three England = Attlee USA = Truman USSR = Stalin Stalin promised to allow free elections in Eastern Europe 18

19 Satellite Nations Stalin never allowed truly free elections. Instead, communist governments were installed in many Eastern European nations. Main Purpose? Protect USSR from invasion from the West 19

20 Churchill s Warning Churchill felt that behind the Iron Curtain, the USSR was planning to attack and conquer Western Europe. 20

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22 Roots of Cold War 1.Key: Ideological differences between US and USSR (Communism vs. democracy) Russian Revolution ushers in Communist Government 3. WWI- First Red Scare in US, aid to White Russians 4. Post WWI- US refused to recognize USSR 5. WWII- Hitler/Stalin Pact- invasion of Poland 6. One reason US is involved in WWII is to stop spread of totalitarian governments

23 Roots of the Cold War 7. USSR resentment over fighting on Eastern Front with little military aid 8. US shared nuclear secrets with UK not USSR US developed & used nuclear bomb during war USSR developed atomic bomb in Key: USSR desires a buffer zone in Post War 10. Key: Conflict over Poland: free elections promised but Stalin does not honor agreement 11. Key Conflict over Germany: East vs. West, Communism vs. Democracy Divided into four zones American, French & British zones merged in 1947 free West Germany East Germany (& Berlin) under Communist rule

24 Rise of the Military Industrial Complex World War II was influential in the change of the United States' previous historical pattern of a small peacetime military. During the Second World War, the United States underwent total mobilization of all available national resources to fight and win, alongside its allies, a total war against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. This mobilization of resources exceeded the combined history of all conflicts the nation had previously encountered. By the war's end, East Asia was gravely damaged, and Europe was devastated. The United States and the Soviet Union stood as the two remaining great powers. Still faced with a potential threat immediately following the Second World War, the U.S. never demobilized. The two remaining powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, grew suspicious and hostile toward one another in a period known as the Cold War. This 45-year period of low-intensity, unconventional conflict between the two superpowers, overshadowed by the constant threat of a potential nuclear conflict reinforced the need for constant procurement of military goods and services including large naval, air, and land forces. Thus birthed the military industrial complex in the United States.

25 US Response to Communism George Kennan, career Foreign Service Officer and Truman advisor Formulated the policy of containment : US would not get rid of communism, but would not allow it to spread. US would contain communism where is already existed through peace if possible and force if necessary. 25

26 map/cold war 1950 s US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies. Containment: Stop the expansion of Communism in Asia and Europe Soviet Union/China and Allies..

27 Containment & The Truman Doctrine George Keenan s Policy of Containment Sustained fight against spread of communism by peaceful means and force if necessary Truman Doctrine (1947) I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. First Application: 1947 Greece & Turkey: economic vulnerability Economic & military aid provided to Greece, Turkey & other countries fighting communism

28 Containment & The Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan 1947 (ex. Containment) $13 billion in economic aid to stabilize economy of western Europe (offer rejected by USSSR) 1948 Berlin Blockade/Berlin Airlift West Berlin cut off by Soviets Struggle over reparation agreements 321 day airlift of food & supplies Height: one per minute NATO (1949) and Warsaw Pact (1955) North Atlantic Treaty Organization: military alliance of western Europe (& US) War against one is war against all Vs. Pact: military alliance of Eastern Europe

29 1947, first use of Marshall Plan $$$$$ to Greece and Turkey of $400 million to stop the spread of communism.

30 1948, $13-16 billion to help rebuild Europe after WWII. Example of containment Food, animal feed, fertilizer, fuel, raw materials and production equipment were among some of the goods shared Provided a 33.5% increase in GNP in Western Europe between European economy had a steep increase in production. marshall

31 Stalin Counters the Marshall Plan Soviet Union offered a similar plan----molotov Plan. Similar to the Marshall Plan and was offered to the all European countries No countries of Western Europe took $$$. Marshall Plan was considered a threat to Stalin because it was offered by the U.S. to war torn Europe as a way to promote democracy. marshall

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33 Problem with Berlin? Berlin was in the Soviet Sector. Stalin was not happy with a small piece of democracy in Eastern Europe. What did he do? 33

34 Berlin Blockade June 1948, Stalin attempts to starve West Berliners into submission. All rail and street access was blocked. 34

35 Berlin Airlift American and British planes flew food and supplies into Berlin for 327 days. Stalin lifted the Blockade by May

