f. Oct 1944 Stalin and Churchill meet 1. spheres of influence in E. Europe 2. Baltic states go to Soviets 3. FDR against idea

Transcription

1 Chapter 108 I. A gradual peace a. decisions made at confrences before and after the war II. Atlantic Charter a. promoted self-governement and economic security b. Four Freedoms III. Casablanca a. coordinated war effort b. unconditional surrender 1. Prevent what happened in assure Stalin/no sperate peace IV. Teheran(Dec 1943) a. postwar occupation and demilitarization 1. United Nations b. FDR did not want to upset Soviets 1. agrees to move Poland/ does not press on Baltics c. Churchill worried about E. Europe/Balkan invasion 1. FDR would not put his foot down, wanted 4 policemen d. Invasion in Spring 1944 e. best time to make a post war deal f. Oct 1944 Stalin and Churchill meet 1. spheres of influence in E. Europe 2. Baltic states go to Soviets 3. FDR against idea IV. Yalta(Feb 45) and Potsdam a. agreements on E. Europe, Germany, Far East, and United Nations 1. Stalin setting up "friendly govt" 2. accepted 1941 borders b. Stalin made promises 1. promised free elections 2. no supervision 3. Declaration on Liberated Europe c. Poland moved west d. Germany disarmed 1. four occupation zones 2. no dismembering 3. reparations e. United Nations created with Security Council 1. veto power f. Soviets gain land in the East 1. land from 1905 war and Kurile Islands 2. poor decision by FDR 3. misreads Stalin g. FDR believed cooperation would bring harmony h. Churchill wanted to discuss post

2 war world 1. restore France/Germany 2. reparations V. Potsdam(July 1945) a. Truman/Atlee in a. disagreement deepened 1. Soviet control over land and reparations b. still willing to make concessions 1. treatment of Germany 2. war criminals 3. Soviet reparation c. mass migrations b. Peace Treaties followed. VI. FDR's view a. Four policemen 1. presents idea to Molotov in collective security needs enforcers b. rejected balance of power 1. fall of Germany would not lead to vacuum 2. return to collective security 3. end colonial empires c. no troops or money left in Europe 1. overestimated GB power 2. disliked French 3. disarm/member Germany b. America had to see importance of balance of power 1. collective security would never work because of ideological gulf 2. If one drops out, balance would have to be restored c. problems with Britain 1. anti-colonial 2. strategy 3. shape of postwar Europe d. needed Stalin to uphold peace 1. give Stalin a rep? VII. Stalin's view a. create buffer around Russia b. Stalin makes no distinction between Nazis and allies 1. take what he could through diplomacy/army c. willing to negotiate when times were bad 1. wanted dismembered Germany, move Poland, 1941 borders 2. Churchill wanted discussions d. trust army after Stalingrad 1. no concessions while war went on e. FDR against discussion of peace 1. brings about Cold War 2. should have worked for terms while at war 3. become power of will f. never comes to terms with Soviet

3 threat g. by 45 moves from territory to control VIII. Churchill's view a. war would leave Soviets power on continent 1. equilibrium had to be established 2. bond with US b. FDR suspicious 1. Churchill comrade in arms/stalin partner in peace c. Br saw military operations conected to post war world 1. soft underbelly 2. US outraged/no Balkan invasion d. Stalin wanted second front, but away from E. Europe e. Churchill pressed US to take Berlin/Prague 1. US gives it to Stalin f. Did allies have any other options? g. would Stalin make seperate peace 1. he tries in 1941 and seperate peace would hurt both Hitler and Stalin h. Four policemen dead 1. Stalin should push as far west for land/bargaining position 2. Britain could not balance alone 3. US would not participate in Europe 4. create vacuum Soviets would fill 5. China not strong enough in Asia i. FDR position necessary? b. organization of industrial society 1. command/free market 2. mixed c. national sovereignty 1. United Nations I. Cold War: Origins and Nature a. U.S. had stronger economy and the A-bomb b. Soviets had 4 million in army and great resources 1. security to one is aggression to the other 2. superpowers 3. Cold War starts c. E. Europe seen as way to create a buffer and spread revolution d. Soviets dominate E. Europe but kept out of other areas 1. Soviets also had a hand in China, Korea, Middle East, Africa, 2. domination or security? e. Soviets a nuclear power in 1949, no inspections II. Containment becomes U.S. policy

