Advocacy Coalitions in the Spectrum Policy Process in India. Rishabh Dara IIM Ahmedabad

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Hector Lindsey
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1 Advocacy Coalitions in the Spectrum Policy Process in India Rishabh Dara IIM Ahmedabad

2 Existing Theoretical Lenses of the Policy Process Lasswell s(1956) Stages Heuristic Kingdon s(1995) Multiple Streams Theory Baumgartner & Jones s (1993) Punctuated Equilibrium Model Ostrom s(1984) Institutional Analysis and Development Framework Thelen s(2003) Institutional Layering Sabatier s (1988) Advocacy Coalition Framework Adam & Kriesi s(2007) Network Approach Hofferbert s(1974) Open Systems Framework Berry & Berry s (1990) Policy Diffusion Framework

3 Lasswell s (1956) Stages Heuristic Kingdon s (1995) Multiple Streams Theory

5 Objective and Questions To review the telecommunications policy subsystem from the lens of the Advocacy Coalition Framework Do beliefs of actors remainresistant to change over time? Are there any advocacy coalitions operating in the subsystem? How have the advocacy coalitions evolved over time? Has any advocacy coalition dominated over other coalitions? What kind of resources have been used by advocacy coalitions to translate their beliefs into policy outputs?

6 Data Source: Methodology 144 Testimonies: Comments & Counter-Comments (TRAI Consultations) 14 Telecom Service Providers Two Time Periods: 2008 to to 2015 Coding Frame 40 variables: Contentious policy issues 5 point scale for each variable: 1 and 5 as extreme policy positions Condensed to 4 composite scales Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (SPSS)

7 Composite Scales Level Playing Field Refarming, Excess Spectrum, Extension of Licenses, Valuation Market Based Practices Auctions, Trading, Sharing, Liberalisation, Delinking, Subscriber Linked Role of Government Operators UnderutilisedSpectrum, Priority in Allocation, Access Deficit Charges Future of CDMA Ecosystem E-GSM, Refarming, Valuation of 800 MHz, Dual Licenses, Mobility

8 Beliefs Remain Resistant to Change Over Time Level Playing Field Vodafone Bharti Airtel AUSPI / ABTO COAI Idea Cellular BSNL MTNL Tata Tele Reliance Comm Jio / Infotel Aircel Videocon Uninor / Telenor 4.6 (5) 5 (4) 1.4 (5) 5 (3) 4.33 (3) 5 (2) 4 (1) 1.16 (6) 1.12 (8) 5 (2) 1.5 (2) 1 (3) 4.84 (13) 4.72 (11) MTS SSTL 1.23 (13) 4.83 (6) 4.5 (6) 4 (6) 1.8 (10) 1.25 (12) 1.62 (8) 3.5 (4) 1.42 (7) 1.85 (7) 1.69 (13) Anova NS NS NS NS NS - NS NS NS - NS - NS # Market Based Practices Vodafone Bharti Airtel AUSPI / ABTO COAI Idea Cellular BSNL MTNL Tata Tele Reliance Comm Jio / Infotel 1.18 (11) 1.33 (15) 2.77 (9) 1.11 (9) 1.28 (7) 1.42 (7) 4 (5) 4 (13) 3.72 (11) 2 (1) Aircel Videocon Uninor / Telenor 2.12 (8) MTS SSTL 1.55 (9) 2.77 (9) 1.53 (15) 1.2 (10) 4.5 (8) 1 (3) 2.12 (8) 1 (2) 2.5 (4) 3.44 (9) 4.55 (9) 3.33 (6) 1.5 (2) 1 (4) 2.25 (4) 1.66 (6) Anova NS NS * NS NS NS NS NS NS - NS - NS NS NS = Not Significant (>0.1); # = Significant at 0.1; * = Significant at 0.05; ** = Significant at 0.01; *** = Significant at 0.001

9 Homogeneous Subsets ( ) Level Playing Field Actor N Subset 1 Subset 2 Subset 3 AUSPI Reliance Videocon Jio MTS Tata Tele Uninor Aircel MTNL Idea Bharti COAI Vodafone Sig Market Based Practices Actor N Subset 1 Subset 2 COAI Videocon Bharti Aircel Vodafone MTS Idea Uninor MTNL Jio Tata Tele AUSPI Reliance Sig

10 Coalition of Incumbent GSM Operators Coalition of Unified Service Operators

2012-2015 Coalition of Unified Service Operators

11 Coalition of Unified Service Operators Coalition of Incumbent GSM Operators Coalition of New Entrants

$Coalition of Unified Service Operators \ 2012-2015$

12 Coalition of Unified Service Operators \ Coalition of New Entrants Coalition of Incumbent GSM Operators

13 Mapping Advocacy Coalitions to Industry Associations Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI)comprises of Coalition of Incumbent Operatorsand Coalition of New Entrants Both coalitions have common positions on Market Based Practices and CDMA Ecosystem The coalitions differ on issue of Level Playing Field Association of Service Providers (AUSPI)comprises of Coalition of Unified Service Operators Disagreement between MTS and remaining members on issue of Market Based Practices

14 Domination of Advocacy Coalitions No single coalition has dominated the entire subsystem Coalition of Incumbent Operators has dominated on issue of Market Based Practices Coalition of New Entrants and Coalition of Unified Service Operators have dominated on issues of Level Playing Field No coalition dominating for issues related to CDMA Ecosystem.

15 Coalition Resources & Instruments Different in each venue (TRAI and TC) Resources at TRAI Influence over Policy Broker Consultant Reports (PwC, Analysys Mason) Substantiate TRAI submissions Create statistics for media consumption (increase in tariffs) Lawsuits (TDSAT, Supreme Court judgments) Skillful leadership Public opinion (corruption, transparency, access) Ability of coalitions to internalise events (scam, failed auctions)

16 Strengths of Framework Groups multiple actors into a few coalitions thus bringing structure and focus to the analysis Recognisesthat the policy development is a continuous process with a feedback loop Defines constructs allowing comparison across nested policy subsystems Recognises multiple venues

17 Issues with Framework Technical and legal narrative is lost when beliefs are treated as a dichotomy Non-coalition actors (who are indifferent or neutral) are ignored Stability of Advocacy Coalitions is questionable in an environment where beliefs change fast as a result of change in underlying technology

The Impact of Corruption on Consumer Markets: Evidence from the Allocation of 2G Wireless Spectrum in India

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