ekonomika da biznesi

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1 ISSN ekonomika da biznesi 2 ECONOMICS and BUSINESS ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑ marti-aprili MARCH-APRIL МАРТ-АПРЕЛЬ 2013

2 ivane javaxisvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saertasoriso referirebadi da recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli JurnaliÌåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåôåð International refereed and reviewed scientific and practical journal of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåôåðèðóåìûé è ðåöåíçèðóåìûé íàó íîïðàêòè åñêèé æóðíàë ôàêóëüòåòà Ýêîíîìèêè è Áèçíåñà Òáèëèññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èìåíè Èâ. Äæàâàõèøâèëè gamodis 2008 wlis ianvridan, or TveSi ertxel Published since January, 2008 once in two month Âûõîäèò ñ ßíâàðÿ 2008 ãîäà ðàç â äâà ìåñÿöà redaqciis misamarti: Tbilisi, universitetis q., #1, Tsu marlivi korpusi, me-13 sart., tel ,

3 saredaqcio kolegia revaz gogoxia mtavari redaqtori ekonomikur mecnierebata doqtori, profesori. saqartvelos mecnierebata erovnuli akademiis wevr korespondentebi, ekonomikur mecnierebata doqtorebi: vladimer papava, avtandil silagaze, leo Ciqava. ekonomikur mecnierebata doqtorebi, profesorebi: iuri ananiasvili, ramaz abesaze, simon gelasvili, revaz gvelesiani, nugzar Todua, irakli kovzanaze, eka lekasvili, murtaz marraze, maia margvelasvili, qetevan marsava, elguja meqvabisvili, iakob mesxia, nugzar paiwaze, sergo sanaze, mirian tuxasvili, eter xaraisvili, elene xarabaze, roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki xelaze, Temur Sengelia, emzar jgerenaia. EDITORIAL BOARD Revaz Gogokhia Editor-in-chief Doctor of Economic sciences, professor. Corresponding members of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doctors of Economic Sciences: Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, Leo Chikava. Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abesadze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Eka Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Mirian Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, Nodar Khaduri, Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia. ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈß Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ ãëàâíèé ðåäàêòîð, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð. ëåíû-êîððåñïîíäåíòû Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, Ëåî èêàâà. Äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìåñõèÿ, Íóãçàð Ïàé àäçå, Серго Санадзе, Ìèðèàí Òóõàøâèëè, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Акаки Хеладзе, Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ. 3

4 saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi. volfgang vengi berlinis (germania) universitetis profesori, harald kunci branderburgis (germania) universitetis ekonomikuri Teoriis katedris gamge, kim taqsiri rusetis mecnierebata akademiis akademikosi, jozef xasidi pireusis (saber- ZneTi) universitetis ekonomikuri fakultetis dekani, profesori, tomas haldma tartus (estoneti) universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis administrirebis fakultetis dekani, profesori. FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS: Wolfgang Weng Professor at Berlin University (Germany), Harald Kunz Head of department of Economic theory at Branderburg University (Germany), Kim Taksir Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Joseph Hassid - Dean of the Faculty of Economics Piraeus University (Greece), Professor, Toomas Haldma Tartu University s Dean Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, professor (Estonia). 4 ÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ËÅÍÛ ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ: Âîëôãàíã Âåíã - Ïðîôåññîð Áåðëèíñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êóíö Ãàðàëä çàâ. êàôåäðîé ýêîíîìè åñêîé òåîðèè Áðàíäåðáóðãñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êèì Òàêñèð Àêàäåìèê Ðîññèéñêîé Àêàäåìèè Íàóê, Äæîçåô Õàññèä äåêàí ýêîíîìè åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà Ïèðåéññêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãðåöèÿ), Òîîìàñ Õàëäìà - äåêàí ôàêóëüòåòà ýêîíîìèêè è àäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèÿ áèçíåñà Óíèâåðñèòåòà Òàðòó (Ýñòîíèÿ), ïðîôåññîð.

5 Sinaarsi ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika nugzar paiwaze. xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebis mwyobri da gamartuli sistema _ organizaciata warmatebuli saqmianobis sawindari...11 mirian turusi. dasaqmebis efeqtiani saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis uzrunvelyofisatvis nato Caduneli. globalizaciis tendenciebi Tanamedrove msofliosi...47 jemal xaritonasvili. a. smiti ( ) ekonomikuri mecnierebis fuzemdebeli (dabadebidan 290 weli) menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi giorgi RaRaniZe. saqartvelosi warmoebuli eleqtroenergiis saeqsporto potenciali...75 eka gulua. talant menejmenti _ adamianis potencialis martvis aqtualuri mimartuleba finansuri ekonomika maia gogoxia. erovnuli (centraluri) bankebis saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimartulebebi Tanamedrove etapze...99 nadia kvatasize. finansuri aqtivebis klasifikacia da Sefaseba

6 asie cincaze, nino svanize. socialuri dazrvevis fondis resursebis cvlilebis analizi albatur statistikuri metodit erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi eka lekasvili. socialisturi integracia regionuli ekonomikuri integraciis konteqstit _ sabazro integraciis antipodi emir eteria. ekonomikuri globalizacia da saqartvelo evrokasiris savawro urtiertobebis perspeqtivebi (inglisur enaze) PPP Cveni publikaciis kvaldakval giorgi abuselize. plagiati Tu ciliswameba? _ moswavlis pasuxi maswavlebels litvasi gamoqveynebuli statiis gamo Cveni iubilarebi brwyinvale mecnieri, amagdari pedagogi, Semoqmedi pirovneba (profesori elene xarabaze _ 70)

7 CONTENTS ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLICY NUGZAR PAICHADZE. Coherent System for Improving Managers Qualification Prerequisite for Organizations to Operate Successfully...11 MIRIAN TUGHUSHI. Regarding Maintenance Effective State Employment Mechanism NATO CHADUNELI. Globalization Tendencies in the Contemporary World JEMAL KHARITONASHVILI. Adam Smith ( ) the Founder of Economic Science ( From birth 290 years ) MANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISM GIORGI GAGANIDZE. Export Potential of the Electrical Energy Produced in Georgia EKA GULUA. Talant Management - Actual Direction of Human Potential FINANCIAL ECONOMICS MAYA GOGOKHIA. Main Directions of National (Central) Bank Activities on the Current Stage...99 NADIA KVATASHIDZE. Classification and Measurement of Financial Assets

8 ASIE TSINTSADZE, NINO SVANIDZE. Analysis of Change of the Social Insurance Fund with Probabilistic and Statistical Methods 27 NATIONAL ECONOMY IN THE PROCESSES OF GLOBAL INTEGRATION EKA LEKASHVILI. Socialist Integration in the Context of Regional Economic Integration Antipode of Market Integration EMIR ETERIA. Economic Globalization and the Prospects of Georgia- European Union Trade Relations FOLLOWING OUR PUBLICATION GIORGI ABUSELIDZE. Plagiarism or calumination? - The Students Answer to the Professor regarding the Article Published in Lithuania BIRTHDAY ANNIVERSARIES Prominent Scientist, Honoured Professor, Creative Person (Professor Elene Kharabadze 70)

9 Содержание Экономическая теория и экономическая политика Нугзар Пайчадзе. Стройная и организованная система повышения квалификации руководителей Мирон Тугуши. Для обеспечения еффективного государственного регулирования занятости Нато Чадунели.Тенденций глобализации в современном мире.. 47 Джемал Харитонашвили. А.Смит ( ) основатель экономической науки (290 лет со дня ражденйя) Менеджмент. Маркетинг.Туризм Георгий Гаганидзе. Экспортный потенциал электроэнергии производимой в Грузий Эка Гулуа. «Талант-менеджмент» - актуальное направление управления человеческого потенциала Финансовая экономика Майя Гогохия. Основные направления деятельности национального (центрального) банка на современном этапе Надя Кваташидзе. Классификация и оценка финансовых активов Асико Цинцадзе, Нино Сванидзе. Вероятно-статистический метод анализа изменения капитала фонда соцстрахования

10 Национальная экономика в процессах мировой интеграции Эка Лекашвили. Социалистическая интеграция в контексте региональной экономической интеграции антипод рыночной интеграции (на примере южнокавказских стран) Эмир Этерия. Экономичесая глобализация и перспективы торговых отношений между Грузией и Евросоюзом (на англ.языке) по стопам нашей публикации Георгий Абуселидзе. Плагиатство или ложное свидетельство? Ответ ученика учителью о статье опубликованной в Литве Наши юбиляры Блестящий учёный и педагог, деятельный человек (Профессору Элене Харабадзе 70)

11 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika xelmzrvanelta kvalifiaciis amarlebis mwyobri da gamartuli sistema_organizaciata warmatebuli saqmianobis sawindari nugzar paiwaze iv. javaxisvilis saxelobis Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori, ekonomikur mecnierebata doqtori didia xelmzrvanelta roli organizaciebisa da SromiTi koleqtivebis gamartul da efeqtian funqcionirebasi. aqedan gamomdinare, udidesi mnisvneloba aqvs xelmzrvanelta pirad da saqmian Tvisebebs, aseve, maral kvalifikacias. rogorc cnobilia, drevandeli samecniero-teqnologiuri revoluciis pirobebsi, adamianta profesiul saqmianobasi sawiro codna swrafad Zveldeba, rac ganapirobebs kadrebis, mat Soris xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis sistematuri amarlebis aucileblobas. swored am problemazea Sesrulebuli winamdebare statia. massi, mocemul problemaze arsebuli mdidari ekonomikuri literaturis Seswavlisa da ganzogadebis safuzvelze, gamotqmulia zogierti avtoriseuli mosazreba saqartvelosi xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebis amjamad arsebul mdgomarebasa da misi gaumjobesebis gzebze. xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebis mizania mati mmartvelobiti saqmianobis efeqtianobis amarleba im rolebsi, romelsac isini asruleben mimdinare periodsa da momavalsi ufro sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobaze samusaod mati momzadeba. xelmzrvanel- Ta kvalifikaciis amarleba organizaciis warmatebis 11

12 nugzar paiwaze sawindaria. am gzit formirdeba iseti xelmzrvaneli kadrebi, romlebic TavianTi saqmiani TvisebebiTa da kompetenciit daakmayofileben organizaciis mimdinare da momaval motxovnilebebs. kvalifikaciis amarlebis procesi SeiZleba iyos: ganwvretadi, reaqtiuli da motivaciuri. matgan pirveli gatvlilia adamianebis mar- TvasTan dakavsirebuli zogadi xasiatis xangrzlivvadian miznebze, meore _ martvis samusaota SesrulebaSi mimdinare sizneleta gadalaxvasa da Tavidan acilebaze, xolo mesame _ menejerta karierul zrdaze. xelmz- RvanelTa kvalifikaciis amarlebis gansakutrebuli miznebia: 1. menejerta mier TavianTi movaleobebisa da am ukanasknelta sarealizaciod sawiro aucilebeli kompetenturobis donis gacnobiereba; 2. ganvitarebis potencialis mqone menejerta gamovlena, mati waxaliseba piradi ganvitarebis gegmebis Sedgenasa da realizaciasi, romlis mizania xelmzrvanelta mier mnisvnelovan sapasuxismgeblo samusaota Sesasruleblad aucilebeli codnis floba; 3. xelmzrvanelobis memkvidreobitobis uzrunvelyofa. organizacias Tavisi strategiuli amocanis warmatebit Sesruleba SeuZlia mxolod maralkvalificiuri xelmzrvanelebis gulmodgine saqmianobis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc n. fonda miutitebs, swored maralkvalificiur xelmzrvanelebs SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon organizaciasi iseti Sedegebi, rogoricaa: 1. axali, ufro didi ambiciebis gacena; 2. sawarmota konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelmyofeli produqt- bazris strategiebis SemuSaveba; 3. strategiuli ambiciisa da produqtbazris srategiis mxardamweri samusao strategiebis Seqmna; 4. sawarmos martvis sistemis damusaveba da misi 12

13 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika efeqtiani gamoyeneba; 5. sawarmosa da misi nawilebis struqturizacia da restruqturizacia, arsebuli prioritetebis Sesabamisad; 6. mogebis optimizacia, gayidvebisa da momsaxurebis donis mudmivi amarlebis xarjze (2,.gv.504). sadreiso motxovnaa is, rom xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebis process unda warmartavdes organizacia masinac ki, roca igi dakavsirebulia Sromisa da potencialis individualur macvenebelta amarlebastan. organizaciam unda gadawyvitos strategiuli miznebis misarwevad rogori tipis menejerebia mistvis aucilebeli da ra gzebitaa SesaZlebeli aseti menejerebis mozidva an gamozrda. masinac ki, roca upiratesoba ezleva TviTganviTarebas, xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebis ZiriTadi mimartulebebi, Tundac zogadi formit, unda gansazrvros organizaciam. xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebis efeqturad warmartvisatvis tardeba aucilebeli mosamzadebeli samusaoebi, rogoricaa: a) xelmzrvanelebisadmi mimdinare da momaval motxovnilebata analizi; b) xelmzrvanelta arsebuli da potenciuri unar-cvevebisa da efeqtianobis Sefaseba; g) xelmzrvanelebze arsebul motxovnilebata dasakmayofileblad strategiebisa da gegmebis damusaveba. xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis ama- Rleba moicavs, agretve, xelmzrvanelobis memkvidreobi- Tobisa da xelmzrvanelta karieris agebas. xelmzrvanelebze momaval motxovnilebata analizi tardeba adamianuri resursebis dagegmvisas. Tanamedrove sazogadoebisatvis damaxasiatebel aramdgrad pirobebsi menejerta sawiro raodenobaze zusti prognozis gaketeba rtulia. miuxedavad amisa,seizleba 13

14 nugzar paiwaze da sawirocaa Sefasdes unar-cvevebi da kompetenciebi, rac aucilebelia menejerebisatvis, konkurenciis zewolit warmosobili momavali motxovnilebebisa da axali teqnologiebis danergvis aucileblobis gatvaliswinebit. didi mnisvneloba aqvs xelmzrvanelta unar-cevebisa da kompetenciebis momaval motxovnilebebtan Sesabamisobis Sefasebas. amastan, mnisvnelovania unar- Cvevebze specifikuri motxovnilebebis gamovlena da mati ganvitarebis gegmis Sedgena im angarisit, rom dakmayofildes ara marto mimdinare, aramed momavali motxovnilebebic. xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebis strategia ZiriTadad exeba imas, Tu ris gaketebas apirebs organizacia xelmzrvanelebze Tavisi momavali motxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, Tavisi misiidan (biznesgegmebidan) gamomdinare. xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarleba ganxilul unda iqnes rogorc sxvadasxva urtiertdakavsirebul miznobriv moqmedebata nawili da ara yovlismomcveli programa. es srulebitac ar nisnavs, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi aravitari sistematizacia araa sawiro. amastan ertad, gasatvaliswinebelia, rom menejerebi izulebulni arian imoqmedon met- naklebad cvalebad situaciebsi da unda iyvnen Sesabamisad momzadebulebi. didi mnisvneloba aqvs im midgomebis arsis sworad gagebas, rac gamoiyeneba xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis asamarleblad da martvis arsebuli resursebis Sesafaseblad, da imasac, ramdenad akmayofileben isini organizaciis motxovnnilebebs. xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis asamarleblad 14

15 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika konkretul metodebs gansazrvravs organizacia, romelic damokidebulia mis filosofiaze, gamoyenebul teqnologiasa da arsebul garemoze. tradiciuli ti pis organizacia, rogorc wesi, iyenebs kontrolis sistemebze orientirebul programul-formalur midgomas. inovaciuri tipis organizaciam SeiZleba imoqmedos yvela zemodasaxelebuli meqanizmis garese. aseti midgomis arsi isaa, rom menejerebs misces Sesa- Zlebloba da stimulebi kvalifikaciis asamarleblad, aseve _ damatebiti davalebebi da garantia imisa, rom isini miireben aucilebel rcevebsa da mxardaweras. xelmzrvanelebi swavloben xelmzrvanelobas xelmz- Rvanelad musaobit. aset SemTxvevebze amboben, rom `gamocdileba maswavlebelia~. es gamotqma sakmaod samartliania, Tumca, zogierti adamiani swavlobs uke- Tesad, vidre sxvebi. swavlasi gansxvavebis mizezi isaa, rom zogiert menejers bunebisgan miniwebuli aqvs meti unari an igi ufro motivirebulia. garda amisa, didi mnisvneloba aqvs mmartvelisgan mxardaweras, misgan xelmzrvanelobasa da daxmarebas. Cveulebriv,ase iqcevian is xelmzrvanelebi, romlebic srulad acnobiereben TavianT pasuxismgeblobas menejerta kvalifikaciis amarlebisatvis. aqedan gamomdinare, zemoarnisnuli gamotqma SeiZleba Seicvalos gamotqmit: `xelmzrvanelebi swavloben xelmzrvanelobas, roca isini xelmzrvaneloben kargi xelmzrvanelebis xelmzrvanelobit~. imis mtkiceba, rom xelmzrvanelebi yvelaze uket swavloben TavianT Tanamdebobaze musaobisas, ar nisnavs imas, rom yvelaze uketesia mati xangrzlivad datoveba sakutar proeqtebtan. am dros sawiroa mimdinare da momaval periodsi organizaciis xelmzrvanelobis winase mdgomi 15

16 nugzar paiwaze amocanebidan gamomdinare moqmedeba. TiToeul organizacias unda gaacndes xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebis sakutari filosofia, rac xelmzrvanelta swavlebis gaumjobesebasi Tanmimdevruli da mofiqrebuli Carevis garantia iqneba. rogorc cnobilia, xelmzrvanelta ert-erti mnisvnelovani funqciaa daqvemdebarebulta ganvitarebis martva. kvalifikaciis amarlebis amocanebidan ert-er- Ti swored isaa, rom yvela menejerma gaacnobieros, rom mat daqvemdebarebulta ganvitareba aris mati musaobis mnisvnelovani nawili. arsebobs xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebisadmi formaluri da araformaluri midgomebi. formaluri midgoma moicavs: 1. kvalifikaciis amarlebas samusao adgilze mozrvris, konsultaciebis, kontrolisa da menejerebis mxridan ukukavsiris sasualebit. igi dakavsirebulia Sromis macveneblebis martvis procesebis realizaciasa da kuratorobastan; 2. kvalifikaciis amarlebas musaobis gamocdilebis mirebis sasualebit, romelic gulisxmobs rotaciebs, musaobis zonis gafartoebas, saproeqto da miznobriv jgufebsi monawileobas, aqtiur swavlebas, sxva organizaciebsi samusaod droebit gadayvanas da sxv.; 3. Siga an gare kursebze sistematur swavlebas; 4. damoukidebeli swavlebis programebidan gamomdinare, struqturirebul TviganviTarebas. es ukanaskneli formirebulia satanadod damtkicebuli, piradi ganvitarebis gegmis an xelmzrvanelta swavlebis dargsi mrcevlebtan saswavlo xelsekrulebata safuzvelze. aq igulisxmeba specialuri literaturis gacnoba, codnis mizanmimartuli gafartoeba, axali unar-cvevebis SeZena samusao adgilze da sxv. 16

17 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebisadmi formaluri midgomebi damyarebulia personalis ganvitarebasi motxovnilebata gamovlenaze, Sromis macveneblebis martvis an kvalifikaciis amarlebis centrebis mesveobit. midgoma SeiZleba struqturirebul iqnes saerto an sakvanzo kompetenciebis mixedvit, rac sawiroa mocemul organizaciasi momusave menejerebisatvis. xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebisadmi araformalur midgomebsi gamoiyeneba menejerebis mier mati yoveldriuri musaobis msvlelobisas mirebuli saswavlo gamocdileba. menejerebi swavloben yoveltvis, roca ejaxebian ucveulo problemebs, ucnob amocanebs an gadadian sxva samusaoze. Semdeg isini gamoimusaveben Seqmnili situaciis gadawyvetis axal sasualebebs. isini warmatebit iswavlian, Tu moaxdenen TavianTi musaobis swor analizs da gansazrvraven rogor da ratom aqvt warmateba an ganicades marcxi. aseti swavleba iqneba efeqturi, Tu menejerebi SeZleben gamotanili daskvnebis warmatebit gamoyenebas momaval saqmianobasi. es swavlebis yvelaze Zlieri formaa, romlis arsi isaa, rom menejerebma swavlebisas maqsimalurad gamoiyenon TavianTi gamocdileba. zogierti menejeri bunebrivi gzit midis `gamocdilebit arzrdis~ xsenebul metodtan. rogorc Cans, qvecnobierad, isini TandaTanobiT uaxlovdebian movlenis gagebas da TavianTi gamocdilebidan gamoaqvt gakvetili. am dros menejerebi TavianTSi avitareben movlenis TiTqmis myisieri analizis unars, romelsac inaxaven monacemta bazebsi (cxadia, is inaxeba mat gonebasi) da, rac mat SeuZliaT amoiron nebismier momentsi, roca daswirdebat. 17

18 nugzar paiwaze adamianuri resursebis martvis zo.gierti specialistis azrit, aseti analizi Znelia an xsirad araa masze motxovnileba. aset SemTxvevaSi menejerebis efeqturad swavlis wasaxaliseblad gamoiyeneba Semdegi naxevradformaluri midgomebi: a) TviTSefasebis mnisvnelobis win wamoweva da personalis ganvitarebasi motxovnilebis gamovlena, menejerebis darwmuneba TavianTi Sromis macveneblebis dasaxul miznebtan Sesabamisobis, agretve, samusaos Sesrulebis efeqtianobaze moqmedi faqtorebis analizis aucileblobasi; b) menejerta darwmuneba piradi ganvitarebis sakutari gegmebis an damoukidebeli swavlebis programebis Sedgenis sawiroebasi; g) menejerebis daintereseba TavianT xelmzrvanelebtan, kolegebtan an kuratorebtan ertad sakutari problemebisa da SesaZleblobebis ganxilvit, romlis mizania TviTswalis aucileblobis gansazrvra. praqtikasi umetesad adgili aqvs xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebisadmi integrirebul midgomas, rac guliszmobs rogorc formaluri, aseve araformaluri metodebis gamoyenebas. arsebobs xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebisadmi integrirebuli midgomis xuti saxelmzrvanelo principi: 1. martvis realuroba, rac gulisxmobs garidebas gaubraloebuli warmodgenisagan, rom TiTqos menejerebisatvis aucilebelia mxolod icodnen da gaaketon yvelaferi is, rac damyarebulia martvis funqciebis dagegmvis, organizaciis, xelmzrvanelobis da kontrolis klasikur analizze. sinamdvilesi, mmartvelobiti musaoba dayofilia nawilebad, anu zogiertistvis ufro mnisvnelovania kontrolis funqciis Rrmad codna, zogi- 18

19 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika ertistvis_dagegmvis da a. S. swored esaa imis mizezi, rom bevri praqtikosi menejeri uaryofs xelmzrvanel- Ta momzadebis zogiert formalur programas. amitom, mizansewonolia aseti programebi gamomdinareobdes kvalifikaciis amarlebas daqvemdebarebuli menejerebisatvis gansazrvruli movaleobebisa da kompetenciebisagan; 2.aqtualuroba. metad Znelia imis varaudi, rom yvela menejers swirdeba detalurad erkveodes iset cnebebata arssi, rogoricaa: strategiuli martva, Rirebulebis mateba, sabalanso angarisis analizi da a. S. cxadia, mati mravalmxrivi codna sasargebloa, magram yvela menejerisatvis araa realurad aucilebeli. xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarleba dakavsirebuli unda iyos menejerebisadmi im konkretul motxovnilebebtan, rac warmoisoba gansazrvrul samusaoze. menejerebisadmi motxovnilebani _ esaa ara marto is, rac menejerebma unda icodnen axla, aramed isic, rac mat unda icodnen da SeeZloT gaaketon momavalsi,tu matsi aris ganvitarebis potenciali; 3. TviTganviTareba, rac gulisxmobs ganvitarebisadmi menejerebis miswrafebis waxalisebas da amasi mattvis xelsewyobas; 4. swavleba gamocdilebaze dayrdnobit. Tu swavlebas arviqvamt, rogorc adamianis qcevis cvlilebas, gamocdilebis mirebis sasualebit, masin menejerebis maralefeqtiani saqmianobisatvis yvela aucileblit SeiaraRebis Ziri- Tadi metodi _ esaa mattvis Sesaferisi da sxvadasxvagvari gamocdilebis micema, mati karieris xelsayrel periodsi da swavlasi daxmareba; 5. standartuli momzadebis Serwyma individualurtan. misi arsi isaa, rom standartuli momzadebisas yvela menejeri gadis swavlebis ertnair kurss, rac zogiert SemTxvevaSi sa- 19

20 nugzar paiwaze survelia, magram yoveltvis aucilebelia gansakutrebuli yuradreba daetmos menejerta swavlebasi individualuri motxovnilebebis gamovlenasa da mat dakmayofilebas, konkretuli pirobebidan gamomdinare. kompetenciebze damyarebuli xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarleba iyenebs kompetenciebis struqturebs an profilebs personalis ganvitarebasi motxovnilebata gamosavlenad, damoukidebeli swavlebis programis SedgenaSi dasaxmareblad an organizaciis garedan swavlebis SesaZleblobaTa uzrunvelsayofad. kompetenciaze damyarebuli xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarleba SeiZleba Semoifarglos sakvanzo an saerto kompetenciebis SezRuduli raodenobit, romlebic, organizaciis gadawyvetilebit, mnisvnelovani nawili iqneba misi menejerebis SesaiaraReblad~, rata mat win waswion organizacia, misi strategiuli gegmebis Sesabamisad. aseti kompetenciebi SeiZleba iyos: a) strategiuli unari, anu unari sworad gesmodes cvalebadi biznesgaremo, produqt-bazris ganvitarebisatvis xelsayreli SesaZleblobani, konkurentebis pretenziebi, organizaciis Zlieri da susti mxareebi da SegeZlos gansazrvro optimaluri strategiuli reaqciebi; b) cvlilebebis martvis unari, anu unari _ gamoavlino motxovnilebebi cvlilebebze, Seadgino cvlilebata programebi da daarwmuno sxvebi nebayoflobit monawileobdnen mat SesrulebaSi; g) gundis martvis unari, anu unari sxvadasxva jgufisa da profesiis adamianebi momarto warmatebit imusaon ertad; d) urtiertdamokidebulebata martvis unari,unari efeqturad zemoqmedebde sxvebze, mtavari miznebis misarwevad. xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebasi mnis- 20