4 a. spheres of influence emerging 1. forces vs. legalism 2. Stalin's bluff cause US response b. George Kennan writes "long telegram" 1. Soviet system the problem 2. nothing US could do 3. mix of ideology and tsarist expansionism 4. Soviets saw outside world as hostile 5. US must prepare for long struggle c. US must use diplomatic, military, and economic force to convince USSR to change course 1. Clifford backs idea to counterbalance 2. help all countries 3. negotiation pointless d. Truman convinced Stalin wanted to expand e. Truman Doctrine 1. starts with Greece and Turkey, spreads 2. Dean Acheson key to get Republican support 3. still painted in moral terms/ good vs evil f. two complaints 1. countries morally unworthy of help 2. not vital to US security g. Marshall Plan 1. eradicate social and economic conditions 2. restore world economy 3. offered to any govt 4. oppose any group that opposed recovery h. brings about "containment" 1. confront Soviets with unalterable counter-force at every sign of encroachment on peaceful world i. problems of combating expansion everywhere 1. foreign lands 2. preservation of status quo 3. initiative to adversary III. three views of containment a. Walter Lippman - overextension leading to draining resources 1. set criteria 2. more diplomacy b. Winston Churchill - negotiate now never as strong 1. america wants total victory c. Henry Wallace - no moral right to undertake policy d. John Foster Dulles headed conservatives that thought containment too passive IV. U.S. goes on the defensive a. US end lend-lease and

5 reparations b. National Security Act 1. National Security Council, CIA 2. Carriers, air bases 3. draft c. soviets felt encircled 1. starts cominform I. After FDR a. Truman not as tied to FDR policies and relationships b. tries to get along with Stalin 1. Japan c. backs FDR's 4 policeman/collective security d. Stalin never understood moral and legal thinking of US 1. interest first 2. consolidate land 3. no pressure to change e. Prior to Potsdam Truman between policies 1. FDR and balance II. Potsdam July-Aug 1945 a. work from general principles 1. Stalin increases demands from 1940 b. began to veto each other 1. disagree on reparations 2. Eastern Europe elections c. US not ready to use threat or pressure 1. Stalin did not believe US would use bomb 2. concession if it came to it d. Stalin knew how weak his country was 1. acted strong 2. put down bomb e. US underestimated value of bomb 1. thought ground forces still important 2. thought Soviets stronger f. Churchill makes Iron Curtain speech March calls for balance of power 2. reconciliation with Germany 3. was a prophet g. Soviets could not rebuild and have confrontation 1. does not impose Soviet govt right away 2. give him a fallback position like Finland l. Stalin overplays hand 1. US forms Marshall Plan, Nato 2. best time to make deal after warii. III. Atlantic Alliance a. U.S., Canada, and W. Europe sign Atlantic Pact for Defense

6 1. Europe begins to rearm b. NATO created 1. first peacetime military alliance 2. after Czech coup ,000 US troops/air power c. Truman defend it on moral basis 1. defending principle not territory/ not an alliance d. little diplomatic space but superpowers in control 1. nuclear weapons caused fear of war f. NSC-68 points to the moral cause of the cold war 1. had to convert Soviets 2. long bumpy road 3. hard to measure success f. Soviets create Council for Mutual Economic Aid(Comecon) and Warsaw Pact in East V. Germany a. Berlin divided into 4 zones 1. joint control of Germany and Berlin(Allied Control Council) 2. problems develop over reparations 3. Americans worked to rebuild the west b. two Germanys begin to develop 1. West united zones c. blockade begins after Deutsche Mark created 1. airlift used to save the city 2. Federal Republic of Germany in the west 3. German Democratic Republic in the east 4. no relations until after 1970s(Hallstein Doctrine) 5. Europe ends in stalemate IV. Japan a. Americans bring democracy and free markets 1. Gen MacArthur in charge 2. emperor lost power 3. small military 4. paid reparations b. social and economic reform 1. dissolved large holdings but new ones form 2. weak unions 3. land distribution mild 4. conservatives stay in control c. economy bounces back 1. automation Chapter 110 a. bad 1. devastation 2. economic collapse 3. transportation/exchange problems 4. shipping services/colonies b. good