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37 Operation Little During the Berlin Airlift a group of pilots decided to help boost the spirits of the German children. They organized a mission to drop candy to the children using parachutes made of handkerchiefs. Vittles 37

38 Communism Spreads to Asia Japan: under US occupation from General Douglas MacArthur brings democratization of society Ex. Constitution with basic liberties, land reform Tokyo Trials: odd conviction of war criminals Fear of monolithic communism Fears strengthened by the 1949 defeat of Nationalist forces in China by Communists under Mao Zedong

39 Struggle for China Mao Zedong wanted China to become a communist state after WW II. Chang Kai Shek fought to stop the communists but was unsuccessful. 39

40 Taiwan Chiang Kai-shek, retreated from Mainland China and moved his government from Nanjing to Taipei, Taiwan's largest city. Taiwan made a claim they were separate from China. The US extended diplomatic recognition to Taiwan but not communist China. 40

41 Cold War: Domino Theory

42 Communism Spreads in Asia Korea (WWII liberated from Japan, divided at 38 th parallel, promise to hold democratic elections) Korean War Post WWII: Communist North Korea under Kim II-Sung (USSR) & South Korea under Syngman Rhee (US) 1950 N. Korea invades S. Korea beyond 38 th parallel South Korea retaken under General MacArthur but attempts to unify Korea beyond the 38th draws China into conflict Forcing long retreat Who shapes war objectives: policy makers or generals? Stalemate: demilitarized zone that remains today

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44 The Shifting Map of Korea [ ]

45 Shift of Power: Middle East Fear over the Spread of communism- Leads to US involvement DOMINO THEORY US can fight w/o declaration of war from Congress Massive US rearmament U.S. Policy in Korea after 1953: leave Asia alone for the present: Soviets a greater threat Creation of Israel (1948) Palestine divided Jewish/Arab section First Arab-Israeli War (1948) World Powers take sides Palestinian refugees- on-going struggles even today

46 Domestic Policy: Truman Admin. & the Cold War in America Tools to contain communism at home: 1947 National Security Act Creates National Security Council (NSC) to coordinate foreign and military intelligence and policy, serve as an advisor to the President. Create the CIA (1951) Foreign intelligence, covert actions Create the Department of Defense Coordinate military intelligence and serve as an advisor to the President

47 Rise of the Military Industrial Complex World War II was influential in the change of the United States' previous historical pattern of a small peacetime military. During the Second World War, the United States underwent total mobilization of all available national resources to fight and win, alongside its allies, a total war against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. This mobilization of resources exceeded the combined history of all conflicts the nation had previously encountered. By the war's end, East Asia was gravely damaged, and Europe was devastated. The United States and the Soviet Union stood as the two remaining great powers. Still faced with a potential threat immediately following the Second World War, the U.S. never demobilized. The two remaining powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, grew suspicious and hostile toward one another in a period known as the Cold War. This 45-year period of low-intensity, unconventional conflict between the two superpowers, overshadowed by the constant threat of a potential nuclear conflict reinforced the need for constant procurement of military goods and services including large naval, air, and land forces. Thus birthed the military industrial complex in the United States.

48 National Defense Budget [ ]

49 Loyalty Review Board Set up by President Truman in March Purpose? Investigate Federal government employees and dismiss those disloyal to US 212 dismissed 49

50 House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) 1947= House of Representatives Investigate Communist influence in the movie industry 50

51 Hollywood Ten 10 Hollywood screenwriters and directors who refused to testify before HUAC. Charged with contempt of Congress. Claimed 1 st Amendment right of free speech 51

52 Blacklisted Following a meeting of film industry executives at New York's Waldorf-Astoria hotel, MPAA president Johnston issued a press release on the executives' behalf that is today referred to as the Waldorf Statement. The statement declared that the ten would be fired or suspended without pay and not reemployed until they were cleared of contempt charges and had sworn that they were not Communists. The first Hollywood blacklist was now in effect. 52

53 Spy Cases Shock the US During the late 1940s and early 1950s, America was rocked by sensational stories of Americans spying for the Soviet Union. 53

54 Alger Hiss Hiss worked for the US State Department. Accused of being a spy for the USSR. Found guilty of perjury. Later (1990s) Hiss was proven to be a spy for the USSR. 54

55 The Rosenbergs American Communists who were found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American nuclear bomb to the Soviet Union. The couple were executed at sundown in the electric chair at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York, on June 19,

56 McCarthyism Senator Joe McCarthy became the most famous anti-communist activist. Used the issue to help win re-election in