21 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika vnelovan rols TamaSobs kvalifikaciis amarlebis centrebi, romelta mizania daexmaros kvalifikaciis asamarlebel pirebs uket gaigon, rogor kompetencias moitxovs mati samusao da Seadginon piradi ganvitarebis sakutari gegmebi, mimdinare da momavali musaobis efeqtianobis amarlebisa da karierul kibeze dawinaurebis miznit. kvalifikaciis amarlebis centrebis musaobis obieqtia kompetenciebisadmi motxovnilebebi, anu im kompetenciebis ganxilva, rac aucilebeli iqneba momavalsi. centrebi Tavisi musaobit stavazobs kvalifikaciis amarlebis monawileebs ketilsasurvel SesaZleblobas_ gamoikvlion da ariqvan rogori kompetenciebi swirdebat mat axla da daswirdebat momavalsi. ramdenadac saqcieli ganapirobebs saqciels, centrma menejers unda SesTavazos SesaZlebloba_ uyurebdes kompetenciebs praqtikasi. amitom, kompetenciata sxvadasxva saxeobis imitacia aseti centrebis mnisvnelovani Taviseburebaa. igi aris konkretuli situaciebisa da roluri TamaSebis analizis safuzvelze isetnairad Sedgenili kombinacia, romelic maqsimaluradaa miaxloebuli realobastan. kvalifikaciis amarlebis centris mnisvnelovani funqciaa ukukavsirisa da mecadineobis ganxilva-analizi. igi izleva samomavlo rekomendaciebs da axorcielebs damrigeblobas. amas atareben xelmzrvaneli musakebi, romelta SemadgenlobaSi Sedian repetitorebi da xazobrivi menejerebi. mat am miznit gavlili aqvt specialuri momzadeba. xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarleba dakav- Sirebuli unda iyos ara marto zogadi mmartvelobiti unar-cvevebis atvisebasa da srulyofastan, aramed 21

22 nugzar paiwaze lideruli Tvisebebis ganvitarebastan, ramac asaxva unda hpovos saswavlo programebsa da piradi ganvi- Tarebis gegmebsi. organizaciata mmartvelebis mnisvnelovani nawili satanado yuradrebas ar utmoben xelmzrvanelta kvlifikaciis amarlebas. xsirad isini xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebis uflebamosilebis delegirebas axdenen specialistebze, romlis Semdeg, samwuxarod, iviwyeben an ignorirebas uketeben mas. sinamdvilesi, xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebis programebis warmateba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra xarisxit iqneba adamianebi misdami ertgulebi martvis yvela doneze. ubralo WeSmaritebaa, rom daqvemdebarebulta kvalifikaciis amarleba nebismieri menejeris musaobis bunebrivi da mnisvnelovani nawilia. isic ubralo WeSmaritebaa, rom kvalifikaciis amarlebaze iniciativa unda wamovides martvis zeda rgolidan. organizaciebis xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis ama- Rlebisadmi aseti uyuradreboba, nawilobriv gamowveulia imitac, rom zogierti xelmzrvanelis TvalsazrisiT, organizacias ar swirdeba gansakutrebulad izrunos amaze, vinaidan personalis SerCevis bunebrivi procesi da konkurenciis zewola mis garesec izleva garantias, rom win wavlen yvelaze sauketesoebi. erti SexedviT, arsebul mosazrebas aqvs arsebobis ufleba. magram, arasworia debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom organizaciebma da matma umarlesma xelmzrvanelobam ar unda izrunos mattan dasaqmebuli sxvadasxva donis xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebaze, ramdenadac swrafad ganvitarebadi warmoeba ganuwyetliv axalaxal motxovnebs uyenebs xelmzrvanelebs, rac, Tavis 22

23 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika mxriv, ganapirobebs am ukanasknelta kvalifikaciis ama- RlebisaTvis mudmivi zrunvis aucileblobas. adamianuri resursebis martvis specialistta mosazrebit, xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebasi organizaciis WeSmariti roli dgas or ukiduresobata SualedSi. jer erti, swrafi zrdisa da cvlilebebis pirobebsi, sakmarisi araa daeyrdno mxolod SemTxvevi- Tobas, anu cdisa da Secdomebis metods. meore mxriv, ar SeiZleba Tavs moaxvio organizacias xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebis Tundac kargad momzadebuli programebi. rogorc piter drukeri miutitebs, ganvi- Tareba _ es yoveltvis TviTganviTarebaa. araa imaze meti absurduli, vidre Tavis Tavze airo pasuxismgebloba adamianis ganvitarebisatvis. pasuxismgebloba momusavezea, yvelaferi damokidebulia mis unarze, mis Zalasa da mondomebaze. rac Seexeba organizaciata xelmzrvanelebs, mat SesaZlebloba aqvt waaxalison momusaveta TviTganviTareba an Seaferxon igi, acvenon gza misken an waiyvanon mcdari gzit. mati valdebulebaa ganawyon momusaveebi TviTswavlebisa da warmatebuli saqmianobisatvis.. xelmzrvaneltatvis yvelaze mtavaria flobdnen organizatorul unars. swored esaa, rac unda ganavitaron mat TavianT Cveulebriv movaleobata Sesrulebis processi. amastan, amas isini gaaketeben mnisvnelovnad uketesad, Tu Rebuloben mxardaweras, rekomendaciebsa da ketilsasurvel SesaZleblobebs Tavisi organizaciisa da zemdgomi xelmzrvanelebisagan. rogorc d. mak gregori werda, menejerebad ar ibadebian, mat zrdian (2,gv.511). kompaniis movaleobaa Seqmnas normaluri pirobebi swrafi zrdisatvis. es pirobebi 23

24 nugzar paiwaze Zalian mnisvnelovania kompaniasi Siga garemosa da atmosferos gajansarebisatvis, agretve, martvis stilisatvis, romelsac misdevs kompaniis umarlesi xelmz- Rvaneli. swored isaa mtavari pasuxismgebeli xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebaze. yovelive zemoarnisnulidan SeiZleba davaskvnat, rom sawiroa menejerebma TavianT Tavze airon pasuxismgebloba sakutari ganvitarebisatvis. organizacias SeuZlia daexmaros, xolo zemdgomma xelmzrvanelma, gansazrvruli zomit,unda waaxalisos menejerta TviTganviTareba da, sawiro SemTxvevaSi, uxelmzrvanelos mat amasi. xelmzrvanelta TviTganviTarebisaTvis gansakutrebuli mnisvneloba aqvs e. w. piradi ganvitarebis gegmebis Sedgenas. xsirad aset gegmebs adgenen kvalifikaciis amarlebas daqvemdebarebuli pirebi. sasurvelia, rom am gegmebis Sinaarsi eyrdnobodes pasuxebs Semdeg kitxvebze: 1. rogori donis kompetenturobis mirweva igegmeba; 2. rogoria Tqveni swavlebis mizani, romel sferoebsi aimarlebt musaobis macveneblebs da/an ra aris is axali, ris gaketebas SesZlebT swavlebis Semdeg; 3. rogor arwevt miznebs, rogor davalebebs, proeqtebs, savarjisoebs asrulebt, ras kitxulobt, swavlebis an kvalifikaciis rogori kursebi gsurdat gagevlot (ganvitarebis gegma sawiroa daiyos gansazrvrul etapebad, xolo calkeuli saswavlo RonisZiebebi CamoiTvalos punqtebis mixedvit. TiToeuli etapisatvis swavlebis programis saerto xangr- Zlivoba sawiroa mietitos swavlebis fastan ertad, Tu swavla fasiania); 4. romeli resursebia (magali- Tad, eleqtronuli saswavlo masalebi, wignebi, videokasetebi, individualuri mozrvari~ da a. S.) TqvenTvis 24

25 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika aucilebeli da sxv. xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebasi mnisvnelovan rols asruleben adamianuri resursebis mar- Tvis specialistebi. mocemul sferosi mati ZiriTadi movaleobebia: a) axsnan organizaciis SesaZlebobebi xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebasi da miscen konsultacia imaze, YTu ra rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia am motxovnilebata dakmayofilebas organizaciis misiis realizaciasi; b) SesTavazon xelmzrvanelobas kvalifikaciis amarlebisadmi formaluri da araformaluri midgomebi; g) xazobriv menejerebtan ertad daamusaon xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebisatvis safuzvlad asarebi kompetenciis struqtura; d) miscen rekomendaciebi menejerebs imaze, Tu rogor aimarlon kvalifikacia; e) daexmaron da mxari dauwiron menejerebs piradi ganvitarebis gegmis momzadebasi; v) miawodon menejerebs saswavlo miznebisatvis sawiro masalebi; z) sawiroebis SemTxvevaSi, imusaon calkeuli menejeris an jgufis repetitorad an kuratorad; T) mmartvelobiti ganatlebis gare programebis arcevisas gaswion konsultaciebi; i) xeli Seuwyon aqtiuri swavlebis warmoebas da a. S. xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebas saqartvelosi didi xnis istoria aqvs. igi sabwota periodsi, ise rogorc qveynis ekonomikis ganvitareba, gegmur xasiats atarebda da hqonda yvela is nakli, rac damaxasiatebelia aseti ekonomikisatvis. magalitad, arc ise isviatad, xelmzrvaneli kadrebis kvalifikaciis amarlebas wminda formaluri xasiati hqonda da Sesabamis kursebze xelmzranel pirs gzavnidnen ara am ukanasknelis codnis garrmavebis, aramed mmartvelobis zeda 25

26 nugzar paiwaze rgolidan dasvebuli davalebis (gegmis) Sesrulebis aucileblobidan gamomdinare. miuxedavad amisa,sabwota periodsi saqartvelosi xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebis arsebuli sistema dadebit rols asrulebda. qveyanasi moqmedebda xelmzrvaneli kadrebis kvalifikaciis amarlebis mravali adgilobrivi, regionuli da respublikuri centri. qveynis umetes wamyvan umarles saswavleblebsi funqcionirebda am miznisatvis gankutvnili specialuri fakultetebi da a. S. XX saukunis 80-an wlebsi, saqartvelos umarlesi xelmz- Rvanelobis gadawyvetilebit, Seiqmna mmartvelobiti kadrebis kvalifikaciis amarlebis specialuri instituti, romelsic morvaweobdnen cnobili mecnierebi, profesorebi _ nugzar santelaze, giorgi papava, leo xaburzania da sxvebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom zemoarnisnuli organizaciebis musaobas gaacnda socialisturi ekonomikisatvis damaxasiatebeli zogierti naklovaneba, is, rogorc ukve arinisna, dadebit rols TamaSobda xelmzrvaneli kadrebis kvalifikaciis amarlebasi. XX saukunis 90-ani wlebidan dawyebuli, socialisturi ekonomikis msxvrevam gamoiwvia mmartvelobiti personalis kvalifikaciis amarlebis qveyanasi 26 arsebuli sistemis mosla. igulisxmeboda, rom,, sabazro ekonomikis damkvidrebit, mis nacvlad Seiqmneboda xelmzrvaneli kadrebis kvalifikaciis amarlebis sruliad axali sistema, romelic Tavisufali iqneboda gegmuri ekonomikisatvis damaxasiatebeli naklovanebebisagan. samwuxarod, es ase ar moxda. dres saqartvelosi xelmz- Rvaneli kadrebis aravitari, arc kargi da arc cudi, sistema ar arsebobs. zogiert SemTxvevaSi, mas mxolod

27 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika epizoduri xasiati aqvs, e. w. treningebis saxit. amis mizezebia: biznesis ganvitarebis dabali done, xelmzrvaneli kadrebis profesionalizmis Seufasebloba da a. S. matgan ert-erti mtavari mizezi isicaa, rom mocemul problemaze saqartvelosi mecnieruli kvlevebi, romlebsiac natlad da argumentirebulad iqneboda dasabutebuli xelmzrvaneli personalis kvalifikaciis amarlebis mnisvneloba da aucilebloba organizaciis misiis Sesrulebasa da adamianta saqmianobis efeqtianobis amarlebisatvis da, Sesabamisad, dasaxuli iqneboda xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebis konkretuli gzebi, TiTqmis ar mimdinareobs. qveynis ekonomikis armavlobis interesebidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebisadmi satanado yuradrebis datmoba, ramdenadac organizatoruli unar-cvevebisa da satanado kompetenciit arwurvili maralkvalificiuri xelmzrvanelebis garese SeuZlebelia organizaciis warmatebuli saqmianoba. aucilebelia satanado yuradreba daetmos am mnisvnelovani problemis mecnierul kvlevas da Seiqmnas xelmzrvanelta kvalifikaciis amarlebis mwyobri da gamartuli sistema, romelic daemyareba satanado mecnierul rekomendaciebsa da praqtikis sadreiso motxovnilebebs. 27

28 nugzar paiwaze Coherent System for Improving Managers Qualification Prerequisite for Organizations to Operate Successfully N. Paichadze The article discusses the issues related to improvement of managers qualification such as its essence, objectives and importance on the current stage of economic development; the mechanism to develop effective system and methods for improving qualification; etc. Special attention is paid to the importance of discussing formal, informal and integrated approaches to qualification improvement issues. The paper also discusses widespread experience of establishing qualification improvement centers and the way they function, as well as the role and importance of human resource development specialists in improving managers qualification. The concluding part of the paper presents a brief critical analysis of the current situation regarding improvement of managers qualification in Georgia and suggests some of the author s ideas how the situation can be improved in this direction. gamoyenebuli literatura 1.Армстронг М. Практика управления человеческими ресурсами. Перевод с английского. 8-е издание. М.,2012; 2. Армстронг М. Практика управления человеческими ресурсами. Перевод с английского М.,2007; 3. Десслер Г. Управление персоналом. М.,2003; 4.Ренделл Р.,Фаей Л. Курс МВА по стратегическому менеджменту. М.,2004; 5. Литвинюк А. и др. Управление персоналом. М.,

29 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika dasaqmebis efeqtiani saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis uzrunvelyofisatvis mirian turusi, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, saqartvelos Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis xelovnebis menejmentis mimartulebis sruli profesori dasaqmeba urtulesi socialur-ekonomikuri procesia, romelic mwvave fsiqologiuri, demografiuli da politikuri aspeqtebitac xasiatdeba. zrdasruli adamianebisatvis gasagebia mosaxleobis dasaqmebis mnisvneloba,magram yvelasatvis cnobili ar aris,tu raoden rtuli problemaa sruli da efeqtiani dasaqmebis mi- Rweva da,rac mtavaria,senarcuneba. specialistebisatvis cnobilia, rom dasaqmeba (misi done) umnisvnelovanesi makroekonomikuri macvenebelia, romlis martva-regulireba civilizebuli samyaros umtavresi amocanaa, radgan swored massi fokusirdeba qveynis socialur-ekonomikur ganvitarebasi arsebuli mirwevebic da warumateblobit ganpirobebuli uaryofiti Sedegebi. dasaqmeba adamianebis sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmianobaa, romelic dakavsirebulia piradi da sazogadoebrivi motxovnilebebis dakmayofilebastan,romelsac,rogorc wesi, moaqvs Semosavali, rac mosaxleobis arsebobisa da ganvitarebis aucilebeli pirobaa. cnobilia, rom dasaqmebis donis mixedvit qveynebi ertmanetisagan mnisvenelovnad gansxvavdeba. rogorc 29

30 mirian turusi wesi, dasaqmebis marali da umusevrobis dabali donea damaxasiatebeli ekonomikurad maralganvitarebuli da ganvitarebuli qveynebisatvis, dasaqmebis SedarebiT dabali da umusevrobis marali macveneblebi aqvt ganvitarebad da e.w,,gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebs, mat Soris saqartvelosac. magalitad, Sromis saertasoriso organizaciis monacemebit, 2011 wels umusevrobis 5%-ze dabali macvenebeli hqonda norvegias, niderlandebs, iaponias, avstralias; 5-dan 10%-mde germanias, kanadas, SvedeTs, did britanets, italias, ass-s, safrangetsa da TurqeTs; 10-dan 15%-mde estonets, portugalias, xorvatiasa da slovakets; 15%-ze odnav marali (15,1-15,2%) saqartvelos, latviasa da litvas; 17-19% - saberznetsa da montenegros; 22-25% - espanetsa da samxret afrikas; 27-32% - bosnia-hhercogovinasa da makedonias [4, gv.6]. bolo wlebis saertasoriso praqtikam daadastura, rom dasaqmebisa da umusevrobis sferosi arctu isviatia gamonaklisebic. magalitad, evrokavsiris qvynebsi amjamad 26 mln-ze met adamians ara aqvs samusao. saberznetsi umusevrobis donem rekordul zrvars miarwia (57,6%), am macvenebelma 30%-s gadaawarba espanetsi (zogierti monacemebit igi didad ufro maralic aris), am mxriv krizisuli mdgomareoba Seiqmna italiasi da a.s, rasac mosaxleobis mwvave gamosvlebi mohyva. ramdenadme amarlebis miuxedavad umusevrobis SedarebiT dabali macvenebeli aqvs germanias (8,1%), niderlandebs (9,1%) [8], rac kidev ertxel miutitebs, rom dasaqmebis marali da umusevrobis dabali donis SenarCuneba metad rtuli amocanaa. Tu saqartvelos dasaqmebis sferosi arsebul mdgomareobas dinamikasi ganvixilavt (ix. cxrili), davina- 30

31 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika xavt, rom ww, mosaxleobis ricxvis zrdis miuxedavad, sagrznoblad Semcirda ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxvi (2050,8 atasidan 1 959,3) atasamde, anu 91,5 atasi kacit, aseve Semcirda dasaqmebulta saerto raodenoba ,2 atasidan 1 664,2 atasamde, anu 173,0 atasi kacit, mat Soris daqiravebulta raodenoba - 683,9 atasidan 634,1 atasamde, anu 49,8 atasi kacit. umnisvnelod, magram mainc Semcirda TviTdasaqmebulTa ricxvic. amave periodsi 212,0 atasi kacidan (rac ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis mimart 10,3%-s Seadgens) 295,1 atas kacamde (15,1%-mde) gaizarda umusevarta raodenoba. zemoarnisnuli informaciisa da Sromis dargis eqspertta mosazrebebis gatvaliswinebit, SeiZleba gavaketot ramdenime daskvna: pirveli, saqartvelosi, dasaqmebisa da umusevrobis sferosi ukanasknel atwleulsi Camoyalibebuli tendenciebi, ertmnisvnelovnad, uaryofit Sefasebas imsaxurebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom qveynis aqtiuri mosaxleobis sakmaod didi nawili, eqspertta SefasebiT, daaxloebit 1,0-1,3 mln adamiani, migraciis Sedegad gasulia qveynidan, saqartvelosi mainc ver moxerxda adgilze myofi Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis verc sruli dasaqmeba da verc umusevrobis misareb zrvramde (magalitad, 8-10%-is farglebsi) Semcireba, rac pirvel rigsi, qveynis ekonomikisa da socialuri sferos ganvitarebis dabal doneze miutitebs. dasaqmebisa da umusevrobis zemoarnisnuli macveneblebidan gamomdinare, erti mxriv, sruliad upasuxismgebloa da meore mxriv, Rimilis momgvrelia yofili xelisuflebis marali rangis Cinovnikebis gancxadebebi imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos, axalma mtavrobam (sul ramdenime 31

32 mirian turusi saqartvelos mosaxleobis dasaqmebis macveneblebi wlebsi (atasi kaci) [4, gv. 6] 1998 w w w. 2009w. 2010w. 2011w. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba 1972,8 2049,2 2023,9 1991,8 1944,9 1959,3 dasaqmebulia s u l 1728,5 1837,2 1744,6 1656,1 1628,1 1664,2 aqedan: daqiravebuli 724,4 683,9 600,5 596,0 618,6 634,1 TviTdasaqmebuli 987,1 1041,2 1143,3 1059,0 1007,1 1030,1 umusevari 244,2 212,0 279,3 335,6 316,9 295,1 mosaxleoba samusao Zalis garet 1044, ,1 1139,3 1083,3 970,9 umusevrobis done, % 12,4 10,3 13,8 16,9 16,3 15,1 aqtiurobis done % 65,4 65,2 64,0 63,6 64,2 65,2 dasaqmebis done % 57,3 58,5 55,2 52,9 53,8 55,4 32

33 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika Tvis ganmavlobasi) ver SeZlo umusevrobis donis Semcireba. yvelam kargad unda icodes, rom inerciuloba ekonomikisa da socialuri sferos ganvitarebisatvis damaxasiatebeli nisan-tvisebaa da am mxriv mkvetr Semobrunebas mokle periodsi ar unda velodot; meore, umusevrobis donis mxriv, msofliosi amjamad arsebuli mdgomareobis gatvaliswinebit, SeiZleba itqvas, rom saqartvelosi oficialurad dafiqsirebuli umusevrobis done, arc ise maralia. Tumca, eqspertta didi nawili, mat Soris Cvenc, viziarebt im mosazrebas, rom saqartvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris (saqstati) mier oficialurad dafiqsirebuli umusevrobis macvenebeli ver asaxavs qveyanasi am mxriv realurad arsebul vitarebas. eqspertebis gatvlebit (rasac Cvenc vetanxmebit) saqartvelosi umusevrobis macvenebeli ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis 40-45%- ze Tu meti ara, naklebi ar unda iyos, rac sagangaso macvenebelia. mokled imis Sesaxeb, saqartvelosi umusevrobis oficialuri macvenebeli Tu ratom ar aris Zalian marali. jer erti, unda arvnisnot, dasaqmebulta da umusevarta macveneblis gaangarisebis metodologiuri xarvezis Sesaxeb. saqstatis mier gamoyenebuli metodologiis mixedvit,,,dasaqmebulad (daqiravebuli an TviTdasaqmebuli) itvleba 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis piri, romelic gamokitxvis momentis wina 7 dris ganmavlobasi musaobda (sul mcire, erti saati mainc) Semosavlis (xelfasis,naturaluri Semosavlis,mogebis da a.s.) mirebis miznit, exmareboda usasyidlod sxva Sinameurneobis wevrebs, an raime mizezit ar imyofeboda samusaoze, Tumca formalurad iricxeboda momusaved [5]. gamodis,rom pirs,romelsac aqvs anazraurebadi samusao 33

34 mirian turusi TveSi 4 saatis ganmavlobasi, magalitad, saatsi 5 lari, anu sul 20 (4 X 5) lari, dasaqmebulad itvleba, rac miurebelia imis miuxedavad, Sromis saertasoriso organizacia aset midgomas iyenebs Tu ara. zrdasrul adamianebs kargad axsovt, rom saqartvelosi, ateuli wlis winat, TveSi 20 lars umusevari irebda Semweobis saxit. Tu dasaqmebuli umusevris Semweobaze mets ver miirebs, masin ibadeba kitxva: azri aqvs aset dasaqmebas?, an,tu qveyanasi erti adamianis (Sromisunariani mamakacis) oficialurad gacxadebuli saarsebo minimumi TveSi 150 lars Seadgens (rac, Cveni azrit, ertnaxevarjer meti mainc unda iyos), TveSi 20 lariani xelfasi iqneba mosaxleobis socialurad dacvis garanti?. garda amisa, zemoarnisnuli ganmartebis mixedvit, dasaqmebulad itvleba is pirebic,romlebic,,exmareboda usasyidlod sxva Sinameurneobis wevrebs, agretve soflad mcxovrebi is mosaxleoba, romeltac aqvt miwis nakveti, miuxedavad imisa, aqvs misi damusavebis SesaZlebloba Tu ara. amitomac aris, rom 2011 wels (da sxva wlebsic) saqartvelos rig regionebsi umusevrobis done (kaxetsi da Sida qartlsi -8,9%, qvemo qartlsi- 9,4, imeretsi 9,3, samcxe-javaxetsi, guriasa da mcxetamtianetsi 7,1%) dabali iyo [6]. aqve arvnisnavt, rom CvenTvis gaugebaria saqstatma ra nisnis safuzvelze gaaertiana samcxe-javaxetis, guriisa da mcxetamtianetis monacemebi, rac wlebis ganmavlobasi calcalke iangariseboda. magalitad, guriasi, umusevrobis done ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis 3,8 %-s ar awarbebda (rac yovelgvar realobas moklebulia), zemocamotvlil sxva regionebsi ki igi bevrad ufro ma- Rali iyo. ar gvsurs davakninot soflad mcxovrebta- Tvis miwis fartobebis gadacemis mnisvneloba, magram, 34

35 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika amastan ertad, yofil xelisuflebas unda ezruna mati realuri dasaqmebis pirobebis Sesaqmnelad. misasalmebelia, rom axalma xelisuflebam kargad gaacnobiera soflad dasaqmebis donis amarlebis mnisvneloba, gaanaliza am mxriv arsebuli SesaZleblobebi da, Cveni azrit, dasaxa realuri RonisZiebebi, romeltagan mnisvnelovania: iafi kreditis mirebis SesaZlebloba, xvna-tesvis samusaoebis dafinanseba, fermeruli organizaciebis formirebasa da kadrebis momzadeba-kvalifikaciis amarlebasi xelsewyoba, sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis efeqtianad warmartvis miznit konsaltinguri momsaxurebis gaweva da a.s. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom tradiciulad Zalze maralia umusevrobis done qalaqebsi, gansakutrebit ki TbilisSi. oficialuri statistikis mixedvit,2011 wels igi 29,3% iyo. Tumca,eqspertTa gaangarisebit igi bevrad ufro maralia - 46,9% [11]. TbilisSi umusevrobis marali macvenebeli wina wlebsi dedaqalaqis mosaxleobis stiqiuri migraciis Sedegad zrdisa da ekonomikisa da socialuri sferos ganvitarebasi arsebuli seriozuli problemebis Sedegia. amjamad, Tbilisis mosaxleoba daaxloebit 1173 atas kacs Seadgens,rac didad naklebia mosaxleobis im raodenobaze (1480 atasi kaci), romlis mixedvitac wlebis ganmavlobasi xorcieldeboda qalaqis rekonstruqciisa da ganvitarebis generaluri gegma. Tbilisis mosaxleobis migraciis Semcirebis xarjze kleba dadebitad unda Sefasdes, magram cudia, rom es, ZiriTadad, gare migraciis intensivobis zrdis da ara qveynis regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganvitarebis Sedegia. mesame, rogorc ukve arinisna, ariarebulia, rom dasaqmeba (gansakutrebit ki daqiravebit dasaqmeba), mosa- 35