7 1. industrial plants 2. skill I. Marshall Plan a. american economy explodes 1. 2/3 of output b. damage in Europe less than expected 1. still in need of help from US 2. gain pre-war levels by did not want US control c. Marshall Plan introduced in threat from weak harvest and communist 2. organized effort to rebuild Europe 3. work done through Office for European Economic Cooperation(OEEC) d. helped economy, economic cooperation, and trade 1. help sell own goods II. Economic Growth a. 30 years of growth in Europe/Japan 1. Germany #1 by rising standards of living b. govt. socialist in some ways 1. still follow Keynes 2. fine tuning economy 3. control key industries c. immigration 1. 25% jump in population 2. diversity issues d. welfare state III. Red Scare a. communist spies? b loyalty program 1. 3,000 people leave jobs 2. loyalty oaths c. eleven communist convicted by Smith Act 1. upheld in Dennis vs. US d. Committe on Un-American Activities(HUAC) 1. Nixon key member 2. Alger Hiss e. Sen. Joseph McCarthy communist in State Dept. 2. only one found f. seen as advantage for Republicans g. ruined careers of many people 1. given control of personnel policy at State Dept 2. lost a number of Asian Specialist h. taking on army in 1954 the last straw i. Truman worried about witch hunt 1. veto McCarran Internal Security Bill

8 j. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg I. Dilemma of Containment a. containment worked for three years b. two problems 1. unambiguous 2. Soviets wait for disintegration c. pick areas of strategic/ political complexity 1. was not thinking outside of Europe d. outside perimeter 1. let China go e. South Korean army left weak f. National interest involved 1. stop spread of communism 2. Protect Japan g. US would up hold rule of law h. objectives of limited war 1. starting point or penalty 2. raising stakes 3. international help i. punish without a larger war j. Truman thought Korea first of wider communist push 1. Taiwan/Vietnam 2. Mao saw a threat k. diplomacy and strategy seperate issues 1. do too little or too much II. Korean War June 25, 1950 a. country split after WWII 1. Kim Il Sung installed in the North 2. Syngman Rhee in South Korea 3. No nationwide elections b. US takes out troops after election of Rhee 1. dictator c. Soviets and China move closer to block US in Asia 1. defense pact well armed North Korea d. North believed the US would not intervene 1. outside defense perimeter 2. US did not arm South Korea 3. Soviets did not understand US values e. how much did Soviets and China know 1. Soviets consulted but still surprised 2. China in bad shape 3. No UN vote for USSR 4. Soviets send aid f. challenge to collective security and containment 1. Soviet Planning? 2. Truman commits troops 3. called police action

9 4. MacArthur put incharge 5. new military build-up(nsc 68) g. invasion June allied forces pushe back to Pusan 2. landing at Inchon h. Truman's choices 1. stop at 38th 2. narrow neck(best choice) 3. united i. MacArthur approached Yalu 1. Chinese invade 2. push allies below 38th 3. should have stopped at neck 4. never approached Mao j. by April 1951 goal becomes avoid risk 1. not centrally controlled 2. Soviets not ready for war k. fight becomes for status quo not victory(stalemate) 1. division still there 2. 38th parallel 3. US troops p. US spent 15 billion 1. help economies around the world 2. Germany rearms 3. 54,000 battle deaths q. winner depends on perspective 1. US upholds containment/ goes global 2. China blocked expansion 3. Asian countries did not trust US r. hydrogen bomb 1952/53 s. West Germany joins NATO 1955 t. occupation ends in Japan but US military stays 1. seperate reparation agreements l. MacArthur oversteps his role 1. unconditional surrender/ proposals 2. full scale war? 3. Truman fires MacArthur m. stops attacking when talks proposed 1. more casualties after talks start n. Truman could use public opinion to force concessions o. cease fire in 1951/armistice 1953