57 McCarthy s Tactics Made one unsupported accusation after another. He would bully witnesses. McCarthyism = tactics used to advance your career. 57

58 McCarthy s Downfall In 1954 McCarthy made accusations against the US Army. Led to televised Senate investigation; and American people did not like McCarthy s tactics. His popularity dropped greatly. 58

59 1950 s

60 Change in Leaders The early 1950s saw a change in leaders in both the US and USSR. USA = Dwight Eisenhower wins the election of USSR = Nikita Khruschev takes over when Stalin dies in

61 Premier Nikita Khrushchev About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist. If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don't invite us to come to see you. Whether De-Stalinization Program you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you

62 II. Brinkmanship a. Pres. Eisenhower & Kennedy b. Show that the US is willing to go to war c. Like a game of chicken

63 Brinkmanship Defined as willingness to push nation to the brink of nuclear war to keep peace. Policy advocated by John Foster Dulles; Secretary of State. 63

64 Central Intelligence Agency - Used spies to gather information abroad Began to carry out covert operations to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the United States. CIA 64

65 Iran One of the CIAs first covert actions tool place in Iran when Iran s Prime minister Mohammed Mossadegh nationalized Iran s oil fields. CIA worked to remove Mossadegh 65

66 Shah of Iran CIA Operation Ajax caused the downfall of Mossadegh from office in The Shah, backed by the US, formed a government friendly to the US. By the 1970 s American will be held hostage related to this moment in history. 66

67 U-2 Incident U-2 was designed to be high altitude reconnaissance plane. CIA used these to spy on USSR and one was shot down on May 1, 1960 intensifying Cold War tension. 67

68 Francis Gary Powers Recruited by CIA to fly spy missions. Shot down in U2 over USSR and convicted of espionage. Exchanged for a KGB colonel the US had captured. Russia walks out of Paris Summit to discuss disarmament Mutually Assured Destruction but diplomacy hoped to ease tensions Arms Race intensifies 68

69 The race begins. Both countries began developing their weapons so as to be able to outgun their opponents. This meant: developing more powerful weapons Having more of one weapon than the other side WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS? Cheaper than having a large army They were a deterrent. The idea was to have so many missiles that they could not all be destroyed. If one side attacked then it knew that the other could retaliate. This was known as MAD MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION. For some the Arms Race was a test of the strengths of Capitalism v communism

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71 Hydrogen Bomb US exploded the 1st H- bomb on November 1, 1952 in South Pacific. That bomb completely destroyed one island and left a crater 175 feet deep. Russians exploded one in August of

72 ARMS RACE, USA tests and drops the first atomic (A) bombs 1949 USSR tests A bomb 1952 USA tests its first hydrogen (H) bomb 1953 USSR tests its first H bomb 1957 USSR 1. tests ICBM capable of carrying an H bomb from USSR to USA 2. puts the space satellite Sputnik into orbit. WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS? Cheaper than having a large army They were a deterrent. The idea was to have so many missiles that they could not all be destroyed. If one side attacked then it knew that the other could retaliate. This was known as MAD MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION.

73 ARMS RACE: 1958 USA 1. Places ICBMs targeted on USSR in NATO countries. Both sides could now launch direct attacks on each others cities 2. Launches its own satellite 1960 USA launches first nuclear powered submarine capable of firing a Polaris missile with an atomic warhead from underwater

74 ARMS RACE: The failure of disarmament Both sides hoped for arms reductions to cut defence spending After Stalin s death East-West relations had improved USSR proposed: reduction of armed forces Eventual abolition of atomic weapons International inspections to supervise this

75 ARMS RACE : The USA. Wanted strong inspection system Proposed open skies openly photograph each others sites from planes USSR rejected this USA rejected initial USSR proposals Stalemate Attempts again failed at the 1960 Paris Summit due to the U2 incident. Arms Race continues as Space Race intensifies.

76 Space Race On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball. Orbited the earth in 98 minutes. Race to control space was on! 76

77 SPACE RACE...meant That a rocket that could launch a satellite could also launch a nuclear warhead at a target. So space developments led to rapid advances in nuclear weapons. By 1960 each side had the nuclear capability to destroy the earth In 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut was the first man to orbit the earth the Soviets had the lead. For Khrushchev it was a triumph for communism But who would reach the moon first?

78 1950 s Conclusion Moving into the 1960 s, the Cold War was really starting to heat up with no end in sight. The Cold War will continue in the 1960s with the world moving closer to an open conflict between the US and USSR. 78