36 mirian turusi xleobis socialuri dacvis garantiaa. am mxriv gansakutrebul yuradrebas imsaxurebs saqartvelosi dasaqmebulta Soris daqiravebit dasaqmebulta ricxvi da wili. saqstatis monacemebit, 2000 wels, saqartvelosi daqiravebit dasaqmebulebi Seadgenda 683,9 atas kacs (dasaqmebulta 37,2%), 2011 wels ki 634,1 atass (38,1%). miuxedavad imisa, rom ww daqiravebit dasaqmebulta ricxvi Semcirda (rac, ra Tqma unda, cudi macvenebelia), misi wili dasaqmebulta saerto raodenobasi ramdenadme gaizarda, rac dasaqmebulta ricxvis Semcirebis Sedegia, rac aseve negatiuri movlenaa. yovelive zemoarnisnuli natlad miutitebs, rom saqartvelosi, ukanasknel periodsi, gansakutrebit ki bolo atwleulsi, dasaqmebasa da umusevrobas saxelmwifo TiTqmis ar aregulirebda, ar arsebobda dasaqmebis dasabutebuli saxelmwifo politika, ar musavdeboda da realizdeboda dasaqmebis miznobrivi programebi, Tumca, piar-kampaniis saxit, amis formaluri mcdeloba mravaljer iyo. magalitad, 2006 wels saqartvelos mtavrobam miiro dadgenileba,,samusao adgilebze profesiuli momzadebis miznobrivi saxelmwifo programis damtkicebis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac biujetidan gamoiyo 24 mln lari im miznit, rom sami Tvis manzilze beneficiars gadauxdidnen 150-larian sti pendias, Tu isini kerzo seqtorsi nebismier Tanamdebobaze gaivlidnen stajirebas. Cveni azrit, masin arnisnul programastan dakavsirebit swori Sefaseba gaaketa,,saertasoriso gamwvirvaloba-saqartvelom -,,samwuxarod, arnisnuli procesis monitoringi arcert mxares (arc mewarmeebs da arc mtavrobas) ar ganuxorcielebia. Tavidanve gairkva, rom programa ver Sesruldeboda, radgan bevri mewarme subieqti massi monawile 36

37 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika pirebs yovelgvari valdebulebisagan atavisuflebda, samsaxursi siaruls ar stxovda da arc musaobisa- Tvis sawiro pirobebs uqmnida, Tumca, mat exmareboda sti pendiis daubrkoleblad mirebasi. programis dasrulebis Semdeg mattvis samusao adgili ar SeuTavazebiaT. zogiertma kompaniam, xelisuflebis davalebit, stajiorebis mcire nawili samsaxursi miiro, Tumca Semdeg mati bedit aravin dainteresebula [9] wlebsi Tbilisis munici palitetma ganaxorciela axalgazrdebis dasaqmebis programa, romel- Sic monawileoba ma studentma miiro. studentebisatvis gatvliswinebuli iyo sxvadasxva profilis samusao. Tumca, arc arnisnuli programis Sedegi imsaxurebs dadebit Sefasebas, radgan misi realizaciis Sedegad axalgazrdebsi arc umusevarta ricxvis Semcirebula da arc mati kvalifikacia amarlebula. umusevarta dasaqmebis erterti programa 2007 wlis noembris politikuri dazabulobis movlenebs emtxveva. programis mizani iyo musaxelis profesiuli gadamzadebisa da kvalifikaciis amarlebis saxelmwifo mxardawera. igi didad ar gansxvavdeboda 2006 wlis programisgan, Tu mxedvelobasi ar mivirebt, rom es programa beneficiarebis ufro didi raodenobas itvaliswinebda _ 25-dan 60 wlamde asakis adamians. ufro marali iyo stipendiac _ 200 lari. sainteresoa arnisnul programastan dakavsirebit saqartvelos 2007 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesrulebis Taobaze mtavrobis angarissi mocemuli Sefasebebi:,,profesiuli momzadebis maziebelta registraciis miznit gaixsna 10 centri, registracia ganxorcielda 5-6 dekembers, xolo programis biujetit gatvaliswinebuli sti pendiis gacema daiwyo 15 dekembridan wlis 23 dekem- 37

38 mirian turusi bris monacemebit bazasi Seyvanil iqna moqalaqis monacemi, xolo 2007 wlis 31 dekembris mdgomareobit programis biujetidan maziebels avansis saxit gadaericxa lari [ 3, gv.183]. aseti mnisvnelovani programis SesrulebasTan dakavsirebuli zemoarnisnuli informacia ertob mwiria. saqartvelos 2007 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesrulebis Taobaze mtavrobis mier warmodgenil angarissi amastan ertad, ganmartebuli unda yofiliyo faqtobrivad ramdeni kaci momzadda da ra bedi ewia mat. amgvari informaciis ararsebobam, agretve iman, rom programasi monawileobis msurvelebis registraciisa- Tvis mxolod piradobis mowmobis wardgena iyo sawiro, gaazliera ewvi, rom arnisnuli RonisZieba saqartvelos 2008 wlis dasawyissi Catarebul saprezidento arcevnebsi nacionaluri mozraobis kandidatisatvis mxardaweraze iyo gatvlili. sainteresoa wlebsi dasaqmebis programebsi monawile mewarmeebis mier dasaqmebulta raodenobis gansazrvris miznit saqartvelos axalgazrda ekonomistta asociaciiis mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi. dadginda, rom monitoringis periodisatvis dasaqmebuli iyo programebsi monawileta mxolod 10%, rac Zalian dabali macvenebelia. rogorc yovelive zemoarnisnulidan Cans, saqartvelosi marali umusevrobis arseboba safuzvels moklebuli ar aris, rac arnisnuli socialur-ekonomikuri movlenis yvela aspeqtis Rrmad gaazrebasa da mat dasaregulireblad qmediti RonisZiebebis gatarebas moitxovs. ar SeiZleba ar SevniSnoT, rom saqartvelosi ganxorcielebuli dasaqmebis programebadwodebuli RonisZiebebi klasikuri formit programebs ar warmoad- 38

39 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika genda, radgan matsi gawerili ar yofila Sefasebis kriteriumebi (magalitad, romeli profesiis ramdeni adamiani momzaddeboda an kvalifikacias aimarlebda, kvalifikaciaamarlebuli pirebi sad dasaqmdebodnen, gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebis pasuxismgebeli Semsruleblebi, vadebi da a.s.), romlis mixedvitac SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda programebis Sesrulebis mdgomareobis Sefaseba. yovelive zemoarnisnulis Semdeg, martlac rom Rimilis momgvrelia ertiani nacionaluri mozraobis generaluri mdivnis mier axlaxan gaketebuli gancxadeba: Cveni musaobis mtavari sagani dasaqmeba iqneba. uaxloes dreebsi Cven gamovaqveynebt koncefcias dasaqmebis Sesaxeb da gvinda,es koncefcia saqartvelos mtavrobastan ertad ganxorcieldes»[10]. kargia, Tu dasaqmeba, yofili xelisuflebisatvis momavalsi mainc iqneba mtavari prioriteti. dasaqmebisa da umusevrobis regulireba,sxva RonisZiebebTan ertad, sakanonmdeblo bazisa da martvis organizaciuli struqturis srulyofas sawiroebs. saqartvelosi wlebsi dasaqmebis sferosi saxelmwifo politikis sakanonmdeblo bazas warmoadgenda 1991 wels mirebuli da 2001 wels dazustebuli kanoni `dasaqmebis Sesaxeb~ da sabwotadroindeli Sromis kodeqsi, romelic ramdenime cvlilebis miuxedavad, veravitar kritikas ver uzlebda. martalia, dasaqmebis maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba arsebit srulyofas sawiroebda, magram srulyofis nacvlad, 2006 wlis maissi mirebul iqna Sromis axali kodeqsi,,,dasaqmebis Sesaxeb kanoni ki Zaladakargulad gamocxadda. amastan ertad, gauqmda yvela kanonqvemdebare aqti, romelic aregulirebda umusevarta profesiul momzdeba- 39

40 mirian turusi gadamzadebas, sazogadoebriv samusaoebs, samusao adgilebis subsidirebas, umusevrisatvis Semweobis danisvnisa da gacemis wesebs da a.s. Sesabamisad, dreisatvis saqartvelosi dasaqmebis saxelmwifo regulirebisatvis sakanonmdeblo baza SeiZleba itqvas, rom ar arsebobs. ar gvaqvs,,dasaqmebis Sesaxeb kanoni (romelsac TiTqmis yvela qveyana iyenebs),gvaqvs,,sromis kodeqsi, magram igi daubalansebeli da zogadia. arada, am dokumentis mirebis processi gamotqmuli kritika (mat Soris Cven mier gamotqmulic, romelic masin, saqartvelos parlamentis safinanso-sabiujeto komitetis mier arnisnul kanonproeqttan dakavsirebit momzadebul daskvnasic ki aisaxa) saqartvelos parlamentis umravlesobam ar gaitvaliswina da 2006 wels,,sromis kodeqsi am saxit miiro. aqve ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenot Tavisufali profkavsirebis saertasoriso konfederaciis generaluri mdivnis baton gai raideris mokle Sefaseba:,,Cemi ocwliani gamocdilebis gadasaxedidan gamiwirdeba ufro cudi da daubalansebeli,,sromis kodeqsis gaxseneba, vidre Tqvenia. igi ewinaarmdegeba im saertasoriso princi pebs, romlebzec saqartvelos mtavrobas xeli aqvs mowerili. Tqveni kodeqsi dasaqmebulta interesebis ugulvebelyofis nimuss warmoadgens [12]. dres, roca qveynis axalma xelisuflebam sruliad samartlianad gadawyvita,,sromis kodeqsis srulyofa, gamocndnen adamianebi (xelisuflebis saparlamento da arasaparlamento opozicia), romlebic yovelnairad cdiloben daakninon am kanonproeqtis mnisvneloba, TiTqosda damsaqmeblisa da dasaqmebulis urtiertobis dabalanseba (damsaqmebeli dasabutebis garese verar SeZlebs dasaqmebulis samusaodan datxovnas, gaizrde- 40

41 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika ba zeganakveturi samusaoebis anazraureba, gazlierdeba socialuri partnioroba da a.s.) Seaferxebs dasaqmebulta ricxvis matebas da umusevroba kidev ufro gaizrdeba da a.s. sinamdvilesi es ase araa. jer erti, DdRes moqmedi da damsaqmebelze morgebuli,,sromis kodeqsi, Tu rogor astimulirebda dasaqmebis donis amarlebas, oficialuri statistikidan kargad Cans (kodeqsis mirebidan dremde Semcirda rogorc ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis, aseve dasaqmebulta ricxvi); meore, yvelam kargad unda gaigos, rom dasaqmebuli - adamiania da mas aqvs uflebebi (pirvel rigsi, Sromisa da dasvenebis, normaluri gasamrjelos mirebis ufleba), rasac unda icavdes kanoni da ara damsaqmeblis ke- Tili buneba da xasiati; mesame, Tu saqartvelos mizani natosa da evrostruqturebsi integraciaa, SeiZleba misi realizeba batonymur urtiertobebze damyarebuli kanonebit?. yovelive zemoarnisnulidan gamomdinare, misasalmebelia, rom saqartvelos xelisufleba intensiurad musaobs,,sromis kodeqsis axal proeqtze, romelsic, rogorc Cans, arsebiti xasiatis cvlilebebi iqneba Setanili. wlebis ganmavlobasi dasaqmebis saxelmwifo regulirebis organizaciul sistema garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdida: 1991 wlidan 2000 wlamde saqartvelosi Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferosi saxelmwifo politikas axorcielebda Sromisa da socialuri dacvis saministro wlidan arnisnuli saministro SeuerTda jandacvis saministros da wlebsi Sromis sakitxebisadmi yuradreba mkvetrad Sesustda, rac ganapiroba iman, rom Sromis saministrom dakarga struqturuli damoukidebloba da axali 41

42 mirian turusi saministros SemadgenlobaSi Sevida departamentis statusit,garda amisa,yvela xelmzrvanel Tanamdebobaze inisneboda eqimebi, romlebsac gauwirdat am sferos udidesi socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri mnisvnelobis gacnobiereba. amis gamo daiwyo am departamentis funqciebisa da momusaveta raodenobis Sekveca da 2005 wlis dekembersi Sromisa da dasaqmebis politikis departamenti saertod gauqmda. amjamad, saministros debulebasi arar aris Sromis sferostan dakavsirebuli arc erti funqcia da termini `Sroma~ mxolod saministros saxelwodebasi figurirebs wlidan 2006 wlis ivlisamde, saqartvelosi funqcionirebda dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxuri, romelsac saxelwodeba (Sromis birja, dasaqmebis departamenti, dasaqmebis saxelmwifo fondi, dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxuri) xsirad ecvleboda, magram misi danisnuleba arsebitad erti da igive iyo - samusaos mazieblebis arricxva, dasaqmebis miznit sasuamavlo momsaxureba, umusevarta profesiuli momzadeba-gadamzadeba, umusevarta droebiti dasaqmebisatvis sazogadoebrivi samusaoebis organizeba, umusevrebisatvis Semweobis danisvna da a. S. arnisnuli samsaxuris saqmianoba unaklo ar iyo, magram mtlianobasi igi asrulebda masze dakisrebul funqciebs. saxelmwifo mxardawerisa da ganvitarebis nacvlad, dasaqmebis samsaxurma 2005 wlis bolos, roca igi gadaketda `dasaqmebisa da socialuri daxmarebis saagentod~, realurad Sewyvita arseboba, xolo 2006 wlis ivlissi iuridiuladac gauqmda (mis bazaze Seiqmna `socialuri subsidiebis saxelmwifo saagento~). amjamad saqartvelosi ar arsebobs raime saxelmwifo struqtura,romelic samusaos mazieblebs SesTavazebda 42

43 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika ufaso sasuamavlo serviss. sasiamovno gamonaklisia migraciis saertasoriso organizaciis dasaqmebis centris (JCRC) saqmianoba q. Tbilissa da q. batumsi, romelic finansdeba CexeTis mtavrobis mier (detaluri informacia ix. vebgverdze www. jcrc.ge). magram, erti patara centri, Tanac ucxoetis droebit dafinansebaze myofi, ra Tqma unda, ar aris sakmarisi dasaqmebis sferosi arsebuli mzime mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad. samwuxarod, qveyanasi satanadod ver ganvitarda dasaqmebisa da umusevrobis regulirebis xelsemwyobi kerzo samsaxurebi, romlebic am mxriv arsebul mzime mdgomareobas garkveulwilad Seamsubuqebda. saqartvelosi dasaqmebisa da umusevrobis martvaregulirebis miznit sawiroa: - ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxvis gadideba daqiravebulta dacqarebuli tempit zrdisa da TviTdasaqmebulTa TandaTanobiTi Semcirebis pirobebsi, rac SeiZleba mirweul iqnes sxvadasxva (rogorc sagareo, aseve sasinao) wyaroebidan investiciebis fartod mozidvis, axali samusao adgilebis Seqmnisa da adamianuri resursebis xarisxobrivi Semadgenlobis mkvetrad amarlebis gzit; - qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganvitarebis moklevadiani da grzelvadiani politikis, koncefciisa da amis safuzvelze dasaqmebis miznobrivi programebis SemuSaveba da realizacia. pirvel rigsi ki sasualo da mcire biznesis eqstensiuri ganvitarebisa da am sferosi dasaqmebis miznobrivi programis realizacia; - axali,,sromis kodeqsis droulad mireba; -,,dasaqmebis Sesaxeb axali kanonis mireba. kategoriulad miureblad migvacnia mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos saqartvelosi,,sromis kodeqsis 43

44 mirian turusi mirebis Semdeg,,dasaqmebis Sesaxeb specialuri kanoni sawiro arar aris. Sromis dargis specialistebma kargad ician, rom,,sromis kodeqsit,,dasaqmebis Sesaxeb kanonis Canacvleba martebuli ar aris, rasac saertasoriso gamocdilebac adasturebs. igi moqmedebasia aramxolod ganvitarebad, aramed iset maralganvitarebul qveynebsic ki, sadac dasaqmeba da umusevroba mwvave problema araa; - qveyanasi dasaqmebisa da umusevrobis problemebis dasaregulireblad aucilebelia Sesabamisi samtavrobo struqturis Seqmna. pirdapir SeiZleba itqvas, rom Sromis, socialuri dacvisa da janmrtelobis dacvis saministroebis gaertianebam ver gaamartla, radgan saqartvelos janmrtelobis dacvis sistemas sakutari problemebi Zalze bevri aqvs da mis xelmzrvanelobas Zalian uwirs Sromisa da socialuri dacvis sferos martva. amitom, martebulia janmrtelobis dacvis saministro gamoiyos calke samtavrobo struqturis saxit. iseve, rogorc msoflios umetes qveyanasi (mat Soris maralganvitarebul qveynebsic ki), saqartvelosic aucilebelia Seiqmnas (ardges),,sromisa da socialuri dacvis saministro, mas ki SeuerTdes amjamad arsebuli,,saqartvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan izulebit gadaadgilebul pirta, gansaxlebisa da ltolvilta saministro da gaertianebis Semdeg Seiqmnas,,saqarTvelos Sromis,mosaxleobis socialuri dacvisa da migraciis saministro. saministros dasaxelebasi sityva -,,migraciis damateba, pirvel rigsi, izulebiti migrantebis (saqartvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan izulebit gadaadgilebul pirta, ekomigrantebis, sxva qveynebidan ltolvilta) problemebis efeqtianad martvistvisaa gamiznuli,amastan,siga da gare migraciis 44

45 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika sxva sakitxebic ar iqneba miviwyebuli. Cven kargad gvaqvs gacnobierebuli, rom axali saministros Seqmnis idea umalve administraciul-mmartvelobiti xarjebis zrdastan asocirdeba, magram xazgasmit unda itqvas, rom zemoarnisnuli samtavrobo struqturis Seqmna, martlac SeiZleba raime mnisvnelovani finansuri danaxarjebis garese (moxdeba amjamad arsebuli da funqciurad momijnave saministroebis reorganizaciagaertianeba), dasaqmebisa da umusevrobis, agretve, mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis sferosi ki Sedegebi bevrad uketesi iqneba. Regarding Ensuring Effective State Employment Mechanism M. Tughushi The article analyses current employment and unemployment rates in Georgia and the causes for this undesired situation. It is noted that in the number of economically active and employed people significantly reduced. The number of self-employed people also decreased though not very sharply. Unemployment increased. It s noted that employment tendencies developed in Georgia in recent years can be evaluated negatively. The author considers that the information regarding the unemployment rate in Georgia provided by the National Statistics Office of Georgia is not realistic and based on the experts views he supposes that the unemployment is times more than the official statistics say. The article briefly provides the author s views regarding the directions of regulating employment and unemployment in Georgia. 45

46 mirian turusi gamoyenebuli literatura 1. saqartvelos Sromis kodeqsi, 25 maisi 2006, #3132; 2. saqartvelos Sromis kodeqsis cvlilebis proeqti, 2013; 3. saqartvelos mtavrobis angarisi saqartvelos 2007 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesrulebis Taobaze, Tb., 2008; 4. geostat.ge, dasaqmeba da umusevroba (wliuri nasromi), 2011; 5. geostat.ge, samusao Zalis statistika (ZiriTadi cnebebi da ganmartebebi); 6. geostat.ge, 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis umusevroba regionalur WrilSi ww; 7. geostat.ge, dasaqmeba da umusevroba; ianvari, 2013 weli; 9. id=210&info_id=344; marti, 2013; 11. l. vasakize, umusevrobis mdgomareoba saqartvelosi, 2009 weli (saqartvelos universitetis fondi); 12. gazeti,,bankebi da finansebi, #130, 12 ivlisi, 2006 weli. 46

47 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika globalizaciis tendenciebi Tanamedrove msofliosi nato Caduneli iv. javaxisvilis saxelobis Tsu-is doqtoranti globalizaciis koncefcia gulisxmobs rogorc erovnul sazrvrebs garet saqonlisa da resursebis mzardi nakadebis mozraobas, aseve urtiertsemavsebeli organizaciuli struqturebis jgufis Camoyalibebas saertasoriso ekonomikuri saqmianobisa da tranzaqciebis farto qselis samartavad. sxvanairad rom vtqvat, globalur ekonomikur sistemasi firmebi da finansuri institutebi funqcionirebs transnacionalurad, e.i. erovnul sazrvrebs garet. aset idealur samyarosi erovnuli saxelmwifo araraa gansakutrebuli ekonomikuri subieqti sakutari miznebis Sesabamisad gadawyvetilebis mirebis avtonomiuri ZalauflebiT. pasuxismgeblobac adekvaturad globaluri iqneboda Ria sabazro sistemis funqcionirebisatvis aucilebeli institutebis _ sakutrebis uflebis dacvisa da stabiluri monetaruli sistemis arsebobaze, saerto ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ki _ damokidebuli globaluri bazris stimulebze firmebis reagirebasa da globaluri regulaciebis efeqtianobaze. M Tumca, msoflio ekonomika Sorsaa aseti zesaxelmwifoebrivi piradigmisagan.,,arsebuli situaciis ufro Sesatyvisi arweraa globaluri ekonomikuri urtiertdamokidebuleba, sadac bazrebsa da, agretve, sawarmoo da finansur saqmianobas Soris zrvargadamkveti kav- 47

48 nato Caduneli Sirebi axla imdenad Zlieria, rom nebismier qveyanasi ganvitarebul ekonomikur movlenebze mnisvnelovan gavlenas axdens mis sazrvrebsgaret arsebuli politika da ganvitarebuli movlenebi [1, gv.70]. miuxedavad amisa, qveynis resursul SesaZleblobebs, instituciur regulirebasa da politikur arcevans didi mnisvneloba aqvs erovnuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobisatvis, rac, agretve, gansazrvravs am mdgomareobaze saertasoriso Zalebis gavlenis formas. globalizaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebis gasaanalizeblad pirveli nabijia globalizaciis intensivobis gazomva. Tanamedrove periodsi globalizaciis gazomva centraluri sakitxi gaxda akademur, biznesmenta, mediisa Tu politikur wreebsi. Sveicarieli profesori aleqs dreheri, avstralieli profesori noel gastoni da holandieli profesori pim martensi TavianT wignsi, saxelwodebit,,globalizaciis gazomva: misi Sedegebis Sefaseba, arnisnaven, rom globalizaciis efeqtebis Sesaxeb kvlevata umetesoba globalizaciis gasazomad iyenebs iset macveneblebs, rogoricaa saertasoriso vawroba da kapitalis nakadebi, rasac, samwuxarod, mxolod nawilobriv SeuZlia gasces pasuxi [2, gv.25]. globalizaciis intensivoba SeiZleba gavzomot ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganvitarebis organizaciis (OECD) mier SemuSavebuli ekonomikuri globalizaciis indikatorebit, romlebic SemoTavazebulia proporciebis formit da warmosdgebian sabaziso statistikuri monacemebidan. am indikatorebit izomeba globalizaciis procesis intensivoba mis sxvadasxva aspeqtsi. gansakutrebul yuradrebas imsaxurebs pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi,saertasoriso vawroba, 48

49 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika teqnologiis internacionalizacia da mravalerovnuli korporaciebis saqmianoba [3]. eqportisa da importis procentuli macvenebeli msp-stan mimartebit, zomavs qveynis integraciis xarisxs msoflio ekonomikasi da, amdenad, vawrobis globalizaciis ert-erti ZiriTadi indikatoria wels, 2000 weltan SedarebiT, arnisnuli macvenebeli gaizarda OECD-is wevri 34 qveynidan 26-Si (ix. diagrama 1). mat Soris yvelaze didi zrda arinisna luqsemburgsi (39),islandiasa (28) da koreasi (28 procentuli punqtit), amastan, arnisnuli macvenebeli Semcirda yvelaze metad kanadasa da saberznetsi (Sesabamisad _ 26 da 13 procentuli punqtit). rac Seexeba sasualo macvenebls, igi gaizarda 7 procentuli punqtit. diagrama 1. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqsporti da importi (msp-is %) (OECD-is wevri qveynebi, 2000 da 2010) [4] arnisnul periodsi, saertasoriso vawrobis procentuli macvenebeli msp-stan mimartebit, gaizarda OECD-is 6 ZiriTadi partniori qveynidan 4-Si. mat Soris, 49

50 nato Caduneli indoetsa da CineTSi zrdam mnisvnelovnad gadaawarba OECD-is sasualo macvenebels [4]. amrigad, angarisgebit periodsi vawrobis globalizacia mtel msofliosi umtavresad zrdis tendenciit xasiatdeba. vawrobisagan gansxvavebit, arnisnul periodsi, pui-s nakadebi Semcirebis tendenciit xasiatdeba wels, 2000 weltan SedarebiT, qveynidan gasuli pui-ebis procentuli macvenebeli msp-tan mimartebit, Semcirda OECD-is wevri 34 qveynidan 22-Si. mat Soris, belgiasi (25), finetsi (15), daniasi (15), gaertianebul samefosi (14), holandiasa (13) da luqsemburgsi (13 procentuli punqtit). OECD-is danarcen qveynebsi arinisna umnisvnelo zrda (0,2-dan 6 procentul punqtamde). arnisnuli macvenebeli Semcirebis tendenciit xasiatdeba evrokavsirsi,misi wlebis sasualo macvenebeli wlebis sasualo macvenebeltan SedarebiT Semcirda 13%-iT, masin roca igive macvenebeli didi oceulsa da OECD-Si gaizarda,sesabamisad,20 da 14%-iT. Semcirebis tendenciit xasiatdeba agretve Semosuli pui-ebis nakadebi [5]. pirdapiri investiciis ZiriTadi motivacia grzelvadiani urtiertobis damyarebaa pirdapir investorsa da pirdapiri investirebis sawarmos Soris. pirdapiri ucxouri sainvesticio pozicia, rogorc mspis procenti,gvicvenebs pirdapiri ucxouri sainvesticio urtiertobebis intensivobas wels, 2000 weltan SedarebiT, gasuli pui-s poziciis procentuli macvenebeli msp-tan mimartebit gaizarda OECD-is wevri 34 qveynidan 33-Si, xolo axal zelandiasi umnisvnelod Semcirda (0,04 procentuli punqtit). luqsemburgsi, irlandiasa da belgiasi 50

51 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika arnisnuli macvenebeli gaizarda sul mcire 115 procentuli punqtit, xolo danarcen qveynebsi zrdis macvenebeli meryeobda 87-dan 2 procentul punqtamde. rac Seexeba sasualo macvenebls, man angarisgebit periodsi 25%-dan 59%-s miarwia [5]. Tu arnisnul macvenebels gavaanalizebt regio_ nebisa da qveyanata jgufebis mixedvit, vnaxavt, rom igi zrdis tendenciit xasiatdeba rogorc evrokavsirsi, ise did oceulsa da OECD-Si (diagrama 2). diagrama 2. gasuli pui-s pozicia (msp-is %) (mosworebuli doneebit), [5] rac Seexeba Semosul pui-ebis poziciis analogiur macvenebels, saangariso periodsi igi gaizarda OECDis 34 qveynidan 30-Si, amastan belgiasi zrdam miarwia 113 procentul punqts, xolo luqsemburgsi, islandiasa da SveicariaSi _ sul mcire 71 procentul punqts. arnisnuli macvenebeli Semcirda mxolod daniasi, axal zelandiasa da irlandiasi, Sesabamisad, 1, 5 da 11 procentuli punqtit. arnisnuli macvenebeli zrdis tendenciit xasiatdeba agretve, rogorc mtlianad evrokavsirsi, ise didi oceulsa da mtlianad OECD-Si (diagrama 3). amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom angarisgebit 51

52 nato Caduneli periodsi pui-s nakadebi mtel msofliosi umtavresad klebis tendenciit xasiatdeba, pui-s pozicia izrdeba. diagrama 3. Semosuli pui-s pozicia (msp-is %) (mosworebuli doneebit), w. [5] landsafti teqnologiisa da codnisatvis TandaTan ufro globaluri xdeba. masin roca investiciebi kvlevebsa da ganvitarebasi (R&D) jer kidev Zlier koncentrirdeba OECD-is wevr qveynebsi,oecd-is arawevri qveynebis wili msoflio R&D-Si TandaTan izrdeba wels OECD-is arawevri qveynebis xvedritma wonam R&Dze OECD-is wevri da arawevri qveynebis biznesseqtoris saerto danaxarjebsi Seadgina 15%, 2008 wels _ 16%, 2009 wels _ 19%, xolo 2010 wels _ 33%. kvlevebsa da ganvitarebaze OECD-is arawevri qveynebis biznesseqtoris ertobliv danaxarjebsi umsxvilesi wili ekutvnis CineTs (76%,2010 wels),mis Semdegaa ruseti (16%),romelic mnisvnelovnad CamorCeba CineTs [6]. kvlevebsa da ganvitarebaze mtliani danaxarjebis (GERD-is) mixedvit CineTi ikavebs msofliosi mesame adgils, ass-is da iaponiis Semdeg [6]. ukanasknel periodsi biznesseqtoris kvlevebisa da ganvitarebis dafinansebasi mnisvnelovan rols 52

53 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika asrulebs sazrvargaretuli wyaroebi wels sazrvargaretulma kapitalma Seadgina biznesseqtoris kvlevebisa da ganvitarebis mtliani dafinansebis sul mcire 15% _ saberznetsi, israelsi, avstriasi, gaertianebul samefosi, islandiasi, slovaketsi, niderlandebsa da ungretsi. amastan, 2010 wels 2000 weltan SedarebiT arnisnuli macvenebeli gaizarda OECD-is 20 qveyanasi, mat Soris, yvelaze meti zrda acvena slovaketma (15), saberznetma (13) da irlandiam (13 procentuli punqtit), Tumca, arnisnuli macvenebeli mnisvnelovanad Semcirda kanadasi (14), estonetsi (9), islandiasi (9), avstriasa (8) da CileSi (5 procentuli punqtit), xolo danarcen qveynebsi arinisna umnisvnelo Semcireba (diagrama 4). diagrama 4. biznesseqtoris kvlevebisa da ganvitarebis ucxouri dafinanseba (2000 da 2010 w.) [6] msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciis mnisvnelovani maxasiatebelia mravalerovnuli korporacie- bis (mek) wamyvani roli. ekonomikuri globalizaciis indikatorebi, rac ukavsirdeba mek-ebs, globalizaciis 53

54 nato Caduneli intensivobis ert-erti umnisvnelovanesi sazomia. amit izomeba ucxouri filialebis da msobeli kompaniebis saqmianobis intensivoba mocemul qveyanasi wels, ucxouri filialebis wili warmoebis mtlian brunvasi, meryeobda 79%-dan (irlandia) 5%-mde (iaponia). didi Svideulis qveynebs Soris arnisnuli macveneblis yvelaze marali done axasiatebda gaer- Tianebul samefosa (47%) da safrangets (30%). mat Semdeg ki _ ass-sa da italias. OECD-is im qveynebs Soris, romelta monacemebi xelmisawvdomia, arnisnuli macvenebelis yvelaze dabali done acvena iaponiam [7]. dasaqmebas ucxour filialebsi hqonda igive tendencia, rac mat ertobliv brunvas, im gansxvavebit, rom ucxouri wili sawarmoo seqtoris mtlian dasaqmebasi ufro mcire iyo, vidre mtlian brunvasi, garda finetisa, sadac ucxouri wili dasaqmebasi 1%-iT aremateba brunvis analogiur macvenebels. amastan, sawarmoo seqtoris mtlian dasaqmebasi ucxouri filialebis wili zrdis tendenciit xasiatdeba wels, 2003 weltan SedarebiT, arnisnuli macvenebeli gaizarda OECD-is wevr 23 qveynidan 19-Si. or qveyanasi ar Secvlila, xolo danar- Cen qveynebsi Semcirda mxolod 1 procentuli punqtit, roca slovaketsi, ungretsa da CexeTSi gaizarda sul mcire 13 procentuli punqtit. umetes qveyanasi sawarmoo seqtorsi ucxouri filialebis wili damatebul RirebulebaSi brunvas- Tan SedarebiT ufro mcirea da es gansxvaveba meryeobs 1-dan 14-mde, xolo irlandiasa da finetsi ucxouri wili damatebul RirebulebaSi aremateba brunvis analogiur macvenebels. polonetsi arnisnuli macveneblebi ertmanets utoldeba [7]. rac Seexeba ucxouri filialebis saqmianobis in- 54

55 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika tensivobas dinamikasi, 2009 wels, 2003 weltan SedarebiT, ucxouri filialebis xvedriti wili sawarmoo seqtoris mtlian dasaqmebasi gaizarda OECD-is 22 qveynidan 18-Si, zrda meryeobda 20-dan 1 procentul punqtamde, amastan arnisnuli macvenebeli umnisvnelod Semcirda 3 qveyanasi, ertsi ki TiTqmis ar Secvlila (diagrama 5) wels, 1999 weltan SedarebiT, brunvis analogiuri macvenebeli agretve gaizarda OECD-is 20 qveynidan 17-Si, zrda meryeobs 24-dan 2 procentul punqtamde, amastan arnisnuli macvenebeli umnisvnelod Semcirda 2 qveyanasi, ertsi ki TiTqmis ar Secvlila (diagrama 6). diagrama 5. ucxouri filialebis wili qveynis mtlian dasaqmebasi (warmoeba), (2000 da 2009) [7] diagrama 6. ucxouri filialebis wili qveynis mtlian brunvasi (warmoeba) (2000 da 2009 w.) [7] 55

56 nato Caduneli dasasrul, Cven mier ganxorcielebuli analizis safuzvelze, SegviZlia davaskvnat, rom wlebsi globalizacia mtel msofliosi zrdis tendenciit xasiatdeba. amastan, yvelaze swrafi zrdit xasiatdeba pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi da teqnologiis internacionalizacia wlebsi OECD-is qveynebsi globalizaciis intensivobis macveneblis zrdam sasualod gasuli pui-is poziciis mixedvit _ 227, Semosuli pui-is poziciis mixedvit ki _ 123 % Seadgina, xolo teqnologiis sferosi, wlebsi _ 100%, masin, roca imave wlebsi analogiurma macvenebelma saerta- Soriso vawrobisa da mek-ebis saqmianobis mixedvit, mxolod 8 da 20% Seadgina, Sesabamisad. Globalization Tendencies in the Contemporary World N. Caduneli The concept of globalization refers both to an increasing flow of goods and resources across national borders and to the emergence of a complementary set of organizational structures to manage the expanding network of international economic activities and transactions. In other words, in global economic system companies and financial institutions operate transnationally - i.e. beyond the national boundaries. In such an ideal world, a state is no longer an important economic institution with autonomous decision-making power in the pursuit of national objectives. Those public goods that are needed to maintain an open market system, such as protection of property rights and a stable monetary system would become a global respon- 56

57 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika sibility. Overall economic performance would depend upon the response of firms to global market incentives and the effectiveness of global regulations. Though, the world economy is far from such a supranational paradigm. A more appropriate description of the current situation is global economic inter-dependence, where cross-border linkages between markets and production and financial activities are now so strong that economic activities in any country are significantly influenced by the policies and circumstances outside its boundaries. Nevertheless, a country s resources, institutional arrangements and policy choices greatly influence national economic performance and also determine the impact of international forces on it. In order to analyze the current tendencies of globalization, first of all the intensity of globalization should be measured. This can be measured by the indicators developed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). As these indicators show, in international trade increases all around the world, flows of foreign direct investments reduces, while foreign direct investment positions increases. Internationalization of technology and extent of economic activities of multinational enterprises also increase. Thus, in the reporting period, economic globalization mainly deepens all around the world. In addition, internationalization of technology and foreign direct investments are characterized by the most rapid growth. 57

58 nato Caduneli gamoyenebuli literatura 1. UNCTAD, Trade and Development Report, 1997, New York and Geneva; 2. Dreher A, Gaston N, Martens P, Measuring Globalisation: Gauging Its Consequences, Springer, New York, 2008, 218 p; 3. OECD, Measuring Globalisation: Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators, France, 200; 4. UNCTAD, International Trade and National Accounts Database, 2011 and IMF, World Economic Outlook Databases: unctadstat.unctad.org/reportfolders/reportfolders.aspx; imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/index.aspx/ 5. OECD, Foreign Direct Investment Statistics, 2012 October; 6. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators Database, Jul, 2012: 7. OECD, Activity of Multinationals Database, 2012 October: 58

59 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika adam smiti ( )_ekonomikuri mecnierebis fuzemdebeli (dabadebidan 290 weli) jemal xaritonasvili ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu asocirebuli profesori 290 weli Sesrulda genialuri ekonomistis adam smitis dabadebidan. adam smits gansakutrebuli adgili ukavia ekonomikuri azris istoriasi. igi iyo ekonomikuri mecnierebis fuzemdebeli. martalia, ekonomikuri mecnierebis safuzveli Cayrili iyo jer kidev u. petis, p. buagilberis, f. kenesa da a. tiurgos SromebSi, romlebmac Camoayalibes Teoriuli xasiatis zogierti debuleba da ekonomikuri mecnierebistvis mnisvnelovani metodologiuri principebi, magram mxolod a. smitma moiyvana yovelive arnisnulif mtlian sistemasi da misi mecadineobit ekonomikurma azrma SeiZina mecnierebis xasiati. Tanamedrove amerikeli ekonomistebi p.samuelsoni da u. nordhausi ekonomiksis damwyebad swored a. smits miicneven [1, gv. 9]. isini a.smits moixsenieben yvela drois gamocenil ekonomistta liderebsi. esenia: a. smiti, k.marqsi, j.keinzi, r.lukasi da sxva [1, gv. 9]. k. r. makkoneli da s. l. briu a. smits asaxeleben warsulis udidesi ekonomistebis xuteulsi a. smiti, d. rikardo. jon stiuart mili, k. marqsi da j. keinzi [2, gv. 7]. Tanamedrove amerikeli ekonomistebi r. heilbroneri da l. turou miutiteben: `rata gavigot ekonomikis,rogorc mecnierebis ZiriTadi mizani,umjobesia mivmartot sami udidesi ekonomistis _ adam smitis, karl marqsisa da jon meinard keinzis nasromebs [3, gv. 23]. 59

60 jemal xaritonasvili rogorc harvardis universitetis profesori,nobelianti a. seni arnisnavs, a. smitis gansakutrebuli wvlilia is, rom misi ideebis safuzvelze mieca axali forma ekonomikuri Teoriis rogorc mecnierebis sa gans. bevri ram ekonomikuri mecnierebis Sesaxeb, agretve sabazro ekonomikis Sesaxeb CvenTvis cnobilia misi nasromebidan. smits kanonzomierad uwodeben Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecnierebis mamas, ramdenadac man yvelaze didi wvlili Seitana misi rogorc mecnieruli disciplinis CamoyalibebaSi [4, gv. 25]. amave azrisaa qartveli ekonomisti i. qvacaxiac, romelic miutitebs, rom adam smitma daimkvidra Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecnierebis mamamtavris saxeli [5, gv. 8]. rasi mdgomareobs a.smitis ideebis aqtualoba? am kitxvaze Znelia pasuxis gacema imitom, rom misi azrebi DdRes SeiZleba gagebul iqnes Zalian fartod. a.smitis mier Camoyalibebuli msjelobis stgategia jer kidev Seswavlili ar aris. swored am ideebs aqvs dres mnisvneloba. a. smiti iyo didad ganatlebuli pirovneba. dawyebiti codna man miiro Tavis msobliur qalaq kerkoldsi (Sotlandia). a. smiti iyo vunderkindi. igi 14 wlis asaksi Sevida glazgos universitetsi, sadac Tavi gamoicina bejiti swavlit, ris gamoc mas, gamonaklisis saxit, neba dartes swavla ganegrzo oqsfordis aristokratiul universitetsi. universitetis damtavrebis Semdeg a. smiti glazgosi eweoda saprofesoro morvaweobas w. misi leqciebi gamoqveynebul iqna wignad _ `zneobriv grznobata Teoria, romelmac avtors didi saxeli mouxvewa wlidan a. smitma Tavi daaneba saprofesoro morvaweobas da daiwyo aristokrat berkleis arzrda. man Tavis mowafestan ertad imogzaura safrangetsi, sadac gaecno f. kenesa da a. tiurgos. mattan urtiertobam mnisvnelovani roli itamasa a. smitis Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebaze. 60

61 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika sami wlis armzrdelobiti morvaweobis semdeg a. smiti dabrunda Tavis msobliur qalaqsi da kvleva- Zieba daiwyo ekonomikuri Teoriis sferosi. am musaobis nayofi iyo misi mtavari nawarmoebi _ `gamokvleva xalxta simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb (1776 w.), romelsic gamoikvlia simdidris warmosobis arsi, misi armocenebisa da ganvitarebis pirobebi. am nasromma avtors msoflio saxeli mouxvewa. a.smiti iyo samrewvelo gadatrialebis wina xanis ekonomisti. im periodsi armocenda ekonomikuri azris axali problemebi da aucilebeli gaxda winandeli debulebebis gadasinjva. vawrebis Semcvlelad movida mrewveli kapitalisti, romlis ekonomikuri platforma dasabutebas sawiroebda. amitom, sanam Tavis ekonomikuri mozrvrebas Camoayalibebda, sawiro iyo niadagi gaetavisuflebina winamorbedi Sexedulebebisagan. samrewvelo gadatrialebis Suqze merkantilisturi doqtrina Zalian umweod gamoiyureboda _ misi receptebi da proteqcionizmi, sameurneo iniaciativis SemboWveli faqtori gaxda. k. marqsis ganmartebit, klasikosebi, rogorc, magalitad, adam smiti da deivid rikardo im burjuaziis warmomadgenlebia, romlebic ebrzodnen feodaluri sazogadoebis narcenebs, cdilobdnen xeli SeewyoT iseti axali ekonomikuri urtiertobebis damkvidrebisatvis, romelta ganvitareba farto gzas gauxsnida mwarmoebluri Zalebis zrdas da axal gaqanebas miscemda mrewvelobisa da vawrobis armavlobas [6. gv. 145]. simdidris wyaros burjuazia samrewvelo warmoebasi eziebda. sagareo vawroba dayvanil iqna mrewvelobis momsaxurebis rolamde. amitom, a. smiti merkantilizms Suasakunoebriv sisuleled Tvlida. igi amtkicebda, rom simdidre aris ara fuli, aramed is, rac Seisyideba fulit. 61

62 jemal xaritonasvili a.smitma gamoaskarava, agretve, fiziokratizmis usinaarsoba mxolod miwatmoqmedebis nayofierebisa da mrewvelobis unayofobis Sesaxeb. a. smitma moaxerxa mnisvnelovani zomit gadaelaxa saxalxomeurneobrivi procesebis analizisadmi dargobrivi midgoma. a. smitis ekonomikur Sexedulebebs safuzvlad udevs idea imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebis simdidre iqmneba warmoebis processi daxarjuli adamianis SromiT. a.smitis mixedvit, simdidris gadideba damokidebulia Sromis mwarmoeblurobaze, romlis zrdis ZiriTadi faqtoria Sromis danawileba. a. smitis TqmiT xalxta simdidre da misi gamravleba damokidebulia Sromis danawilebis ganvitarebaze. misi azrit, Sromis danawileba sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianis gacvlisadmi midrekilebis gamoxatulebis forma. Sromis danawilebasi xedavs igi Sromis gacvlas Sromaze. Sromis danawilebisa da gacvlis ganvitarebas ukavsirebs a. smiti fulis warmosobasa da gamoyenebas. fulis warmosobas a. smiti xsnis teqnikuri mizezebit, rac iqmneba saqonelta urtiertgacvlis dros. mas fuli gansakutrebul saqonlad miacnda. fulis funqciebs Soris a. smitma gansakutrebit gamoyo mimoqcevis sasualebis funqcia. man icoda, rom fuli, agretve, Rirebulebis sazomi,gadaxdis sasualeba da msoflio fulia. a. smitma oqrosa da vercxlis fultan SedarebiT, upiratesoba mianiwa qaraldis fuls da mizansewonilad miicnia oqrosa da vercxlis Secvla qaraldis fulit. a.smitis ekonomikuri mozrvrebis mnisvnelovani monapovaria Rirebulebis SromiTi Teoria. am sakitxsi man gaagrzela u. petis Sexedulebani a.smitis damsaxurebaa is, rom man saqonlis Rirebuleba gansazrvra masze gaweuli Sromis danaxarjebit. igi ertmanetisgan ganasxvavebda saqonelta sabazro da namdvil fass. am ukanasknelsi igi gulismobda Rirebulebas. a. smiti werda, rom sityva 62

63 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika Rirebulebas aqvs ori sxvadasxva mnisvneloba. zogjer igi gamosaxavs raime sagnis sargeblianobas, romelsac izleva am sagnis floba. aseve mas aqvs sxva nivtze gacvlis unari. pirvels SeiZleba vuwodot saxmari Rirebuleba, meores sacvleli Rirebuleba [7, gv. 33]. a.smiti yuradrebas amaxvilebda imaze, rom Rirebulebas qmnis sayoveltao sazogadoebrivi Sroma, romelic ixarjeba materialuri warmoebis sferosi. es aris a. smitis Rirebulebis mecnieruli Teoria. magram igi garkveul naklovanebebs Seicavs. a. smitma ver gaigo, rom saqonelsi arsebobs winaarmdegoba saxmar Rirebulebasa da Rirebulebas Soris. xolo saqonelmwarmoebelta Sroma oradi xasiatisaa. aqedan gamomdinare, a. smiti saqonlis Rirebulebidan gamoricxavda mudmivi kapitalidan gadmotanil Rirebulebas. saqonlis Rirebulebas aigivebda axlad Seqmnil RirebulebasTan. aseve,is amtkicebda,rom soflis meurneobasi Rirebulebis SeqmnaSi, garda Sromisa, bunebac monawileobs. a.smiti arnisnavda, rom Sromis danawilebis dros adamiani mdidaria an Raribi imis mixedvit, Tu ra raodenobis Sromas flobs igi an ra raodenobis Sroma SeuZlia iyidos man. aqedan gamomdinare igi amtkicebda, rom yoveli saqonlis Rirebuleba udris im Sromis raodenobas, romelic mas SeuZlia iyidos, anu miiros gansakargavad [7, gv. 35]. Rirebulebis nayidi Sromis gansazrvrit, a. smiti faqtobrivad gansazrvravda saqonlis Rirebulebas misi myidvelobiti unaris SromasTan SefardebiT. es igivea, ganvsazrvrot `Sromis raodenoba, anu ufro sworad _ xelfasi. man ver gaigo, rom musa kapitalists mihyidis samusao Zalas da xelfasi mis mier Seqmnili Rirebulebis nawilia. am gansazrvrebis meore varaintsi a. smiti Rirebulebas gansazrvravda SemosavlebiT. misi ganmartebit sacvleli Rirebuleba Sedgeba mxolod Semosavlebisgan: xelfasis, mogebisa da 63

64 jemal xaritonasvili rentisagan (v+m). es mtkiceba ewinaarmdegeba Rirebulebis SromiT Teorias. samagierod, igi gzas xsnis warmoebis sami faqtoris (Sroma,kapitali da miwa) TeoriisaTvis. es idea SemdegSi isesxes da fartod gamoiyenes optimisturi skolis warmomadgenlebma (J.b.sei, f. bastia). xelfass a. smiti gansazrvravda rogorc Sromis fass. mas Tvlida Sromis bunebriv anazraurebad. is ar iziarebda imdroindel literaturasi gavrcelebul azrs imis Sesaxeb,rom marali xelfasi musebs azarmacebs da Sromis stimuls ukargavs. a. smiti moitxovda marali xelfasis dawesebas. igi arnisnavda, rom, marali xelfasi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis mnisvnelovani faqtoria. mogebad a. smiti miicnevda Semosavlis im nawils, romelic rceba xelfasis gamoklebit. man miutita, rom mogeba musis SromiT iqmneba kapitalisturi warmoebis yvela dargsi, sadac ki Sroma ixarjeba. mogeba iqmneba imitom, rom musa musaobs samusao drois normebis zevit, imaze mets,rac aucilebelia misi xelfasis ekvivalentis SeqmnisaTvis. sxva SemTxvevaSi, a. smits mogebis qves esmoda nasti rentisa da procentis gamoklebit. am SemTxvevaSi igi mogebas uwodebda funqcioneri kapitalistis Semosavals. misi gagebit, samrewvelo mogeba warmoadgens zedmeti Rirebulebis sayoveltao formas. amis ganstoebad miacnda mas miwis renta da sargebeli, romelsac zedmeti Rirebulebis mitvisebasi monawile sxvadasxva klasi Rebulobs. a.smitis TeoriaSi zedmeti Rirebuleba, ra formitac ar unda iyos igi mogeba, renta, sargebeli, aris mxolod musis Sromis Sedegi. a. smiti uaryofda azrs, TiTqos, mogeba iyos kapitalistis xelfasi sawarmota zedamxedvelobisa da martvisatvis. misi azrit, mogebis sidide ganisazrvreba ara metvalyureobasa da martvaze gaweuli Sromis simzimita da sirtulit,aramed 64

65 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika warmoebasi gamoyenebuli kapitalis sididit. a. smiti mogebas ganixilavda, rogorc kapitalis dabandebisatvis mewarmis riskis anazraurebas. kapitals a. smiti ganixilavda, erti mxriv, rogorc Rirebulebas, romelic daqiravebuli Sromis eqspluataciis Sedegad izleva namets, meore mxriv, kapitals ganmartavda, rogorc sagnebis marags, rac sawiroa Semdgomi warmoebisatvis, rogorc warmoebis sasualebebis marags. man kapitali gaaigiva mis nivtobriv matarebeltan, rogoricaa warmoebis sasualebebi, rasic dagrovilia Sroma, e.i. winandeli SromiT Seqmnili sasualebani. Semdgom man ganavitara ZiriTadi da sabrunavi kapitalis cnebebi da mati moqmedeba gaavrcela materilauri warmoebis yvela sferoze. a.smiti kapitalis yvelaze damaxasiatebel Tvisebad miicnevs imas, rom mas moaqvs mogeba. amas safuzvlad udevs kapitalis dayofa ZiriTad da sabrunav nawilebad. a. smitis gansazrvrit, `ZiriTadi kapitali SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes miwis gasaumjobeseblad, sasargeblo manqanebisa da samusao iararebis an msgavsi sagnebis sayidlad, romlebic Semosavals, anu mogebas izlevian mflobelis gamoucvlelad an Semdgom mimoqcevasi Seusvlelad. amitom aset kapitalebs SeiZleba sruliad Sesabamisad ewodos ZiriTadi kapitalebi [7, gv. 312]. a. smitis mixedvit, ZiriTadi kapitali mflobels ar icvlis, rceba mis xelsi da mimoqcevasi ar monawileobs. sabrunavi kapitali ki monawileobs mimoqcevasi da mesakutrisatvis mogebis mirebas uzrunvelyofs. `igi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes produqciis armosaceneblad, gadasamusaveblad an gasayidad mogebit isev gayidvis miznit. amgvarad gamoyenebuli kapitali ar azlevs mis gamomyenebels aravi- Tar Semosavals an mogebas sanam igi mis mflobelobasia darcenili an SenarCunebuli aqvs Tavisi winandeli forma. produqtebi, romelic vawars xelt aqvs, ar azlevs mas 65

66 jemal xaritonasvili Semosavals anu mogebas,sanam igi mat ar gahyidis fulze. fulic mas agretve nakleb sargeblobas azlevs, sanam igi mas kvlav ar gascvlis produqtebze... misi kapitali mudam midis misgan erti saxit, da mxolod aseti mimoqcevis gzit, anu Tanmimdevno gacvla gamocvlis gzit, SeuZlia kapitals misces mas mogeba. amitom aset kapitalebs SeiZleba srulad Sesabamisad ewodos sabrunavi kapitali [7, gv. 327]. nayofieri da unayofo Sromis Sesaxeb msjelobisas a. smiti amtkicebda, rom Sroma nayofieria warmoebis yovel dargsi, sadac igi gadaicvleba kapitalze, ris Sedegad qmnis mogebas. unayofoa Sroma, romelic ar icvleba kapitalze,ar qmnis materialur produqts da ar adidebs saqonlis Rirebulebas. unayofo Sroma usualod icvleba Semosavalze. a. smitis azrit, rac ufro mcirea sazogadoebasi aranayofieri musakebi, mit ufro swrafad SeiZleba gaizardos misi simdidre. a.smitis mozrvrebasi mnisvnelovani adgili ukavia ekonomikuri liberalizmis ideas. a. smiti TiTqmis sruliad uaryofda saxelmwifos Carevas sameurneo saqmianobasi da ekonomikuri politikis safuzvlad ekonomikuri Tavisufleba miacnda. igi moitxovda konkurenciis Tavisuflebas, konkurenciul brzolas. a. smiti saxelmwifos akisrebda mxolod iset funqciebs (qveynis Tavdacva, banknotebis gamosveba da a.s.), rac dadebit rols Seasrulebda Tavisufali konkurenciis, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofasi. a. smiti miicnevda, rom mrewvelebi da vawrebi ganuxrelad cdiloben Tavisufali konkurenciis datrgunvasa da SezRudvas, sazogadoebistvis saziano monopoliis Seqmnas.(14, gv. 218) Aa. smitis azrit, saqonlis, fulis, kapitalis da Sromis Tavisufali mozraobis dros, sazogadoebis resursebi gamoyenebuli iqneba yvelaze racionalurad, op- 66

67 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika timalurad. misi ekonomikuri mozrvrebis alfa da omega iyo konkurenciis Tavisufleba. igi witel zolad gasdevs mtel xalxta simdidres. am princips a. smiti usadagebda eqimebs, universitetis profesorebsac da... mrvdlebsac ki. Tu Yyvela sarwmunoebisa da seqtis RvTis msaxurt miecemat ertmanets Soris Tavisufali konkurenciis sasualeba, arc ert jgufs ar eqneba privilegia, da mit umetes monopolia, masin isini yvelaze naklebad iqnebian zianis momtanni.(14, gv.195) a. smitma wamoayena `uxilavi xelis principi. am principis mixedvit, TiToeuli adamianis mamozravebeli mxolod piradi interesebia, rac, saboloo angarisit, sazogadoebriv interesebsac exmianeba. Tavis wignsi _ `gamokvleva xalxta simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb, smitma arwera harmonia kerzo da sazogadeobriv interesebs Soria. rogorc a. smiti arnisnavda: `yoveli individi cdilobs isetnairad aamoqmedos sakutari kapitali, rom man maqsimaluri mogeba moitanos. Cveulebriv mas ganzraxva ara aqvs zemoqmedeba moaxdinos sazogadoebriv interesebze da ar icis ramdenad zemoqmedebs igi matze. individi miiswrafvis mxolod sakutari usafrtxoebisa da sargeblobisaken, da mas uxilavi xeli warmartavs, rata bolos da bolos zegavlena moaxdinos imaze, rac mis ganzraxvasi ar Sedioda. sakutari interesebis dacvit igi (individi) xsir SemTxvevaSi didad uwyobs xels sazogadeobis ayvavebas, vidre im SemTxvevaSi Tuki amas Segnebulad Seecdeboda [7, gv. 189]. uxilavi xelis moqmedebaa: `Cven sakutar purs vi- RebT ara puris mcxobelis (xabazis) mowyalebit, aramed misi egoisturi interesebidan gamomdinare. adamianta TanamSromlobas safuzvlad udevs is,rom yvela matgani moqmedebs sakutari interesebis Sesabamisad [5, gv. 8]. smiti amtkicebda rom bazarze ekonomikuri gacvlistvis aravitari sxva motivacia ar arsebobs, garda piradi interesisa [4, gv. 89]. 67

68 jemal xaritonasvili a.smitma Seadgina axali ekonomikuri sistemis moqmedebis sqema, romelic im periodsi dasavlet evropis qveynebsi mkvidrdeboda. misi azrit, am sistemis gamartuli musaobisatvis aucilebelia ori pirobis arseboba. saxelmwifos ekonomikasi Carevisgan gantavisufleba da konkurenciis Tavisufleba. a.smiti `uxilavi xelis politikas universalur meqanizmad miicnevda. misi azrit, igi msoflio mizidulobis kanonis msgavs rols asrulebs sazogadoebasi. magram ekonomikasi Tavisuflebis koncefciam kacobriobis ganvitarebasi msoflio mizidulobis kanonis roli mainc ver Seasrula [8, gv. 86]. uxilavi xelis doqtrina iset meurneobas miekutvneba, romelzec yvela bazari srulyofili konkurenciit xasiatdeba. esaa situacia, romlis drosac yvela saqonels da momsaxurebas Tavisi fasi gaacnia da bazarze iyideba. amastan, arc erti firma da arc erti momxmarebeli ar SeiZleba Zalze mnisvnelovani iyos imistvis, rom zegavlena moaxdinos sabazro fasebze. a.smitma armoacina konkurentuli sabazro ekonomikis SesaniSnavi Tviseba. srulyofili konkureciis pirobebsi bazari awarmoebs sasargeblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis maqsimalurad SesaZlo raodenobas arsebuli resursebis pirobebsi. maram, iq, sadac gabatonebulia monopoliebi, garemos dabinzureba an sxva ususurobani, uxilavi xelis SesaniSnavi efeqtiani sasualebebi SeiZleba gaqres kidevac [1, gv. 8]. arasrulyofil konkurencias adgili aqvs masin, rodesac myidvelebs an gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT fasebze zemoqmedebis moxdena. arasrulyofili konkurenciis arsebobisas bazrebs ar SeuZliaT resursebis efeqtiani ganvitareba. mocemul etapze saxelmwifo SeiZleba amoqmeddes da daiwyos regulireba. `sabazro aqtivobis negatiuri Sedegebis dazleva saxelmwifos mxriv garkveuli 68

69 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika regulirebis garese SeuZlebelia [8, gv. 90]. adam smitis droidan moyolebuli, sabazro ekonomikam mnisvnelovani evolucia ganicada. rogorc p. samuelsoni da u. nordhausi arnisnaven, `smitis varaudi sabazro meqanizmis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb, daafiqrebs Tanamedrove ekonomistebs, rogorc kapitalizmis momxreebs, aseve kritikosebs. miuxedavad amisa, kidev ori saukune gaivlis da gamocdilebis dagrovebisa da dafiqrebis Semdeg gamovlinda am doqtrinis CarCoebi da praqtikuli SezRudvebi. cnobilia, rom arsebobs `bazris ususuroba da igi yoveltvis rodi izleva sauketeso Sedegebs. bazris ert-erti ususuroba dakavsirebulia monopoliebsa da arasrulyofili konkurenciis sxva uxilavi xelis sxva Secdoma warmoisoba bazris garsemo Tanamdevi, anu gare efeqtebis arsebobastan dakavsirebit, rogoricaa dadebiti gare efeqtebi _ samecniero armocenebi da uaryofiti Tanmdevi movlenebi _ garemos dabinzureba. bazris garese ekonomikuri naklovanebaa Semosavlis iseti ganawileba, romelic araxelsayrelia politikuri an logikuri TvalsazrisiT. Tuki arsebobs Tundac erti elementi, adam smitis doqtrina uxilavi xelis Sesaxeb, ukve arar musaobs da mtavroba SeiZleba Caerios, rata `gankurnos daavadebuli uxilavi xeli [1, gv. 97]. XIX saukunis dasasruls, kapitalizmis mzardma ganvitarebam ass da dasavlet evropis industriuli qveynebi saxelwifos Caurevlobis princi pis uaryofamde miiyvana. mtavrobebma sul ufro mzardi ekonomikuri rolis Sesruleba iwyes monopoliebis regulirebit, gadasaxadebis akrefit, xandazmulta daxmarebis uzrunvelyofit da a.s. XX saukunis ian wlebsi ingliseli ekonomistis j. m. keinzis mier ardgenil iqna `xiluli xelis doqtrina. Tu paleoliberalur doqtrinasi saxelmwi- 69

70 jemal xaritonasvili fos mikutnebuli hqonda `Ramis gusagis roli, keinzur modelsi saxelmwifos dirijoris roli aqvs mikutvnebuli. Tumca, ekonomistta erti nawili ar etanxmeba amas da da liberalizmis poziciaze rceba. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, `uxilavi xelis neoliberaluri mozrvreba saxelmwifo doqtrinad iqna ariarebuli dasavlet germaniasi. XX saukunis ian wlebsi neoliberalizmi ara marto germaniasi gabatonda aramed, igi gavrcelda inglissi, ass-sa da postsocialisturi sivrcis qveyneb- Sic. magram, 2008 w. dawyebulma globalurma finansurma krizisma kvlav Tavdayira daayena situacia. rogorc Tanamedrove poloneli profesori g. kolodko arnisnavs, am krizisis fonze neoliberalizmmac kraxi ganicada. `srulad gansazrvrulad SeiZleba itqvas, rom Cven saqme gvaqvs neoliberaluri modelis kraxtan [9, gv. 12]. dres msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebi izulebulni arian, Caerion ekonomikasi da arapopularuli proteqcionizmic ki gaataron. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierti evropuli qveyana Tavs ikavebda saxelmwifos mxridan ekonomikasi Carevaze, mat mainc mouwiat izulebiti nabijis gadadgma [10, gv. 13]. jon miqlzueti arnisnavs, rom krizisis pirobebsi kongresidanac iqneba proteqcionistuli motxovnebi ass-sic [11, gv. 9]. rabin biu miutitebs, rom `umu- Sevrobis zrda mtavrobebs motivacias azlevs, sakutari skamis SenarCunebis miznit populistur proteqcionizms mimarton [12, gv. 14]. `lese fer princi pis sayoveltaobas ar veqvemdebareba CineTis Tanamedrove ekonomikuri ganvitarebis gzac. iq konvergenciuli procesebi safuzvlianad xorcieldeba. saxelmwifos roli mnisvnelovania. CineTs da socialuri ekonomikis qveynebs krizisi ar Sexebia. aset vitarebasi CineTma ass-s asesxa 3 trilioni dolari. ramodenime Tvis win saertasoriso savaluto fondis pre- 70

71 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika zidentma CineTs mouwoda finansurad daexmaros kriziss daqvemdebarebul qveynebs. rogorc Tanamedrove amerikeli mecnieri a.seni arnisnavs, a.smits wminda sabazro meqanizmi absoluturad idealurad ar miacnda. is msjelobda imis Sesaxebac, rom adamians martavs ara marto pirdi sargebeli, aramed ke- Tilgonierebac. aris satnoeba, romelsac adamianisatvis yvelaze meti sargebeli moaqvs. kactmoyvareoba, samartlianoba, didsulovneba, sazogadoebrivi dovlatis Seqmnis survili, romelic friad sasargebloa sxva adamianebisatvis. ukanasknelma ekonomikurma krizisma natlad acvena, rom normalurma sazogadoebrivms mowyobam aucilebelia uari Tqvas araregulurebad da usazrvro angarebaze. axali keinzelebis (gr. menqiu, j. akerlofi, j. ieleni, o. blansari, n. kiotaki) ZalisxmeviT Seiqmna Tanmimdevruli makroekonomikuri Teoria, romelsiac dasabu- Tebulia `uxilavi xelis araefeqtianoba makroekonomikur doneze(18. gv.227). Tavis qcevasi adamiani, uwinares yovlisa, mis wina- Se mdgomi miznebis mirwevis optimizaciis poziciidan gamodis. aseti miznebia saojaxo meurneobisatvis sargeblianobis, xolo firmebisatvis mogebis maqsimizacia. magram, homo ekonomikusis-is Tanamedrove gagebis Tanaxmad, is bevradd ufroortuli miznebis matarebelia, radgan, wminda ekonomikuri miswrafebebis garda, mas socialuri miznebis gatvaliswinebac uxdeba, rac racionalurobis xarisxs afartoebs. kitxvaze, Tu ramdenadaa racionaluri adamianis qceva-pasuxi mnisvnelovanwilad sazogadoebrivi sistemis racionalurobazea damokidebuli. Tavisufali bazari mxolod da mxolod Teoriuli konstruqciaa, rac gamoiyeneba bazris zogad kanonzomierebata Seswavlis miznit. realurad ki am kanonzomierebebidan gadaxrebs bazarze Zalian xsirad aqvs adgili, amitom, 71

72 jemal xaritonasvili Tavisufali bazris, rogorc idealuri bazris modeli unda iyos is etaloni, romliskenac bazris saxelmwifo regulireba unda iswrafvodes. Tavisufali bazris naklovanebata gamosworebis funqcia ekonomistta did jgufs saxelmwifoze gadaaqvs da Tvlis, rom saxelmwifo unda Caerios da erti mxriv, gaaketos is risi gake- Tebac ar Seswevs bazars, xolo, meore mxriv ki, bazarze Seaferxos Tavisuflebis elementebis SezRudva iq moqmedi kerzo subieqtebis mier. imis gamo, rom saxelmwifos bazarsi Carevis fiasko an saertod ugulebelyofilia, an micneulia meorexarisxovan Pproblemad, saxelmwifos ekonomikasi Carevis sxvadsxva Teoriul konstruqcias ekonomistta Soris araerti mxardamweri yavs, wers profesori v.papava. [13. gv. 29,30,42,46,52]. a.smitis didi damsaxurebaa `absoluturi upiratesobis principis Camoyalibeba,romlis mixedvit,ama Tu im qveyanas an pirovnebas, sxvebis mimart, gaacnia absoluturi upiratesoba garkveul saqmianobasi, amitom, mas ujobs upiratesad es saqme aketos da misi SedegiT gamovides Sromis sazogadoebriv an saertasoriso danawilebasi. magalitad, nikaraguas absoluturi upiratesoba gaacnia kanadastan SedarebiT bananis warmoebasi, vinaidan kanada- Si banani ar iwarmoeba. samagierod, kanadas SefardebiTi upiratesoba aqvs nikaraguastan marcvleulis warmoeba- Si, radgan kanadasi marcvleulis moyvana naklebi danaxarjebit SeiZleba. advokats absoluturi upiratesoba aqvs kompiuterze mbewdavtan SedarebiT iurisprundenciasi, radgan kompiuterze mbewdavma samartali ar icis, samagierod, is advokattan SedarebiT SeiZleba naklebi danaxarjebit bewdavs. advokati iurisprudenciasi 1 saatis musaobistvis 100 dolars irebs, xolo mbewdavi bewvdistvis 10 dolars. advokats SeuZlia Tavisi teqsti TviTon dabewdos da 10 dolari dazogos, magram 90 dolaris danakargi eqneba. amitom, mas ujobs 10 dolari 72

73 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika mbewdavs gadauxados da teqsti daabewdinos. a.smitis mier Camoyalibebuli absoluturi upiratesobis princi pi dresac gamoiyeneba Sromis saertasoriso danawilebasi. am mxriv arsanisnavia heqser-ulinis Teoria, romlis mixedvitac qveynebma unda isargeblon warmoebis faqtorit. ganvitarebuli qveynebi gamodian kapitalis faqtorit. ganvitarebadi qveynebi (saqartvelo) Sromis faqtorit, rigi qveyana (azerbaijani, kuveiti, venesuela) _ resursuli faqtorit. amrigad, fartoa a. smitis Sexedulebebis speqtri, rasac dresac ar daukargavs aqtualuroba. a. smitis azrebi Zalian mnisvnelovania Tanamedrove msoflio globaluri finansuri krizisis asaxsnelad da sasualebis gamosanaxad ara marto misgan Tavis dasarwevad, aramed misarebi, wesrigiani sazogadoebis asaseneblad. mis nasromebsi gasuqebulia iseti Ffundamenturi cnebebic, rogoricaa samartlianoba da miukerzoebloba. Adam Smith ( ) the Founder of Economic Science J. Kharitonashvili Adam Smith was a founder of contemporary economic science. He is regarded to be one of the three most famous economists: A. Smith, K. Marx and J. Keynes. A. Smith contributed to development of economics as a science. A. Smith scientifically analyzed value, salary, profit, capital and other economic categories. The idea of economic liberalism plays an important role in A. Smith s doctrines. He almost absolutely opposed government intervention in economics and considered that economic freedom was the base for economic policy. A. Smith insisted on fair competition and competitive struggle. He offered the idea of invisible hand. A. Smith developed the principles of absolute advantage. According to this theory a country holds absolute advantage in some kind of 73

74 jemal xaritonasvili economic activities. Thus, this country should specialize in this activities. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. p. samuelsoni, u. nordhausi, ekonomiksi, Tb., 1992; 2. k.r.makkoneli, s.l.briu, ekonomiksi, nawili I, Tb., 1993; 3. r. heilbroneri, l. turou, ekonomika yvelasatvis, londoni, 1991 (rus.); 4. А. Сен, Адам Смит и современность, жур. «Вопросы экономики», 11, 2011; 5. i. qvacaxia, Teoriuli ekonomika, Tb., 1996; 6. К. Маркс, Нишета философии, К. Маркс и Ф. Энгельс, Соч. т. 4, М., 1955; 7. a. smiti, gamokvleva xalxta simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb, tomi I, Tb., 1938; 8. g. Todua, adam smiti da Tanamedrove ekonomikis aqtualuri sakitxebi, Tb., 2000; 9. Гж. Колодко, Nеолиберализм и мировой экономический кризис, жур. «Вопросы экономики», 3, 2011; 10. s. pavliasvili, saqartvelosi ekonomikuri krizisi gavlena SedarebiT naklebad igrznoba, gaz. `24 saati, #225, ; 11. j. miqlzueti, amerikis axali imedi, Jurn. `msoflio The World in 2009; 12. r. biu, cota nela, Jur. `msoflio The World in 2009; 13. v. papava, aratradiciuli ekonomiksi, Tb., 2011; 14. a. anikini, mecnierebis siwabuke, Tb., 1989; 15. a. silagaze, ekonomikuri azris istoriis zogierti sakitxi, Tb., 1996; 16. v. papava, sabazro Tanasworobis doqtrina, Tb., 1999; 17. g. menqiu, ekonomikis princi pebi, Tb., 2008; 18. e. meqvabisvili,tanamedrove makroekonomikuri Teoriebi, Tb.,

75 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi saqartvelosi warmoebuli eleqtroenergiis saeqsporto potenciali giorgi RaRaniZe ivane javaxisvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori saqartvelos ekonomikuri ganvitarebis ert-erti umnisvnelovanesi aspeqtia axali samusao adgilebis formireba,rac SeuZlebelia samrewvelo warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sferos dacqarebuli tempebit zrdis garese. mnisvnelovania iseti produqciis warmoeba, romlis eqsportireba SesaZlebeli iqneba didi moculobit. zogadad, eqsportis zrda unda iyos ekonomikuri ganvitarebis ert-erti ZiriTadi mimartuleba. eqsportis zrda, rom axali saeqsporto produqtebis garese Seu- Zlebelia, aqsiomatur WeSmaritebaTa ricxvs miekutvneba. axali saeqsporto produqtebis ZiebaSi, bolo periodis ganmavlobasi, saqartvelos xelisufleba aqcents investorisatvis gansakutrebuli pirobebis Seqmnaze aketebda. am midgomam male dagvanaxa, rom iseti fundamentaluri sakitxebis, rogoricaa qveynis ganvitarebis politikuri veqtorebis ucvleloba, usafrtxoebis garantiebi - gadawyvetis garese es midgomebi swraf da xelsesaxeb efeqts ar moitanda. amdenad garkveuli xnis win davubrundit tradiciul, konkurentul upiratesobaze dafuznebul midgomas. udavoa, rom realuri konkurentuli upiratesoba nebismieri ganvitarebis strategiis formirebis safuzvelia. amdenad,zalian mnisvnelovania iseti produqciis 75

76 giorgi RaRaniZe gamovlena, sadac saqartvelos eqneba konkurentuli upiratesoba. Aam sakitxis ganxilvisas ar unda gamogvrces iseti mnisvnelovani aspeqti, rogoricaa am etapze am produqciis warmoebisa da eqsportirebis macveneblebi. ekonomikur literaturasi am ti pis macnveneblad micneulia gamovlenili konkurentuli upiratesobis da la-faies indeqsebi. Ees indeqsebi kargad zomaven arsebuli saeqsporto produqciis realur konkurentul mdgomareobas msoflio bazarze, Tumca naklebadaa orientirebuli ukve arsebuli saeqsporto produqciis warmoebisa da eqsportirebis intensificirebaze, an axali saeqsporto produqtebis gamovlenaze. swored am indeqsebs iyenebs saertasoriso savawro centri, calkeuli produqciis konkurentunarianobis SefasebisaTvis. vinaidan, rogorc ukve arinisna, ganvitarebis strategiis safuzveli unda iyos konkurentuli produqcia, pirvel rigsi, yuradreba unda mieqces iset produqcias, romlis resursic saqartvelosi sakmarisad bevria. cxadia, am fonze, realuria eleqtroenergiis, gansakutrebit ki hidroenergiis warmoebis perspeqtivebi. martlac, Zalian didia saqartvelos hidroenergiis warmoebis potenciali. Tumca, Tu uaxloes istorias gadavxedavt, eleqtroenergiis sagareo vawrobis balansi (eqsports minus importi) mxolod 2007 wels gaxda dadebiti wels eleqtroenergiis eqsportma Seadgina atasi ass dolari, rac saqrtvelos mteli eqsportis 2,3% iyo, xolo msoflio eleqtroenergiis eqsportis - 0,11%; 2009 wels analogiuri macvenebeli Sesabamisad iyo , 1,77% da 0,06% wels: atasi ass dolari, 1,4% da 0.1% wels saqartvelos 76

77 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi kvlav uaryofiti balansi aqvs: eleqtroenergiis eqsportma Seadgina ,2 atasi ass dolari, rac Seadgens 2012 wlis saqartvelos mtliani eqsportis 0,7%-s. ganvixilot es macvenebeli wlebis mixedvit N(ix. cxrili 1) saqartvelos eleqtroenergiis sagareo vawrobis balansi (atas ass dol)[1] cxrili 1 wlebi balansi ra ganapirobebs eleqtroenergiis eqsportis Taviseburebebs, ra axdens zegavlenas msoflio ganvitarebis trendebze? cxadia, rom eleqtroenergiis moxmareba ar Semcirdeba, rac ar unda energodamzogavi teqnologiebi gamoviyenot. eleqtroenergiis moxmareba mudmivad mzardi trendit iqneba warmodgenili. eleqtroenergiis ert garkveul regionsi Warbi warmoeba, geografiulad dasorebul, xmeletit aradakavsirebul regionebsi deficits ver armofxvris. eleqtroenergiis warmoeba da moxmareba ertdrouli procesia da amdenad misi miwodeba teqnologiurad sakmaod rtulia. TavisTavad 77

78 giorgi RaRaniZe cxadia, saqartvelos SemTxvevaSi, eleqtroenergiis eqsportis TvalsazrisiT, pirvel rigsi unda ganvixilot saqartvelos saxmeleto mezoblebis eleqtroenergiit vawrobis balansi. (ix.cxrili 2) eleqtroenergiit vawrobis balansi (atas ass dolarsi) [2] cxrili 2 weli ruseti TurqeTi somxeti azerbaijani rogorc cxrilis monacemebi adasturebs, saqartvelos saxmeleto mezoblebs uaxloes periodsi eleqtroenergiis deficitis problema ara aqvt, Tumca, gasatvaliswinebelia aseve eleqtroenergiis warmoebisa da moxmarebis sezonuri Taviseburebebi,anu savsebit dasasvebia, rom ert garkveul periodsi konkretuli qveyana axdendes eleqtroenergiis eqsports, xolo sxva sezonsi imports. am praqtikas saqartveloc mimartavs da amdenad SesaZlebelia arsebobdes eleqtroenergiis saxmeleto mezoblebze eqsportis garkveuli potenciali. aseve, SesaZlebelia, ara saxmeleto mezoblebze eqsporti. am SemTxvevaSi daculi unda iqnes ramdenime piroba: mimrebi qveyana ar unda iyos Zalian dacilebuli eqsportior qveyanas, qveynebs Soris arsebuli gadamcemi xazebi unda pasuxobdes sawiro teqnikur motxovnebs, qveynebs Soris arsebul satranzito qveynebsi 78

79 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi unda iyos politikuri stabiluroba da zogadad am qveynebs unda qondet kargi saxelmwifotasorisi urtiertobebi wels, saqartvelos mtavroba sakmaod far- To propagandas uwevda saqartvelodan xorvatiasi eleqtroenergiis eqsports. TavisTavad es faqti Zalian dadebitia da acvenebs, rom zemotarnisnuli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi, eleqtroenergiis eqsporti, sakmaod dacilebul manzilebzec SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. xorvatia, SesaZlebelia am TvalsazrisiT Zalian saintereso partniori armocndes, kerzod, 2010 wels xorvatiis eleqtroenergiis sagareo vawrobis balansi deficituri iyo atasi ass dolari, SedarebisaTvis, imave periodsi saberznetis analogiuri macvenebeli iyo atasi ass dolari. yovelive arnisnulidan SeiZleba davaskvnat, rom: 1. eleqtroenergiis rogorc saeqsporto produqtis ganvitarebas, garkveuli perspeqtiva gaacnia; 2. am produqciis konkurentunarianoba mnisvnelovnad iqneba damokidebuli ara mxolod sawarmoo danaxarjebze, aramed satranzito qveynebtan SeTanxmebebze; 3. konkretul geografiul arealsi miwodebisas unda gavitvaliswinotymimreb qveyanasi moqmedi tarifebis Taviseburebebi da teqnikuri sirtuleebidan gamomdinare (ufro Sori manzilidan mowodeba) aqcenti avi- RoT ufro dabal fasebze. samwuxarod am produqciasi ufro marali xarisxit konkurencia gamoricxulia; 4. miwodeba gacilebit ufro mowvladia, vinaidan mwarmoebeli da mimrebi qveynebis klimatur pirobebs emateba satranzito qveynebsi kargi klimaturi pirobebis aucilebloba. 79

80 giorgi RaRaniZe yvela es piroba,cxadia,ar izleva calsaxad dadebit surats da ar gvazlevs Zalian sanugeso prognozs, Tumca, am mimartulebis ganvitareba zogadi tendenciidan (eleqtroenergiis moxmarebis mzardi tendencia) gamomdinare aucilebelia. ganvixilot eleqtroenergiis rogorc eqsportis xelsemwyobi pirobis, ganvitarebis SesaZleblobebi. a) eleqtroenergia, rogorc saerto resursi. qartveli eqsportiorebis, gansakutrebit samrewvelo produqciis mwarmoebeli kompaniebisatvis, umwvavesia safaso konkurenciit brzola. samrewvelo produqciis mwarmoeblebisatvis tarifis daweva an sezonuri tarifis SeTavazeba Zalian mnisvnelovani stimuli iqneba produqciis nomenklaturis gafartoebisatvis, danaxarjebis SemcirebisaTvis da Sesabamisad, es xels Seuwyobs eqsportis zrdas. mizansewonilia es sakitxi ganxiluli iqnes kompleqssi sxva sakitxebtan ertad, kerzod, im sferoebsi, sadac aseve arsebobs sxva bunebrivi potenciali. mag. samseneblo masalebis warmoeba, sadac saqartvelos aqvs obieqturi upiratesobebi. Tu am sakitxs ganvixilavt iafi eleqtroenergiis miwodebis gatvaliswinebit, sawyis etapze sakmaod mimzidveli perspeqtiva gamocndeba: b) eleqtroenergia, rogorc specifiuri resursi. amis nateli magalitia nebismieri metalebis dnobis teqnologiebi, sadac arnisnuli dnoba eleqtrorumelebsi xorcieldeba. aq eleqtroenergia ukve xdeba konkurentuli upiratesobis mirwevis umnisvnelovanesi faqtori. am TvalsazrisiT SesaZlebelia gamoinaxos Zalian energotevadi teqnologiebi, ritac warmoebul produqcias mieniweba upiratesoba. cxadia, eleqtroenergiaze mxolod dabali tarifit gartuldeba in- 80

81 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi vestorta daintereseba, SesaZlebelia ganxiluli iqnes dabali tarifi eleqtroenergiaze da specialuri sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis ertoblivi gamoyenebis meqanizmebi. am SemTxvevaSi, Zalian mnisvnelovania ganisazrvros am tipis SeRavaTebis miniwebis Semdeg ra efeqts miirebs saqartvelo. rogorc wesi, teqnologiebi, rac energotevadia, moitxovs maralkvalificirebul musaxels,sakmaod mcire raodenobit. aset SemTxvevebSi unda ganisazrvros rogorc pirdapir am warmoebebsi dasaqmebulta raodenoba, aseve sxva sferoebsi axali samusao adgilebis Seqmnis perspeqtiva; g) eleqtroenergiis moxmarebis zrda im dargebsi, romlebic xels uwyobs momsaxurebis eqsports an reeqsports. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakutrebit mnisvnelovania infrastruqturis im obieqtebis ganvitareba, romlebsac eleqtroenergia didi raodenobit Wirdeba. ase- Tia sazrvao portebis da sarkinigzo infrastruqturis ganvitareba. daviwyot sarkinigzo infrastruqturit. albat aravin ar ewinaarmdegeba saqartvelosa da TurqeTis rkinigzebis dakavsirebis ideas, vinaidan am proeqtis dasavletis da armosavletis sarkinigzo dakavsirebas pozitivis garda ara aqvs sxva datvirtva. TavisTavad cxadia, rom tvirtebis uzarmazari nakadebis mozraoba orive mimartulebit, qmnis saqartvelosatvis unikalur SesaZleblobas gaxdes regionuli mnisvnelobis satransporto habi. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia Tanamedrove maralteqnologiuri sasawyobo meurneobis ganvitareba, romelic didi odenobit eleqtroenergias moixmars. aqve unda arinisnos saqartvelos axali xelisuflebis iniciativebi afxazetis rkinigzis gaxsnaze. ganvixilot am winadadebebis wminda ekonomi- 81

82 giorgi RaRaniZe kuri aspeqtebi. TavisTavad cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSi dasavleti-armosavleti sarkinigzo funqcias emateba CrdiloeTi-samxreTi marsrutebis realuri gatarebis SesaZlebloba. es ki, ukve saqartvelos, regionuli mnisvnelobis satrasporto habidan gadaaqcevs msoflio mnisvnelobis satransporto habad. amave aspeqtit unda ganvixilot sazrvao portebis Tema. amjamad arsebuli sazrvao portebi emsaxureba dasavleti-armosavleti da piruku satrasporto mimartulebebs. aqedan armosavleti-dasavletis mimartulebaze yvelaze mnisvnelovania navtobproduqtebi, xolo dasavleti-armosavletis mimartulebaze - gabarituli samrewvelo produqcia. arnisnuli portebi darceba am mimartulebis mxardamweri infrastruqturis obieqtebad. amavdroulad unda arinisnos, rom xelisuflebac msjelobs kidev erti sazrvao portis aucileblobaze. xazi esmeba mxolod ert parametrs, rom porti unda iyos Rrma, anu marali wyalwyvis tankerebs unda SeeZloT advilad Semosvla. Tu am sakitxis wminda ekonomikur aspeqts ganvixilavt, ekonomikuri logika Zalze advili warmosadgenia: produqciis didi raodenobit Semotana amcirebs erteulis gadazidvis xarjebs, rac globalizaciis pirobebsi ertiani satransporto infrastruqturebis ganvitarebis ZiriTadi stimulia. Tavis mxriv, es unda gaxdes kidev erti Zalian seriozuli stimuli saqartvelosi satransporto habis CamoyalibebisaTvis. calke unda ganvixilot satransporto habis upiratesobis gamoyeneba amwyobi warmoebis ganvitarebisatvis. yvela tipis makompleqtebeli detalebis arseboba Zalian karg fons qmnis amwyobi warmoebis ganvitarebisatvis. am ti pis warmoebebis saerto dan- 82

83 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi axarjebsi eleqtroenergia ar ikavebs maral xvedrit wils, Tumca misi siiafe xdeba damatebiti stimuli konveieruli amwyobi warmoebis ganvitarebisatvis. es ki, Tavis mxriv, qmnis axali samusao adgilebis warmoqmnis SesaZleblobas. SejamebisaTvis, albat, mnisvnelovania yvela aspeqtis gatvaliswineba. eleqtroenergiis warmoebas calsaxad unda mivaniwot prioriteti. TavisTavad hidroeleqtrosadgurebis msenebloba Zalian mnisvnelovania dasaqmebis zrdis mimartulebit. SesaZlebelia hidro eleqtrosadgurebis msenebeli da Semdeg operatori kompaniebisatvis gatvaliswinebul iqnes sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, rac ertdroulad msenebare obieqtebis ricxvs gazrdis da dadebitad aisaxeba dasaqmebis trendebze. maqsimalurad unda iqnas gatvaliswinebuli mezobel qveynebtan savawro urtiertobeb- Si satranzito pirobebi. eleqtroenergiis miwodebis Taviseburebebis gatvaliswinebit aman mnisvnelovnad ar unda gaazviros eleqtroenergia, romelic warmoebulia saqartvelosi da miewodeba mag. samxret evropas. mnisvnelovania saqartvelos xelisuflebam, da pirvel rigsi, armasrulebelma, gamotqvas mzadyofna samrewvelo da infrastruqturuli obieqtebisatvis specialuri tarifebis dawesebis Sesaxeb. aseve ganxiluli iqnes sezonuri tarifebis amoqmedebis SesaZlebloba amave obieqtebisatvis. amdenad, potenciur investorebs gaucndebat gancda, rom seriozuli sainvesticio proeqtis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, xelisufleba maqsimalurad xels Seuwyobs mat da amavdroulad tarifebis diferencireba da sezonuroba gamyarebuli iqneba sakanonmdeblo donezec. 83

84 giorgi RaRaniZe Export Potential of the Electrical Energy Produced in Georgia G. Gaganidze In the scientific paper the author analyzes the export potential of Georgia for the electrical energy. Demand from the Georgia s neighboring countries for this product is analyzed. The opportunity to increase the production of electrical energy and thus create favorable conditions for production of other export-oriented products is also evaluated. The author is trying to identify what type of strategic decisions should be made in order to increase the competitiveness of the electrical power generation sector. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. saqartvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris informacia, 2. saertasoriso savawro centri, ITC, 84

85 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi talant menejmenti adamianis potencialis martvis aqtualuri mimartuleba ekaterine gulua, ekonomikis doqtori, ivane javaxisvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori socialuri sistemebis warmateba calsaxad determinebulia adamianuri resursebis sworad warmartvit. TiTqos, erti SexedviT, martivi mtkicebuleba aqtualurobas ar kargavs, mudmivi gansjis obieqtia, Tu rogor moxerxdes am postulatis ganivteba realur samyarosi, sadac gadaulaxavia umusevroba, siraribe da uketes SemTxvevebSi, mteli simzafrit warmocindeba TviTrealizebis, Tu samusaoti kmayofilebis totaluri nakleboba. kacobriobis humanizacia msgavsi ti pis kolafsebtan aratavsebadia. TviTkritikulma inteleqtma ver unda aitanos resursebis ukmarisobis pirobebsi aseti gajonvebi, ariaros es CamorCeniloba da metad ganvitardes, mozebnos gzebi, rata mirweuli iqnes kacobriobis umtavresi mizani da Sedegi adamiani misi potencialis sauketeso gamovlinebebit. potencialis martvis rakursebi, miznis Sesabamisad, gansxvavebul mimartulebebs izens. potenciali aris faruli ararealizebuli, gamouyenebeli resursebis er- Toblioba, romelic ganvitarebis da martvis SemTxveva- Si, SesaZloa gaxdes gamosadegi da warmatebis wyaro. pirovnebis, organizaciis, qveynis warmatebis sawindari resursebis optimaluri gamoyenebaa. resursebsi moiazreba: samewarmeo unari, adamianuri resursebi, Sroma, in- 85

86 ekaterine gulua formacia, kapitali, teqnologia, miwa. Tumca, am resursebidan, miwis garda, yvela adamianiseulia. amave dros, adamiani (misi Tvisebebi, unarebi) aris yvela resursis gamoyenebis winapiroba Sesabamisad, aqtualuria adamianis faruli Tu askara unarebis gamovlena, inteleqtis, talantis, potencialis gamoyenebis warmatebastan pirdapiri korelaciis gamo. Sesabamisad, adamianuri resursebis martvis mimartulebebidan aqtualuria: pirovnebis talantis Sefaseba da misi martvis metodologiis SemuSaveba danergva; warmatebisa da talantis martvis, talantis da inteleqtis urtiertmimartebis sakitxebis garkveva. talantis martvis sistema ar SeiZleba ganvixilot rogorc ertjeradi, mxolod mikrojgufebze ganvrcobadi procesi. is unda arviqvat rogorc ertiani procesi, romelic Tavis mtlian efeqturobas da efeqtianobas arwevs masin, roca danergilia sam ganzomilebasi: individis doneze es aris sakutar TavSi talantebis Sefaseba, gamovlena, martva. Sesabamisi metodologiis SemuSaveba, mis gamoyenebasi daxmareba, TviTdakvirveba, TviTgamokvleva, rac am sferosi gansakutrebit aqtualuria, obieqtis sirtulidan gamomdinare. mikrodoneze organizaciasi, instituciebsi momusaveta talantebis Sefaseba, gamovlena, stimulireba, ganvitareba, aseve talantebis mozidva da damagreba. magalitistvis, biznesisadmi pragmatuli midgomebis interessia yvelaze ZviradRirebuli adamianuri resursis realuri Rirebulebis (Employee Value Proposition (EVP)) masze danaxarjebisa da misgan mirebuli sargeblis Tanafardobis dadgena xangrzlivvadian periodsi. aq ikveteba adamianuri resursebis martvis wminda empiriuli midgomebic. sqema 1 ze [1] warmodgenilia talantis martvis cikli, romlis gamoyeneba samive doneze metnaklebad SesaZlebelia. 86

87 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi makrodoneze es aris qveyanasi yoveli adamianis talantis gamovlenisa da ganvitarebis xelsewyobis sistemis mudmivi funqcionireba. TiToeul doneze talantebis menejments axasiatebs garkveuli specifika da sirtule, rac gansakutrebul midgomebs sawiroebs. Tumca, Sedegi swori strategiis SemTxvevaSi TvalSisacemia talantis martva izleva safuzvels gamovlindes, gaizardos da atvisebuli iqnes yvela potenciali, rac zogadad efeqtianobis mirwevis mtavari winapirobaa. askaraa, rom mimdinare gamowvevebi sawiroebs sa- Tanado sapasuxo qmedebebs talantebis martvis sawiroebis gacnobierebas, strategiebis SemuSavebas, danergvas. Tu gaverkvevit ufro sirrmiseulad talantis arssi, armovacent sakitxis sirtules. talanti aris pirovnebis bunebrivi midrekileba an unar-cveva. misi sinonimia niwi, niwiereba. amis Sesaxeb mecnierta Sexedulebebi gan- 87

88 ekaterine gulua sxvavebulia. ZiriTadad miicneva, rom is aris bunebit mimadlebuli, miniwebuli, obieqturad arsebuli. analogiuriad,niwieris inglisur Sesatyviss Talented s aqvs sinonimi dasacuqrebuli Gifted. mecnierta nawili ki miicnevs, rom misi SeZena, gamomusaveba SesaZlebelia. Tumca, es ar nisnavs, rom niwi aucileblad vlindeba yvela SemTxvevaSi,amitom,aranakleb mnisvnelovania talantis Sefaseba-gamovlena-ganviTareba-gamoyeneba, anu martva. talantis martvis metodologia garkveulwilad Seswavlilia, Tumca, dremde kvlevis obieqtia mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis mier da miicneva, rom am mxriv sizustisgan kacobrioba jer kidev Sorsaa da xsirad icvlis gezs. kvlevebs artulebs xangrzlivvadian periodsi dakvirvebis aucilebloba da yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi kvlevis obieqtis gansxvavebuloba, TviTdakvirvebis SemTxvevaSi ki subieqtivizmis arseboba. niwierebis Sesafaseblad dresac gamoiyeneba inteleqtualuri asakis biologiur asaktan Sefardebis analizi, Tumca sxvadasxva asaksi da pirobebsi es koeficienti araadekvaturia. pirovnebis niwierad Seracxvis kriteriumebic aseve icvleba. xsirad, bavsvebi, romeltac aqvt xanmokle bavsvoba adreul asaksi brzendebian, romlebic ganvitarebit uswreben Tanatolebs, mozrdil asaksi arafrit gamoircevian matgan, Tumca arseboben gamonaklisebic. amastan, aris sawinaarmdego SemTxvevebi: arafrit gamorceuli bavsvebi an mozardebi, romlebic ar avlenen gansakutrebul talants, zrdasrul asaksi arweven gasaocar warmatebebs. miicneva, rom mat visac rtuli azrovneba aqvt,bavsvoba uxangrzlivdebat,radgan met dros moitxovs rtuli tvinis gamoyenebis Seswavla, Tumca, arc es Teoria amartlebs yvela SemTxvevaSi. niwierad micneul mozardta statistikur umravlesobaze dakvirvebit mecnierebi Tanxmdebian, rom yovelgvari gadaxra normaluri parametrebisgan, darrvevaa da 88

89 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi seriozul metvalyureobas sawiroebs. magalitad, gamovlenilia, rom verbalistebi (swrafi da bevri saubrisken midrekileba), erudistebi (informaciisa da unar-cvevebis damaxsovrebis unari) xsir SemTxvevaSi cru inteleqtualebi arian, an am unaris ukan SesaZloa imalebodes sxva ufro mnisvnelovani, namdvili niwi da ver gamovlindes yuradrebis sxva mimartulebit gadatanis gamo. amave dros, arseboben mzinare varskvlavebi faruli niwis mqoneni, romelta gamovlena pirovnebis, ojaxis, ganatlebis sistemis, qveynis mnisvnelovani funqciaa. dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom yovel bunebrivad, normalurad ganvitarebad (janmrtel) adamians aqvs erti an meti midrekileba. aset SemTxvevebSi uniwobis gamovlena miicneva rogorc arzrdis marcxi. aseve xsirad aqvs adgili talantis arastabilur gamovlinebebs. adamianebi Tanabarzomierad ar avlenen talants. xsiria SemTxveva, roca erti SexedviT sasualo talanti avlens saocar gabrwyinebas da piriqit, kaskasa varskvlavebi mokle an xangrzlivi droit ganicdian recesias. zogiertis talanti ki sasualo, Tanabarzonmieri qmeditobis unarit vlindeba. talantis cneba mwidrod ukavsirdeba inteleqtis cnebas, ramdenadac TviT inteleqtis gageba Zalian gafartovda. inteleqti ganmartebulia rogorc pirovnebis SesaZlebloba SeiZinos da gamoiyenos sakutari resursebi (Tvisebebi, codna, unar-cvevebi). zogadad, is ganixileba rogorc daswavlis, problemis dasmisa da gadawyvetis unari. arsebobs xisti midgomebic gamouyenebeli niwi es aris potenciuri SesaZlebloba, Tumca, es ar aris talanti. talanti araferia misi gamoyenebis unaris garese. gregori gurjievi, cnobili filosofosi, safrange- Tis adamianis harmoniuli ganvitarebis institutis 89

90 ekaterine gulua damaarsebeli, miicnevs, rom adamiani ar realizdeba misi Tanabarzomieri, harmoniuli, sulieri, fizikuri da emociuri ganvitarebis garese, romelic sam safexursi gamovlindeba. esenia: individualuri ganvitareba, gundtan musaobis unari da sistemis Seqmnisa da martvis unari [2, gv. 21]. cnobili fsiqologi aizenki [3, gv. 227] (Hans Jürgen Eysenck) ganasxvavebs biologiur, fsiqometrul, socialur inteleqts. biologiuri inteleqti (inteleqti A) neiro fiziologiuri da bio qimiuri faqtorebis gavlenit yalibdeba, dakavsirebulia tvinis didi naxevarsferoebis qerqtan. is genetikurad determinebulia da warmoadgens individistvis damaxasiatebeli funqcionirebis biologiur bazas. fsiqometruli inteleqti izomeba inteleqtualuri testebit, determindeba, rogorc biologiur inteleqtit, aseve socialur-kulturul faqtorebit. socialuri inteleqti (inteleqti B) moicavs inteleqti A s, dakavsirebulia pirovnebis unartan moaxdinos inteleqtis socializacia. inteleqtis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT mnisvnelovania hovard gardneris (Howard Gardner (1983, 1993)), robert sternbergis (Robert Sternberg (1988, 1997)), deivid perkinsis (David Perkins (1995)) nasromebi. zogadad inteleqti ganixileba rogorc: daswavlis unari nisnavs formaluri da araformaluri swavlis, gamocdilebis, ganatlebis mirebis unars problemis dasmis unari gulisxmobs problemuri situaciis Secnobis da natlad definicirebis unars problemis gadawyvetis unari moicavs amocanebis dasmas, produqtis Seqmnas, rtuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebas. 90

91 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi hovard gardnerma [4, gv. 8] SeZlo inteleqtis rva saxesxvaobis identificireba: 1. lingvisturi inteleqti (Linguistic) sityvebis efeqturad gamoyenebis unari, rogorc verbalurad, aseve werilobit; 2. logikur-matematikuri inteleqti (Logical-mathematical) kalkulirebis, gazomvis da rtuli matematikuri operaciebis Sesrulebis unari; 3. sivrculi inteleqti (Spatial) samyaros da misi gardaqmnebis vizualurad zustad arqmis unari. 4. ganxeulebul-kinetikuri inteleqti (Bodily-kinesthetic) ideebis, grznobebis, SesaZleblobebis gamoxatva sxeulis gamoyenebit da Sefasebis unari ardgenisa Tu transformirebistvis; 5. musikaluri inteleqti (Musical) musikaluri formebis arqmis, Cawvdomis, gansxvavebis, transformirebis, gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba; 6. interpersonaluri inteleqti (Interpersonal) adamianis unari ariqvas, Seicnos, ganasxvavos sxva adamianebis ganwyoba, zraxvebi, motivacia, grznobebi; 7. intrapersonaluri inteleqti (Intrapersonal) sakutari Tavis Secnobis da mis safuzvelze adaptirebis unari; 8. naturalisturi inteleqti (Naturalistic) bunebis, cxovelta qcevebis,arqeologiis da antropologiisadmi interesi da mati Secnobis unari. robert sternbergma [5, gv ] inteleqtis sami saxeoba ganasxvava: praqtikuli inteleqti (Practical intelligence) formaluri da araformaluri ganatlebis Camoyalibebis unari, garemosi adaptirebis unari; empiriuli, cdiseuli inteleqti (Experiential intelligence) unari gaumklavdes axal situaciebs, axal situaciebsi moaxdinos avtomaturi adaptacia, unari ifiqros axal gzebze; 91

92 ekaterine gulua komponenturi inteleqti (Componential intelligence) informaciis damusavebis unari: metakognituri, Sesrulebis, wardgenis, codnis SeZenis unari, unari uxelmz- Rvanelos kognitur procesebs. deivid patriksma [6, gv ] kvlevevbit daasabu- Ta, rom SesaZlebelia inteleqtis gaumjobeseba, gadaxaliseba codnis gadacemis, kognituri unarebis dauflebis safuzvelze. man gamoyo inteleqtis sami saxeoba: 1. nervuli inteleqti (Neural intelligence). nevrologikuri sistemis efeqturoba da sizuste. is SesaZloa iyos rogorc Tandayolili, genetikuri, aseve SeZenili. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia misi gauareseba, an gaumjobeseba; 2. cdiseuli, empiriuli inteleqti (Experiential intelligence) akumulirebuli codna da gamocdileba, gansxvavebul garemosi mirebuli gamocdilebebi. is SesaZlebelia iyos gaazrebuli rogorc yvela gamocdilebis akumulireba. empiriuli inteleqti izrdeba, mdidrdeba gamocdilebis mirebis kvaldakval; 3. gonebrivi inteleqti (Reflective intelligence) ariqmeba rogorc kontrolis sistema, izleva nervuli da empiriuli inteleqtis sworad gamoyenebis sasualebas, moicavs pirovnebis problemebtan gamklavebis, swavlebis, rtuli amocanebis gadawyvetis strategiebs, damokidebulebebs, romelic azlierebs simtkices, sistematizaciis unars. moicavs TviT monitorings da TviT-menejments. azrovnebis Cvevebi SesaZlebelia iqnes daswavlili da gaumjobesdes. miuxedavad mravali definiciisa, Tanamedrove menejmenti inteleqts ganixilavs bazisuri inteleqtis, emociuri inteleqtis da socialuri inteleqtis WriliT. am mimartulebit kvlevas Carlz darvinma Cauyara safuzveli, romelic swavlobda inteleqtis kognitur aspeqtebs, damaxsovrebis da problemis gadawyvetis unarebs. 92

93 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi emociuri inteleqti dreisatvis asocirdeba deniel golmenis [7, gv. 253] (Daniel Goleman) TeoriebTan. is moicavs TviTSemecnebas, TviTkontrols, TviTregulacias, motivacias, empatias da socialur unar-cvevebs. eduard Tordaikma (Edward Lee Thorndike) arakognituri inteleqtis gamosaxatad gamoiyena termini socialuri inteleqti esaa unari moaxdino sakutari unarebis socializacia,gaigo da marto sxva adamianebis unarebi. socialuri inteleqti ganixileba rogorc inteleqtis umarlesi done. gavrcelebulia, agretve, inteleqtis doneebad definicireba. gamoyofen inteleqtis pirvel dones, igive bazisur inteleqts, rac daswavlit, damaxsovrebit miireba da aisaxeba inteleqtualur koeficientsi, analitikuri azrovneba (daswavlili Teoriebis analizis unari); mravalmxrivi inteleqti (sxvadasxva sferoebis dakavsirebis unari), emociuri inteleqti da socialuri inteleqti [8, gv ]. gavrcelebulia inteleqtis Sefasebis raodenobrivi metodebic. arsebobs inteleqtis skala. pirovnebas diapazonis koeficientit aqvs sasualo inteleqti, _ sasualoze marali done, _ talanti, _ marali talanti, _ geniosi, geniosis marali done, _ geniosis yvelaze marali done >200 _ aragazomvadi geniosoba. Tumca, am SefasebaTa sistemas mravali mowinaarmdege hyavs, radgan ver dasturdeba korelacia maral inteleqtualur koeficientsa da warmatebas Soris [9]. talantis gamovlenasi ariarebulia genetikis, xasiatis, kvebis, arzrdis, garemo pirobebis roli. talantmenejmentsi am faqtorebis gatvaliswineba mnisvnelovania. talant-menejmenti organizaciis doneze dakav- Sirebulia personalis gamouvleneli SesaZleblobe- 93

94 ekaterine gulua bis, niwis, inteleqtis martvastan. es Teoria ukavsirdeba cnobili konsaltinguri firmis mak kinzi da kompaniis (McKinsey & Company) saqmianobas, romelmac Catarebuli kvlevis safuzvelze gamoaqveyna nasromi: brzola talantistvis [10], sadac kompaniis warmatebis winapirobad ganxilulia talantis gamovlena, mozidva, damagreba, xelsewyobis, mxardaweris ganvitarebis aucilebloba. es ideebi ganmtkicda mak kinzis jgufis gviandel SromebSic. damusavebulia talantis martvis strategiebi mravalerovnul kompaniebsi[11]. bostonis konsaltinguri jgufma (BCG Boston Consulting Group) warmo adgina talantebis Seqmnis taqtika[11], talantistvis brzolis sapirwoned. BCG dremde ertgulobs mis mier arceul strategias mxolod pirovnebebis upiratesobebis mirwevit aris SesaZlebeli organizaciebis mxridan konkurentupiratesobis mirweva [13]. bein da kompania (Bain and Company) permanentulad exmaureba talant menejmentis aqtualur mimartulebebs. am konsaltingur firmas 400 ze meti Sroma aqvs gamoqveynebuli talant menejmentis aqtualur sakitxebtan dakav- SirebiT [14]. dreisatvis Rirebuli mecnieruli Teoriebis umravlesoba konsaltinguri jgufebis mier yalibdeba. mat aqvt Teoriuli da praqtikuli kompetencia alro auron Tanamedrove gamowvevbs Seqmnan aqtualuri Teoriebi da mati popularizaciis berketebi. talantis martvis Teoriebi msgavsi tipis sauketeso jgufebis yuradrebis centrsia radgan: askaraa sauketeso talantebisa da sauketeso biznes Sedegebis korelacia; talanti aris Rirebulebis Seqmnis swrafad mzardi resursi; biznesi iqmneba metad rtul da dinamikur konteqstsi; 94

95 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi mmartvelebi da finansuri bazrebi moitxovnebi rtulad zrdadia; dasaqmebulta molodini mudmivad icvleba; samusao Zalis xelfasi talantebistvis brzolis Sesabamisia. rodesac menejerebs uwevt arcevanis gaketeba mraval prioritets Soris, mat urceven gaixsenon Zveli Cinuri andaza: Tu ginda ertwliani ketildreoba gazarde mwvanili, Tu ginda atwliani ketildreoba gazarde xe, Tu ginda saukunovani ketildreoba gazarde adamianebi [15] da amateben, rom adamianebis gazrdis unari, aseve, talantia. Talent Management - Actual Direction of Human Potential E. Gulua The success of social systems is unambiguously determined by managing human resourses in an appropriate way. It is permanently discussed how to exteriorize this postulate in real life where unimployment and poverty still can t be overcome and in better cases the lack of selfrealisation or satisfaction with work is clearly expressed. Humanization of society is incompatible with such collapses. Self-critical intelligence should not be able to become accustomed to such leakages ; one should confess this failure and develop himself, find ways to achieve the supreme target of humanity a human, with the best detections of its potential. According to objectives there are different ways to manage the potential. Potential is the unity of existing, covert and unrealized resources which might become the source of success in case of appropriate management and development. Respectively, the issues to demonstrate covert or explicit skills is very important as the use of talent, potential and intelligence is directly correlated with success. Thus, the pressing issues from the human resource management directions are evaluation of talent, development and imple- 95

96 ekaterine gulua mentation of the management methodology, find out interdependence of success and talent management as well as talent and intelligence. Talent management system could not be discussed as a separate process related with only micro groups. It must be perceived as a whole process, which can attain total efficienty and effectiveness when Employee Value Proposition (EVP) is growing and it is implemented on three levels: idivudual, macro and micro levels. Talent management includes the processes of identification of talent, planning, development, realization, stimulating, maintaining, growing, transforming and applying and this creates the basis for detecting, developing and utilizing all potentials, that are the background for total effectivity. Talent identification is a very important process. There are many approaches in this direction. In recent researches talent is not only the ability of quickly remembering information. Talent does not exist without using it successfully in real life. George Gurdjieff - founder of The Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man considers that an individual cannot realize oneself without his/her harmonious spiritual, physical and emotional development which includes individual development, team working skills, system creating and managing skills. Hans Jurgen Eysenck differentiates biological, psychometrical and social intelligence. Also, there are very important findings belonging to Howard Gardner, Robert Stenberg and David Perkins. Intelligence can be defined on different levels: the first level basic intelligence (learning, memorizing skills); the second level analytical skills; the third level - multilateral intelligence; the fourth level emotional intelligence and the fifth one social intelligence. Despite of diversities of definitions, modern management considers intelligence through basic intelligence, emotional and social intelligence. The fundamental research work in this directions has been made by Charles Darwine, he learned the cognitive aspects of intelligence, memorizing and problem solving skills. The concept of emotional intelligence is associated with the theories of Daniel Goleman. According 96

97 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi to these theories emotional intelligence includes self-cognition, self-controlling, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills. Edward Lee Thorndike used the term social intelligence to explore non cognitive intelligence - the ability of socialization, understanding and managing others. The social intelligence is considered to be the highest level of intelligence. It is confirmed that the talent is affected by genetics, character, food, training and environment. It is significant to consider these factors in talent management process. Talent management, as the main aspect of organizational human resource management system, is associated with McKinsey & company and the work The War for Talent. This theory was developed in later researches of this group. Talent management strategies are elaborated for multinational companies. The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) creates talent making tactics against the war for talents. BCG is faithful to this concept that corporative compatitiveness could be achieved only in case of individual advantages. Bain and company permanently replys talent management actual trends (Bain and Company). This group has published several hundreds of works about this issue. Nowadays, valuable scientific theories are developed by consulting groups, they have theoretical and practical competences to be sensitive to face modern challenges, develop theories and popularize, promote them. Talent management theories are popular because: there is an obvious correlation between the best talents and the best business performance; talent is growing resource of value creating processes; business is made in complex and dynamical context, etc. As managers have to make choice between the various priorities they are advised to remember the following old Chinese proverb: If you want one year of prosperity, grow grain, if you want ten years of prosperity, grow trees, if you want a hundred years of prosperity, grow people, in addition, the skill of growing people also is a talent. 97

98 ekaterine gulua gamoyenebuli literatura Георгий Иванович Гурджиев, Беседы с учениками, Париж, август 1922 г; 3.Hans J. Eysenck, Intelligence: A New Look, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 2000; 4.Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple intelligence, 2011; 5.The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence, edited by Robert J. Sternberg, Scott Barry Kaufman, Cambridge University Press 2011; 6.David Perkins. The Emerging Science of learnable Intelligence. USA. 1995; 7.Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence, International Bestseller, Harvard Business School Press, 2004; 8.Neil M. Glass, Management Master class: A Practical Guide To The New Realities of Business, 1998; 9. html 10. The War For Talent Elizabeth G. Chambers, Mark Foulon, Helen Handfield-Jones, Steven M. Hankin, Edward G. Michaels III, August 1998; 11.Martin Dewhurst, Matthew Pettigrew, and Ramesh Srinivasan, How multinationals can attract the talent they need, June 2012; 12. Make Talent, Not War Jean-Michel Caye and Karin Hinshaw, December 14, 2011; 13.Rainer Strack, Jean-Michel Caye, Vikram Bhalla, Peter Tollman, Carsten von der Linden, Pieter Haen, and Horacio Quiros, Creating People Advantage, October 18, 2012; 14.Michael Mankins, Alan Bird and James Root, How to turn star performers into a star team, January 15, 2013;

99 finansuri ekonomika mozrvreba centraluri bankis Sesaxeb SedarebiT axalgazrda mecnierebaa. es fulis mimoqcevis efeqtianobazec aisaxeba. `nebismieri qveynis sabanko sistemasi centraluri banki wamyvan rols asrulebs. mis saqmianobazea damokidebuli rogorc erovnuli ekonomikis, aseve qveynis sabanko sistemis mdgradi ganvitareba. aregulirebs ra fulis mimoqcevas nardi da unardo formit, centraluri banki qmnis gadamwyvet ekonomikur wanamzrvrebs Sromis produqtebis gacvlisatvis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mozraobisatvis mwarmoeblidan sazogadoebriv siketeta momxmareblisaken [1,gv.36]. swored zemoarnisnuli ganapirobebs sakvlevi problemis aqtualurobas. kvlevis mizania erovnuli (centraluri) bankis saqmianobis umnisvnelovanesi mimartulebebis warmocena, Tanamedrove tendenciebis, saertasoriso praqtikis, saqartvelos erovnuli bankis amocanebisa da funqciebis gaanalizebit. dasaxuli miznis misarwevad dasmulia Semdegi urtiertdakavsirebuli amocanebi: 1) fulad-sakredito politikis principebisa da Tanamedrove instrumentebis (sakredito organizaciebis refinansireba, saprocento politika, Ria bazris politika da sarezervo motxovnebis sistema) gamoyenebis meqanizmis efeqtianobis dasabuteba; 2) or- 99 erovnuli (centraluri) bankebis saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimartulebebi Tanamedrove etapze maia gogoxia ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, asocirebuli profesori

100 maia gogoxia ganizaciuli struqturis mixedvit gansxvavebuli sazedamxedvelo sistemebis sxvadasxva modelis Sedareba. statiasi arnisnuli sakitxebis axleburad warmocenis safuzvelze, gaketebulia daskvna, rom fulad-sakredito politikas, romelic centralur adgils ikavebs ekonomikis martvasi, unda hqondes mkvetrad gamoxatuli saxelmwifoebrivi Tavisebureba, Tavisi strategiita da taqtikit, magram usvebdes erovnuli bankis reaqcias ekonomikuri koniunqturis droit cvlilebebze. fulad-sakredito politikis dadgenili orientirebis mkacrma dacvam, magalitad fuladi masis nazardisa wlis ganmavlobasi, fulze motxovnis cvlilebisas, Sei- Zleba gamoiwvios inflaciuri Sedegebi an ertoblivi motxovnis SezRudva, es ki Tavis mxriv, amcirebs ndobas erovnuli bankis saqmianobisadmi. ekonomikuri subieqtebis ndobaze erovnuli bankisadmi, didadaa damokidebuli saqmiani aqtivoba. `Tavisi warmosobis momentisatvis centraluri bankebi mosaxleobis TiTqmis SeuzRudavi ndobit sargeblobdnen. centraluri banki mat ubralod did sazogadoebriv bankad miacndat, romlis amocana sazogadoebisatvis msaxureba iyo. amave dros, adamianebi Tvlidnen, rom centraluri bankis saxelmwifoebrivi statusi mat gakotrebisagan icavda [2, gv. 88]. Tumca, istoria cxadyofs, rom saxelmwifo xelisufalt SeuZliaT borotad isargeblon ZalauflebiT. Tanamedrove istoriasi centraluri bankis damoukideblobis principi sul ufro dominirebadi xdeboda rogorc TeoriaSi, aseve sakanonmdeblo praqtikasi. xazinis fiskaluri interesebis zewolis damrupvelobas daemata koniunqturuli politikuri interesebi, mat Soris winasaarcevno ideebi. centraluri bankis saqmianobis ert-erti principia saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politikis amocanebtan saku- Tari saqmianobis koordinireba. centraluri bankis saqmi- 100

101 finansuri ekonomika anoba ucvleli ar aris, is icvleba ekonomikur koniunqturastan ertad. ekonomikuri ganvitarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze banki amcirebs an zrdis sarezervo motxovnebs komerciuli bankebisadmi, refinansirebis ganakvets, gadasinjavs sakredito institutebis likvidobis riskebs. fulad-sakredito politikis formirebis praqtikuli aspeqtebi gulisxmobs rigi sakitxis SemuSavebas, romelta Sorisaa fulad-sakredito politikis prioritetuli obieqtis SerCeva: fulze motxovna Tu fulis miwodeba, saprocento ganakveti, Tu fulis raodenoba. fulad-sakredito politikis SemuSavebasa da gatarebisas mnisvnelovania centraluri bankis damoukideblobis xarisxi, iseve, rogorc sabanko sistemis stabilurobas aqvs uarresad didi mnisvneloba fulad-sakredito politikis efeqtianad ganxorcielebisatvis. DMO saqartvelos erovnuli bankis (seb-i) mier gatarebuli Tanamedrove fulad-sakredito politika ar unda iyos mimartuli mxolod fasebis stabilurobaze. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom zogiert qveyanasi mizans warmoadgens maqsimalurad mdgradi grzelvadiani ekonomikuri zrda da fasebis stabiluroba, xolo evropis centraluri bankebi Tavis fulad-sakredito strategias ukavsireben ekonomikis mudmiv mdgrad ganvitarebasa da dasaqmebis maral dones. isic unda arinisnos, rom saqartvelosi monetarul (fulad-sakredito) politikasi kreditis roli Zalze sustia. `saqartvelosi fulad-sakredito politikis gadacemis meqanizmis Sefasebisas veqtoruli avtoregresiis modelis gamoyenebit mirebuli Sedegebi gvicvenebs,rom sabanko sesxebis faqtoris mnisvneloba fasebtan da realur msp-tan mimartebit mtlianobasi ver iqna dadasturebuli. arnisnuli faqti SeiZleba aixsnebodes sabanko kreditis mcire rolit saqartvelos ekonomikasi. Tumca, sesxebis 101

102 maia gogoxia dekompoziciis Semdeg erovnul da ucxour valutasi gacemul sesxebad, erovnul valutasi gacemuli sesxebi fasebze statistikurad mnisvnelovan dadebit gavlenas axdens [3, gv.1]. ekonomikistvis ki sakredito urtiertobebi pirvelxarisxovania _ kreditis gamoyenebis masstabsa da efeqtianobaze garkveulwiladaa damokidebuli ekonomikuri da socialuri amocanebis gadawyveta. sawarmoebis dakreditebasi bankebis rolis zrda miirweva fuladsakredito politikasi saprocento ganakvetebis rolis gazrdit (misi Semcireba donemde, romelic Seesabameba ekonomikis ganvitarebis miznobriv orientirs). Tumca, unda SevniSnoT, rom refinansirebis ganakvetis cvlileba awmyosi jer-jerobit ar axdens usualo gavlenas ekonomikis sawarmoo seqtorsa da msp-s zrdaze. `sabanko seqtorsi kapitalis koncentraciis xarisxi matulobs, es garemoeba negatiurad zemoqmedebs kreditebis xelmisawvdomobaze, uwinaresad, mati sizviris gamo. msoflio bankis monacemebit, saqartvelosi sesxebze saprocento sasualo Sewonili ganakveti 26% arwevs, depozitebze ki _ 10%-is farglebsia, masin rodesac msoflio sabanko praqtikasi marja 6,2% ar aremateba [4, gv. 9]. seb-i, fulad-sakredito regulirebis efeqtianobis asamarleblad, zemoqmedebs sabanko sistemis likvidobis doneze, ristvisac itvaliswinebs cvlilebebs rezervebze sabanko sistemis motxovnasi da miiswrafvis gamoiyenos saprocento ganakvetebi,romelta roli fulad-sakredito politikasi gaizrdeba. amastan, refinansirebis ganakvetis dausabutebelma cvlilebam SeiZleba mcdari orientirebi misces sakredito organizaciebs mati saprocento politikisatvis. sazrvargaret saarricxvo ganakvetis cvlileba, Tundac meotxedi procentit, ekonomikis mdgomareobaze arsebit gavlenas axdens. Tu inflaciis targetireba miirweva fuladi masis 102

103 finansuri ekonomika regulirebit (SemcirebiT) centraluri bankis mxridan mkacri restriqciuli fulad-sakredito politikis farglebsi, es gamoiwvevs msp-s monetizaciis donis mkvetr Semcirebas. amastan, ekonomika SesaZloa moxvdes e.w. inflaciur (likvidobis) maxesi: mimoqcevasi fulis raodenobis mkvetri Semcireba iwvevs motxovnisa da sawarmota fondebsi sabrunavi saxsrebis xvedriti wonis mkvetr klebas, ris Sedegadac warmoeba ikveceba, izrdeba argadaxdebi da armocendeba axali inflaciuri talra warmoebis ufro dabal doneze, droebiti finansuri stabilizacia miirweva warmoebis Semdgomi `kvdomis xarjze. fulad-sakredito politikis metodebis arceva imazea damkidebuli, ra aris misi prioritetuli obieqti: fulze motxovna Tu fulis miwodeba, saprocento ganakve- Ti Tu fulis raodenoba. Tavis mxriv, fulad-sakredito politikis obieqtebis prioritetebis arcevani imazea damokidebuli, ra ufro `Zlierad zemoqmedebs ekonomikaze _ fulze motxovna Tu misi miwodeba, faqtobrivad ki _ saprocento ganakveti Tu fulis raodenoba. msoflio ekonomikur praqtikasi centraluri bankis fulad-sakredito politikis Semdeg instrumentebs iyeneben: savaldebulo rezervebis normativis, anu sarezervo motxovnis cvlileba, centraluri bankis saprocento politika, anu komerciuli bankebis mier centraluri bankisagan saxsrebis sesxebis an komerciuli bankebis saxsrebis centralur banksi deponirebis meqanizmis cvlileba, operaciebi Ria bazarze saxelmwifo fasiani qaraldebit. savaldebulo rezervebis normis cvlileba dreisatvis gamoiyeneba rogorc yvelaze martivi instrumenti fulad-sakredito sferos uswrafesi awyobis miznit. monetaruli politikis es instrumenti, specialistebis azrit, romlebic mocemuli problemit arian dakavebuli,yvelaze mzlavria, magram amavdroulad yvelaze uxesi, rametu ex- 103

104 maia gogoxia eba mteli sabanko sistemis safuzvlebs. savaldebulo rezervebis normis Tundac umnisvnelo cvlilebas unari Seswevs gamoiwvios didi cvlilebebi sabanko rezervebis moculobasa da komerciuli bankebis sakredito politikasi. centralur banks SeuZlia daadginos erti an ramodenime saprocento ganakveti operaciebis sxvadasxva saxeobaze an gaataros saprocento politika saprocento ganakvetis fiqsaciis garese. centraluri bankis saprocento ganakvetebi ar aris savaldebulo komerciuli bankebisatvis Tavis klientebtan an sxva bankebtan sakredito urtiertobebisas. magram, oficialuri saarricxvo ganakvetis done komerciuli bankebisatvis orientiria sakredito operaciebis ganxorcielebisas. amastan, swored es isntrumenti acvenebs, rom misi Sedegebis gan- Wvreta naklebadaa SesaZlebeli. magalitad, refinansirebis ganakvetis Semcireba ganixileba rogorc RonisZieba, romelic afartovebs fulis miwodebas. magram, refinansirebis ganakvetis Semcireba gavlenas axdens procentis sabazro ganakvetze, romelic mcirdeba, Sedegad izrdeba motxovna nard fulsa da sxva aqtivebze, romlebze motxovnac imyofeba ukudamokidebulebasi procentis ganakve- Tis donestan. Tavis mxriv, motxovna depozitebze mcirdeba _ multiplikatori Semcirdeba, magram rogor da ra periodsi moaxdens refinansirebis ganakvetis Semcireba gavlenas sabanko multiplikatorze, rtuli satqmelia. amitom, fulad-sakredito politikasi unda ganvasxvavot moklevadiani da grzelvadiani periodebi. refinansirebis ganakvetis gadasinjvastan ertad icvleba lombarduli kreditis, `overnait kreditis, repo operaciebis da centralur banksi depozitebze moziduli bankebis saxsrebis procentebi. centraluri bankis operaciebi Ria bazarze awymosi 104

105 finansuri ekonomika msoflio ekonomikur praqtikasi fulad-sakredito politikis ZiriTadi instrumentia. centraluri banki yidis an yidulobs winaswar dadgenili kursit fasian qaraldebs, mat Soris saxelmwifo fasian qaraldebs, romlebic aformireben qveynis Siga vals. es instrumenti itvleba komerciuli bankebis sakredito dabandebebisa da likvidobis regulirebis yvelaze moqnil instrumentad. operaciebi Ria bazarze tardeba centraluri bankis mier, Cveulebriv, msxvili bankebisa da sxva safinanso-sakredito dawesebulebebis jguftan ertad da kvlav SeiZleba arvnisnot fulad-sakredito politikis Sedegebis ganu- Wvretadoba imastan dakavsirebit, rom Ria bazari _ finansuri bazaria. Ria bazarze gayidvebis zrda iwvevs finansuri aqtivebis miwodebis zrdas, Sedegad, saprocento ganakvetebis zrdas, rac Tavis mxriv, aisaxeba multi plikatoris gazrdaze, es ki ramdenadme dafaravs fuladi bazis Semcirebis efeqts da piriqit, Ria bazarze Sesyidvis operaciebma SeiZleba ganapirobos finansur aqtivebze motxovnis zrda, saprocento ganakvetebisa da multi plikatoris Semcireba. zemot ganxilul fulad-sakredito politikis tradiciul instrumentebtan ertad, fulad-sakredito politikis farglebsi SesaZloa,agreTve,dadgindes fuladi masis zrdis orientirebi da ganxorcieldes savaluto regulireba. centraluri banki atarebs savaluto intervenciebs, rata maqsimalurad miuaxlovos erovnuli valutis kursi mis myidvelobitunarianobas da, amave dros, mirweul iqnes kompromisi eqsportiorebisa da importiorebis interesebs Soris. fulad-sakredito politikis intrumentebis optimaluri kombinacia damokidebulia finansuri bazrebis ganvitarebis stadiasa da struqturaze, centraluri bankis rolze qveynis ekonomikasi. magalitad, saarricxvo ganakvetebis (refinansirebis ganakvetebis) politika, 105

106 maia gogoxia romelic mnisvnelobit meore adgils ikavebs centraluri bankis Ria bazris politikis Semdgom, Cveulebriv, tardeba centraluri bankis Ria bazarze saqmianobastan SexamebiT. fulad-sakredito politikis efeqtianad ganxorcielebisatvis uarresad mnisvnelovania sabanko sistemis stabiluroba, sabanko seqtori is arxia, romlitac fuladsakredito regulirebis impulsebi mtel ekonomikas gadaecema. zemoqmedebs ra sakredito institutebze, is qmnis garkveul pirobebs mati funqcionirebisatvis, Sesabamisad, centraluri bankis mier komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis regulireba SeiZleba ganvixilot, agertve, rogorc centraluri bankis mxridan ekonomikis fulad-sakredito regulirebis ert-erti mimartuleba. Tanamedrove pirobebsi vitardeba sabanko zedamxedvelobis sistemis riskze orientirebuli modeli. sabanko sistemis warmatebuli funqcionirebis mnisvnelovani pirobaa misi saxelmwifo regulireba. sabanko zedamxedveloba moicavs sakredito institutebis mimart motxovnebis dadgenisa da cxovrebasi gatarebis RonisZiebaTa ertobliobas, romelic mimartulia mteli sabanko sistemis stabiluri funqcionirebis uzrunvelsayofad. farto gagebit sabanko zedamxedveloba warmoadgens regulirebas, rametu, jer erti, moicavs sabanko saqmianobis saxelmwifo regulirebis gansazrvrul sferoebs da instrumentebs, meorec, Tan axlavs gadawyvetilebata mireba, romelic aregulirebs sabanko sistemis raodenobriv da xarisxobriv struqturas, agretve sakredito institutebis mimdinare saqmianobis organizaciul da ekonomikur aspeqtebs, mat Soris _ sabanko riskebis martvis sistemis. Tumca, zogiert publikaciasi sabanko zedamxedveloba dayvanilia sakredito organizaciebis mier sakanonmdeblo aqtebis da sazedamxedvelo organos maregulirebeli 106

107 finansuri ekonomika normebis dacvis kontrolze. amastan dakavsirebit unda arinisnos, rom kontroli martlac axasiatebs zedamxedvelobas, magram rogorc misi ert-erti funqciis gamovlineba. sabanko sistemis ganvitarebis Tanamedrove etapis saerto tendenciaa TviTregulirebis rolis zrda, rac gamoixateba msoflio sabanko Tanamegobrobis saqmianobis gafartoebit, sabanko zedamxedvelobis bazelis komitetis saxit, romelic sabanko praqtikis Seswavlisa da ganzogadebis safuzvelze, SeimuSavebs sabanko saqmianobis ertian wesebs, romelic sarekomendacio xasiats atarebs. qveynebis umetesoba itvaliswinebs am rekomendaciebs, mat Soris umnisvnelovanesia _ bankebis kapitalis sakmarisobis Sefasebis rekomendaciebi, sabanko riskebis Sefasebisa da korporaciuli martvis organizebis midgomebi. zedamxedvelobis sistemis mtlianoba uzrunvelyofilia misi samartlebrivi safuzvlit, romelic Sedis am sistemasi damoukidebeli elementis saxit. gamoiyofa sazedamxedvelo sistemebis ramodenime tipi, romelic gansxvavdeba organizaciuli struqturit. pirvel tips miekutvneba qveynebi, sadac sazedamxedvelo saqmianoba mtlianad Tavmoyrilia centralur banksi: espaneti, saberzneti, CexeTi, slovaketi, ruseti, portugalia. meore ti ps miekutvneba iaponia da kanada, am qveynebsi sazedamxedvelo funqciebi ganawilebulia centralur banksa da finansta saministros Soris. zedamxedvelobis am modelis arcevani dafuznebulia mosazrebaze, rom ekonomikisa da finansta saministro an finansta saministro flobs met obieqturobas bankebis finansuri mdgradobis Sefasebisas, amitom SeuZlia uzrunvelyos ufro efeqtiani zedamxedveloba. sazedamxedvelo sistemis mesame tips adgili aqvs iset ganvitarebul qveynebsi, rogoricaa: germania, safrangeti, ass da sxva. am modelsi, centralur banktan er- 107

108 maia gogoxia Tad, zedamxedvelobis sistemasi CarTulia specialurad Seqmnili organoebi. analitikuri samusaos Catarebisas adgili aqvs sxvadasxva sazedamxedvelo organos saqmianobasi garkveul dublirebas. eqspertebis azrit, aseti dublireba zrdis zedamxedvelobis efeqtianobas, rametu ramodenime sazedamxedvelo organos arseboba qmnis ertgvar `SekavebaTa da sapirwoneta sistemas. meotxe modeli exeba qveynebs, romeltac miires kanonmdebloba megaregulatoris Seqmnis Sesaxeb finansuri mosmaxurebis bazarze, anu organosi, romelic axorcielebs zedamxedvelobas finansuri bazris yvela seqtorze (sabanko, sadazrvevo, fasiani qaraldebis bazarze). aset qveynebs miekutvneba: avstria, SvedeTi, didi britaneti, dania da sxv. dreisatvis seb-i uflebamosilia ganaxorcielos safinanso seqtoris zedamxedveloba: `erovnul banks mini- Webuli aqvs sruli uflebamosileba, zedamxedveloba gauwios komerciuli bankebis, arasabnko sadepozito dawesebulebebis, mikrosafinanso organizaciebis, sadazrvevo organizaciebis,gadamzrveveli kompaniebis,arasaxelmwifo sapensio sqemebis damfuzneblebis, fasiani qaraldebis damoukidebeli registratorebis, sabrokero kompaniebis, safondo birjis, centraluri depozitaris, specializebuli depozitaris, aqtivebis mmartveli kompaniebis, angarisvaldebuli sawarmoebis, sagadasaxdo sistemis operatorisa da sagadasaxdo momsaxurebis provaideris saqmianobas [5, gv.16]. seb-is mier safinanso seqtoris zedamxedvelobis funqciis Sesrulebis Zlieri mxareebia: zedamxedvelobis organuli kavsiri erovnuli bankis saqmianobis iset mimartulebebtan, rogoricaa, sagadasaxdo brunvis organizeba da sakredito institutebis refinansireba, romlis processic erovnuli banki 108

109 finansuri ekonomika sistematurad Seiswavlis sakredito institutebis finansur mdgomareobas; erovnul banksi gamocdili analitikosebis arseboba, romeltac kargad ician sabanko saqme; integraciuli procesebi, romelsac adgili aqvs finansur bazrebze, SesaZlebels xdis erovnuli bankis mier zedamxedveloba ganxorcieldes yvela finansur institutze. erovnuli banki flobs didzal informacias, rametu Seiswavlis sasinao da sazrvargaretis fulad da finansur riskebs. sazedamxedvelo sistemebis sxvadasxva ti pis arseboba iwvevs mudmiv diskusiebs mati Rirsebebisa da naklovanebebis Taobaze, zedamxedvelobis organizebis optimaluri variantis dasabutebisatvis. sazrvargaretis gamocdilebis Seswavla gvicvenebs, rom sazedamxedvelo organoebi floben bankebis finansuri mdgradobis Sefasebis gansxvavebul analitikur da statistikur metodikebs. zogierti metodika atarebs distanciuri sareitingo sistemebis xasiats (ass _ sistema CAMELS, safrangeti _ ORAP, italia _ RATROC ), sxvebi _ riskebis kompleqsuri Sefasebis (didi britaneti _ RATE, niderlandebi _ RAST ), zogi adreuli gafrtxilebis sistemas warmadgens (safrangeti _ SAABA ). am sistemebis umetesobis safuzvelsi Zevs komponentebi, romlebic Sedis sistemasi CAMELS,rogorc bankis fiansuri mdgradobis Sefasebis drois mier yvelaze gamocdili modeli. mastan, yvela qveyanam Seitana Tavis metodikebsi garkveuli novaciebi. garda amisa, es sistemebi mudmivad vitardeba da ufro srulyofili xdeba. wlebis ganmavlobasi sabanko kanonmdeblobis ganvi- TarebasTan ertad Seiqmna seb-is seriozuli normatiuli baza, romelic Seexeba sabanko regulirebasa da zedamxedvelobas. am normatiul dokumentebs Soris gansakutreb- 109

110 maia gogoxia uli adgili uwiravs dokumentebs, rac gansazrvravs prudenciul normebs da motxovnebs sakredito organizaciebisadmi. sabanko sistemis likvidobis SenarCunebisaTvis gankutvnilia savaldebulo darezervebis fondi. saqartvelosi erovnuli valutit moziduli saxsrebisatvis minimaluri sarezervo norma aris 10%, ucxouri valutit moziduli saxsrebisatvis minimaluri sarezervo norma aris 15%, garda narceni vadianobis mixedvit ucxouri valutit 365 dridan 730 dremde vadianobis nasesxebi saxsrebisa. am ukanasknelisatvis minimaluri sarezervo norma aris 5%. mozidul saxsrebsi ar gaitvaliswineba erovnuli bankidan da sxva rezidenti bankebidan mirebuli valdebulebebi, narceni vadianobis mixedvit erovnuli valutit 365 drisa da meti vadianobis, aseve ucxouri valutit 730 drisa da meti vadianobis nasesxebi saxsrebi, bankis mier gamosvebuli standartuli sadepozito sertifikatebi [6. gv. 1-2]. Tanamedrove normatiul dokumentebsi rac gansaz- Rvravs evrokavsiris qveynebsi minimaluri darezervebis sistemis gamoyenebis mizansewonilobas, aqcenti ketdeba am sistemis sasualebit fulis bazris ganakvetebis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofasa da sabanko sistemis struqturuli likvidobis regulirebaze. savaldebuli darezervebis sistemis amosavali ekonomikuri Semadgenelia darezervebis baza,romelic gansazrvravs im moziduli saxsrebis Semadgenlobas, romelic savaldebuli rezervebis gaangarisebasi monawileobs. banktasorisi kreditebi, romlebic aradepozituri moziduli saxsrebis ZiriTadi saxeobaa, gankutvnilia ara sesxebis gasacemad, aramed sakredito organizaciebis likvidobis usualo regulirebisatvis, amave funqcias asrulebs centraluri bankis kreditebic. amitom, mat ar 110

111 finansuri ekonomika rtaven darezervebis bazasi. aqedan gamomdinare, savaldebulo rezervebis, rogorc fulad-sakredito regulirebis instrumentis danisnulebas,seesabameba ara moziduli saxsrebis mteli sfero, aramed misi mxolod is nawili, romelic depozituri wyaroebis safuzvelze iqmneba, amas- Tan aucilebelia mxedvelobasi gvqondes, rom bankebis mier moziduli depozituri wyaroebis formebi sistematurad vitardeba. aset formebs warmoadgens ara mxolod sakutriv sxvadasxva saxeobis depozitebi, aramed sadepozito (sasemnaxvelo) sertifikatebi, sabanko Tamasuqebi da a.s. amitom darezervebis bazis gansazrvrisas aucilebelia Seswavlili iqnes ama Tu im qveyanasi moziduli da gamoyenebuli saxsrebis konkretuli wyaroebi da formebi, rata centraluri bankis mier normatiulad ganisazrvros moziduli saxsrebis Semadgenloba, mikutvnebuli darezervebis bazisadmi. darezervebis bazis ganxilvisas mnisvnelovania, agrete, daisvas sakitxi sarezervo motxovnebis Sesrulebis metodebis Taobaze, ganpirobebuli imit, rom komerciuli bankebis umetesobas aqvs nardi fuli (salarosi) da mat mier SeZenili saxelmwifo fasiani qaraldebi. arnisnuli aqtivebi miekutvneba marallikvidurs, da amitom, SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc komerciuli bankis rezervebi. am rezervebis formirebis metodebis gansxvaveba savaldebulosgan is aris, rom savaldebulo rezervebi inaxeba centralur banksi, xolo nardi fuli da bankis mier SeZenili saxelmwifo fasiani qaraldebi aris bank- Si. amastan dakavsirebit, armocendeba sakitxi savaldebuli rezervebsi zemotarnisnuli marallikviduri aqtivebis CarTvis SesaZleblobis Taobaze. saertasoriso praqtikasi is CarTulia savaldebuli rezervebsi. yvelaze 111

112 maia gogoxia fartod aseti praqtika exeba nard fuls. rogorc fuladi masis elementi, is regulirdeba minimalurad aucilebeli Tanxis an limitis dadgenis sasualebit. misi CarTva darezervebis bazasi srulebit pasuxobs savaldebulo darezervebis danisnulebas. saxelmwifo (saxazino) fasiani qaraldebi aseve Seesabameba savaldebulo darezervebis danisnulebas. amas- Tan ertad, saxelmwifo fasiani qaraldebi warmoadgens Ria bazarze operaciebis safuzvels. darezervebis bazasi misma CarTvam SeiZleba Seamciros am bazris likvidoba da Ria bazris operaciebis efeqtianoba. savaldebuli darezervebis norma, rogorc fuladsakredito politkis instumenti, aregulirebs ara mxolod fulis masis moculobas, aramed mis struqturasac. fulis masa araertgvarovania Tavisi likvidobit, warmo- Sobis wyaroebit. fulad-sakredito politika, rogorc wesi, orientirebulia fuladi masis yvelaze mizansewonili struqturis SesanarCuneblad, da, amitom, savaldebulo darezervebis normebis diferencirebas itvaliswinebs. Tanamedrove tendenciaa sarezervo motxovnebis bazis TandaTanobiT gafartoeba, savaldebulo darezervebis normebis Semcireba, sarezervo motxovnebis Sesrulebis meqanizmis moqnilobis amarleba da sxva. ass-si, did britanetsi, Sveicariasa da iaponiasi sakredito organizaciebisatvis nebadartulia CaTvalon dadgenil rezervebsi nardi fuli. evrokavsiris darezervebis bazasi CairTveba overnait depozitebi, depozitebi dafarvis vadit or wlamde, depozitebi vadit or wlamde amorebis Sesaxeb Setyobinebis SeTanxmebuli vadit, savalo valdebulebebi pirveldawyebiti xangrzlivobit or wlamde, fulis bazris fasiani qaraldebi. valdebulebata am jgufistvis darezervebis ganakeveti Seadgens 2%-s. magalitistvis, ass-si evrobazarze gantavsebuli 112

113 finansuri ekonomika depozitebi ar CairTveba darezervebis bazasi, amitom, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes kanonis farglebsi motxovnebis Sesrulebisgan Tavis asarideblad. savaldebuli rezervebis normis (normativebis) Semcireba asaxavs bolo wlebis manzilze am instrumentis mnisvnelobis dakargvas fulad-sakredito regulirebistvis. bolo wlebsi saz- RvargareTis qveynebsi gamoiyeneba darezervebis Semdegi normebi (%): didi britaneti _ 0,45, iaponia _ 2,5. Sveicaria _ 2,5. msoflio ekonomikur praqtikasi centraluri bankis saprocento politika fulad-sakredito politikis ert-erti ZiriTadi instrumentia. is tardeba ori mimartulebit: 1) komerciuli bankebis mier centraluri bankidan sesxebis regulireba da 2) centraluri bankis depozituri politika. refinansirebis ganakveti warmoadgens orientirs bazris yvela monawilistvis, gansazrvravs ra centraluri bankis fulis fass. centralur bankebs SeuZliaT daadginon refinansirebis ramdenime ganakveti kreditebis saxeobaze damokidebulebit (kreditis vada, uzrunvelyofis saxeoba). saprocento politikam SeiZleba gamoiwvios mzardi fasismieri efeqti. ekonomikis subieqtebi miiswrafvian Tavi daarwion mzardi saarricxvo ganakvetis gavlenas da gadaakisreben Tavis xarjebs klientebs (zrdian ra Sesabamisad sakutar siketeta fass). ekonomikasi, romelic inflaciis problemebs ganicdis, aseti gverditi efeqti gansakutrebit mtkivneulia. kerzo seqtori iswrafvis gadaakisros myidvels mteli damatebiti tvirti, romelic awveba mas maregulirebeli zomebis Sedegad. msgavsi finansuri SesaZlebloba ganvitarebad da gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebsi ufro maralia, rametu bazris gajerebulobis, konkurenciis xarisxi ufro sustia, vidre dasavletis ganvitarebul qveynebsi. 113

114 maia gogoxia finansuri krizisis pirobebsi bankebis likvidobis regulirebisatvis saarricxvo ganakvetis gamoyenebis magalitia saarricxvo ganakvetis cvlileba federaluri sarezervo sistemis (fss) operaciebis mixedvit 2007 wlis seqtembridan 2008 wlis ivnisamde, rodesac ekonomikuri dacemis riskis pirobebsi ass-si ganakveti Svidjer Semcirda _ 5%-dan agvistosi 2%-mde 2008 wlis ivnisis mdgomareobit. amastan, ekonomikuri dacemis riskis Semcirebis pirobebsi, magram inflaciis gazlierebisas, fss 2008 wlis SuaSi ganixilavda saarricxvo ganakvetis gazrdis alba- Tobas. evrokavsiris qveynebsi ganakveti refinansirebis ZiriTad operaciebze Seadgens ecb (evropis centraluri banki) saarricxvo politikis wamyvan elements, romelic gamoiyeneba ertdriani likvidobis regulirebisatvis, overnait sabazro ganakvetis SezRudvisaTvis da bazrisatvis signalebis gadasacemad fuladi politikis mimartulebasa da xasiatze. evropis rig qveyanasi gavrcelebuli praqtikis analogiurad, ecb saarricxvo ganakveti dgindeba centraluri bankis ertdriani sakredito da sadepozito operaciebis ganakvetebit Semofarglul derefansi. ganakveti sadepozito operaciebze, romelic sasualebas azlevs finansur institutebs ganatavson saxsrebi nacionalur centralur bankebsi, adgens ganakvetebis qveda zrvars ertdriani kreditebis bazarze. ecb aformirebs saprocento politikis saerto principebs msoflio finansuri bazrebis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, magram evrokavsiris qveynebis interesebis da makroekonomikuri situaciis gatvaliswinebit, romelic evropul bazrebze yalibdeba. ase, magalitad, finansuri krizisis ganvitarebis fonze, 2007 wlis agvistodan 2008 wlis ivnisamde, ecb-ma ucvleli datova refinansirebis ganakveti _ 4% doneze, CaTvala ra, rom inflaciuri pro- 114

115 finansuri ekonomika cesebis ganvitareba evrokavsiris qveynebsi saxifato tendencias warmoadgens. refinansirebis Tanamedrove instrumentebia: kreditebi, gacemuli centraluri bankis mier komerciul bankebze fasiani qaraldebis giraos qves; aseve, moklevadiani ormxrivi garigebebi savaluto da safondo bazrebze (svop operacia da operacia repo). imis gatvaliswinebit, rom centraluri bankis kreditebi flobs inflaciuri procesebis stimulirebis potenciur SesaZleblobas, Tu droulad ar iqna dabrunebuli, mati gacemis pirobaa finansurad mdgrad klientebze likviduri uzrunvelyofis qves mati gacema. sazrvargaret mikrodoneze centraluri bankebi aqtiurad asruleben bolo instanciis kreditoris funqcias, uzrunvelyofen ra, amastanave, mtlianobasi sabanko sistemis likvidobis regulirebas. centraluri bankebis mier am funqciis Sesrulebam, depozitebis dazrvevis sistemis ganvitarebastan SexamebiT, ganvitarebul qveynebsi praqtikulad armofxvra tradiciuli sabanko krizisebis SesaZlebloba meanabreebis panikuri ganwyobis Sedegad. refinansirebis operaciebi evrosistemis fulad-sakredito politikis mtavari instrumentia da iyofa instrumentebad, romlebic moemsaxureba operaciebs Ria bazarze, da mudmivmoqmed instrumentebad, romelic komerciuli bankebis iniciativit gamoiyeneba. saarricxvo operaciebi gamoiyeneba saxalxo meurneobis gansazrvruli dargebis ganvitarebaze seleqciuri zemoqmedebisatvis. italiasi refinansirebis es instrumenti mowodebulia ekonomikis agraruli seqtoris ganvitarebas misces stimuli. saarricxvo operaciebtan ertad, sazrvaragretis praqtikasi refinansirebis mudmivmoqmedi meqanizmi moicavs agretve lombardul, ertdrian da SidadRiur kreditebs, banksi deponirebuli fasiani qaraldebis giraos qves. 115

116 maia gogoxia ZiriTad fasian qaraldebs, romlitac xorcieldeba operaciebi Ria bazarze, miekutvneba yvelaze likviduri fasiani qaraldebi, romlebic aqtiurad mimoiqceva meorad bazarze, romelta riski Zalzed umnisvneloa. aset fasian qaraldebs warmoadgens sxvadasxva valdebulebebi emitirebuli fuladi xelisuflebis mier: savalo sertifikatebi (niderlandebis banki,daniis nacionaluri banki, espanetis banki, ecb); finansuri Tamasuqebi (inglisis banki, SvedeTis riks-banki, germanuli bundesbanki, iaponiis banki); obligaciebi (koreis banki, Ciles cetraluri banki, rusetis banki). fasiani qaraldebis arcevani damokidebulia finansuri bazris ganvitarebisa da centraluri bankis damoukideblobis xarisxze, mis SesaZleblobaze ganaxorcielos operaciebi ara mxolod saxelmwifo fasiani qaraldebit, aramed _ sxva emitentebis qaraldebitac. ekonomikis Riaoba da misi damokidebuleba erovnuli valutis gacvliti kursis dinamikaze, zrdis operaciebs ucxouri savalo valdebulebebit (norvegia, avstria, dania). operaciebi Ria bazarze ufro metad miesadageba moklevadian koniunqturul ryevebs, saarricxvo politikastan SedarebiT. ecb operaciebs Ria bazarze ganixilavs rogorc fulad-sakredito politikis yevlaze efeqtur instruments, orientirdeba ra germaniis federalur bankze, romlistvisac 1980-iani wlebis Suidan, mat aqvt upiratesi mnisvneloba. ganvitarebuli ekonomikis mqone qveynebis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom centraluri bankis mier saxelmwifo fasiani qaraldebit bazarze operaciebis efeqtian Catarebas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos fulis bazarze moklevadiani saprocento ganakvetis koreqtireba da amit daareguliros fulis masa mimoqcevasi,aseve _ sakredito organizaciebis 116

117 finansuri ekonomika likvidobis regulireba. es operaciebi SesaZlebels xdis biujetis deficitis inflaciuri dafinansebis Tavidan acilebas. Ria bazris operaciebisatvis gamoiyeneba saqartvelos erovnuli bankis sadepozito sertifikatebi, mtavrobis saxazino valdebulebebi da saxazino obligaciebi. monetaruli politikis ganakveti (refinansirebis ganakve- Ti) seb-is fulad-sakredito politikis mtavari instrumentia. monetaruli politikis gansazrvris processi inflaciis prognozirebuli macveneblis gatvaliswineba xdeba, vinaidan gatarebuli politikis Sedegi ekonomikaze drois garkveuli periodis Semdeg aisaxeba wlis aprilidan seb-ma aamoqmeda axali instrumenti _ mudmivmoqmedi refinansirebis sesxi. arnisnuli instrumentit komerciul bankebs sasualeba aqvt miiron sesxi garantirebulad, auqcionis garese. saprocento ganakveti mudmivmoqmed refinansirebis sesxze ganisazrvreba, rogorc monetaruli politikis ganakvets plius erti procentuli punqti. seb-is ertdriani sesxebisa da ertdriani depozitebis instrumentebit ki (mudmivmoqmedi instrumentebi) faqtobrivad dawesda saprocento ganakvetis samprocentiani derefani banktasoris bazarze, rac xels uwyobs banktasorisi bazris saprocento ganakvetis meryeobis Semcirebas. Tumca, marali dolarizaciis pirobebsi, monetarul politikasi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi mxolod nawilobriv gadaecema ekonomikas. seb-s mxolod laris saprocento ganakvetebis martva SeuZlia. Sesabamisad, mcirdeba monetaruli politikis zegavlena ertobliv motxovnasa da inflaciaze. gazrdili larizaciis pirobebsi gaumjobesdeba monetaruli politikis efeqtianoba. amdenad, erovnuli bankis ert-erti amocana larizaciis zrdaa. 117

118 maia gogoxia Main Directions of National (Central) Bank Activities on the Current Stage M. Gogokhia The article presents the most important directions of the national (central) bank activities. International practices, objectives and functions of the National Bank of Georgia are analyzed. The central bank represents a definite variety of a bank, as a whole, with specific characteristics. In its essence it is a social institution which regulates currency flow in cash as well as non-cash payments. Central bank creates deisive economic preconditions for exchanging products, movement of goods and services from the producer to the consumers of public goods. Confidence from the economic entities in the national banks determines business activities to great extent. Sustainable development of the country s bank sector depends exactly on the activities of central bank. Banking regulation and supervision is discussed in the paper. Special attention is paid to one of the most important issues of the banking practice such as monetary and credit policy, its methods and modern instruments. As experience shows, problems occure in this direction. 118 gamoyenebuli literatura 1. Банковское дело, под ред. О.И. Лаврушина, М., 2009; 2. giorgi caava, SoTa gavaseli, TinaTin caava, monetaruli politika da msoflio savaluto sistema, Tb., 2009; 3. besik samxaraze,fulad-sakredito gadacemis meqanizmi saqartvelosi: sxvadasxva gadamcemi arxis analizi, NBG WP #02/2008; 4. otar turabelize, xarji _ meti, mogeba _ naklebi, gaz. `saqartvelos respublika, #40, 2 marti, 2013w.; 5. saqartvelos organuli kanoni saqartvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb mdgomareobit (muxli 48); 6. komerciuli bankebis mier minimaluri sarezervo motxovnebis gaangarisebisa da dacvis wesi (2012 wlis ivlisis mdgomareobit).

119 finansuri ekonomika finansuri aqtivebis klasifikacia da Sefaseba nadejda kvatasize iv.javaxisvilis saxelobis Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori finansuri aqtivebi Tavdapirvelad fasdeba realuri RirebulebiT 1,xolo Semdgomi Sefaseba xdeba amortizebuli RirebulebiT an realuri RirebulebiT. axali fass 9 `finansuri instrumentebi~ 2 (2013w.) finansuri aqtivebis klasifikacias da Sefasebas uyenebs axal motxovnebs. kerzod, Sefasebis metodis SerCeva damokidebulia konkretuli sawarmos biznes-modelze da imaze, aris Tu ara aqtivebidan misarebi fuladi nakadebi mxolod ZiriTadi da saprocento Tanxis gadaxdebi. biznes-modelis Taviseburebebis gaazreba aris am standartis umtavresi principi da Sedegad finansuri aqtivebis klasifikaciis safuzvelia ori kriteriumi: sawarmos finansuri aqtivebis martvis biznesmodeli; finansuri aqtivebis sakontraqto fuladi nakadebis daxasiateba (pirvel rigsi fuladi nakadebis fiqsirebulobit da gansazrvrulobit). klasifikaciis pirveli kriteriumis Tanaxmad, sawarmom unda moaxdinos finansuri aqtivebis martvis biznes-modelireba, rac nisnavs, rom finansuri aqtivebis mimart unda SemuSavdes strategia (menejeruli gadawyvetilebebis mirebis dros gamoyenebuli 119

120 nadejda kvatasize Sexedulebebis, mosazrebebisa da msjelobebis gatvaliswinebit) da moxdes misi formalizeba. finansuri aqtivebis martvis biznes-modelebis safuzvelze individualurad miireba gadawyvetileba mati klasifikaciis Sesaxeb _ dgindeba romeli bi- znes-modelis nawilia finansuri aqtivi. magalitad, finansuri aqtivi SeiZleba iyos: `sakontraqto fuladi nakadebis~ biznes-modelis nawili (gacemuli sesxebi, obligaciebi, Tamasuqebi, debitoruli davalianeba), romelic imarteba sakontraqto fuladi nakadebis mirebis miznit; `moklevadiani likvidurobis martvis~ modelis nawili (fuladi ekvivalentebi _ obligaciebi); `sarezervo investiciis~ modelis nawili,romelic imarteba kompaniis strategiis farglebsi grzelvadiani stabilurobis, gadaxdisunarianobisa da marali mogebis mirwevamde (magalitad,aqciebis floba ganusaz- Rvreli vadit, romelic gaiyideba yvelaze xelsayrel dros _ marali mogebis mirebis SemTxvevaSi). fanansuri aqtivebis bunebis detaluri Seswavla da biznes-modelebis Taviseburebebis gaazreba umtavresia finansuri aqtivebis klasifikaciis dros. finansuri aqtivebis klasifikacia xdeba mati ariarebis dros da reklasifikacia nebadartulia mxolod sawarmos biznes-modelis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi. finansuri aqtivebis swori klasifikaciisa da Semdgomi Sefasebis miznebisatvis fass 9 izleva gadawyvetilebis xes (ix.sqema ), romlis mixedvit sawarmom isini unda moaxdinos mati miakutvnos ori jgufidan erterts: 1. Sefasebuli amortizebuli RirebulebiT; 120

121 finansuri ekonomika 2. Sefasebuli realuri RirebulebiT: mogebisa da zaralis angarisgebasi asaxvit; sxva sruli Semosavlis angarisgebasi asaxvit. ganvixilot Ffinansuri aqtivebis Sefaseba mati saxeebis mixedvit. sasesxo instrumentebis Sefaseba. sasesxo instrumentebi fasdeba amortizebuli RirebulebiT, rodesac dakmayofildeba Semdegi ori testi (sxva yvela danarcen SemTxvevaSi, Sefaseba xdeba realuri RirebulebiT): 1. testi `biznes-modeli~-s [1, gv.52-54] mizania gamoarkvios menejmentis saboloo xedva finansur aqtivebtan dakavsirebit _ floba vadis amowurvamde, rata mirebuli iqnes sakontraqto fuladi nakadebi, Tu sawarmo gegmavs mis gayidvas vadis amowurvamde da realuri Rirebulebis cvlilebebit Semosavlebis mireba; 2. testis `gadaxdebi kontraqtit~, mizania daadgenos kontraqtit gatvaliswinebulia Tu ara garkveul vadebsi sesxis mxolod ZiriTadi da saprocento Tanxis mireba; ketdeba Tu ara dasveba, rom biznes-modeli orientirebulia aqtivebis SenarCunebasa da fuladi nkadebis mirebaze. amortizebuli RirebulebiT arricxva nisnavs, efeqturi saprocento ganakvetis metodis gamoyenebit, SeZenis Rirebulebasa da dafarvis Rirebulebas Soris sxvaobis asaxvas `mogebisa da zaralis angarisgebasi~ (mteli periodis ganmavlobasi _ SeZenis TariRidan dafarvis vadamde). amortizebuli RirebulebiT arricxvas safuzvlad udevs mosalodneli fuladi nakadebis diskontirebuli Rirebuleba. 121

122 nadejda kvatasize finansuri aqtivebis klasifikacia da Sefaseba [2, gv. 2-7] finansuri aqtivebi sasesxo instrumentebi? wilobrivi instrumentebi? akmayofilebs `sakontraqto fuladi nakadebis~ biznesmodels? ar ki gankutvnilia vawrobisatvis? ara ki gamoiyeneba realuri RirebulebiT Sefasebis SesZlebloba `mogebisa da zaralis angarisgebasi~ asaxvit? ara ki ar gamoiyeneba realuri RirebulebiT Sefasebis SesaZlebloba `sxva sruli Semosavlis angarisgebasi~ asaxvit? ki Sefaseba amortizebuli RirebulebiT Sefaseba realuri RirebulebiT `mogebisa da zaralis angarisgebasi~ asaxvit Sefaseba realuri RirebulebiT `sxva sruli Semosavlis~ angarisgebasi asaxvit 122

123 finansuri ekonomika magram, yvela sasesxo instrumenti ver iqneba Sefasebuli amortizebuli RirebulebiT. es SeiZleba moxdes mxolod garkveuli pirobebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi. amis magalitia konvertirebadi obligaciebi, vinaidan misarebi fuladi nakadebi moicavs procentebs, romelic ganisazrvreba ara mxolod droiti faqtorit, aramed sakredito riskebitac an mcocavi saprocento ganakvetit gacemuli kreditebi. wilobrivi instrumentebis Sefaseba. rogorc wesi, isviati gamonaklisis garda 1 wilobrivi instrumentebi fasdeba realuri RirebulebiT `sxva sruli Semosavlis angarisgebasi~ an `mogebisa da zaralis angarisgebasi~ asaxvit. arcevani, romelic SemdgomSi ar eqvemdebareba Secvlas,SeiZleba gaketdes nebismieri wilobrivi instrumentisatvis, garda gasayidad gankutvnilisa. gasayidad gankutvnili wilobrivi instrumenti unda Sefasdes realuri RirebulebiT _ `mogebisa da zaralis angarisgebasi~ asaxvit. vinaidan, praqtikulad yvela kotirebadi da arakotirebadi wilobrivi instrumentebi unda Sefasdes realuri RirebulebiT,saWiro xdeba satanado informaciis mopoveba. kotirebadi fasiani qaraldebis 1 standarti izleva ganmartebebs im isviati gamonaklisis Sesaxeb, rodesac SeiZleba zogierti instrumentis TviTRirebuleba micneul iqnes realur Rirebulebad. amis mizezia ukanasknelis Sesaxeb informaciis nakleboba an realuri RirebulebiT Sefasebis SesaZlo Sedegebis didi diapazonis arseboba. amavdroulad, Tu arsebobs faqtorebi, romelic adasturebs, rom TviTRirebuleba ar asaxavs realur Rirebulebas (magalitad, rodesac sainvesticio obieqtis saqmianobis pirobebsi, bazarsa da ekonomikasi moxda cvlilebebi), masin Sefaseba unda moxdes realuri RirebulebiT. 123

124 nadejda kvatasize realuri Rirebuleba moipoveba fasiani qaraldebis bazarze. xolo arakotirebadi fasiani qaraldebis realuri Rirebuleba kompaniam Tavad unda gansazrvros finansuri modelirebis gzit, romelsic gamoyenebuli iqneba misi piradi ekonomikuri dasvebebi (Tu fasiani qaraldebis bazridan ar arsebobs analogiuri xasiatis informaciis mopovebis SesaZlebloba). realuri Rirebulebis cvlilebebis asaxva finansur angarisgebasi. finansuri aqtivebis realuri Rirebulebis cvlilebebit (nebismieri sxvaoba wina sabalanso Rirebulebasa da mimdinare angarisgebiti periodis realur Rirebulebas Soris) warmoiqmneba realizebuli da ararealizebuli mogeba an zarali, romelic miekutvneba im periodis finansur Sedegebs, rodesac is warmoiqmna. realizebuli mogeba-zarali warmoiqmneba finanuri aqtivis realizaciis (gayidvis, dafarvis) operaciit da aisaxeba mimdinare periodis `mogebisa da zaralis angarisgebasi~. ararealizebuli mogeba-zarali aris iseti Fwilobrivi instrumentebis realuri Rirebulebis cvlilebebis Sedegi, romelic aisaxeba `sxva srul SemosavalSi~ iqamde, vidre ar moxdeba mastan dakavsirebuli wilobrivi instrumentis realizacia. sawarmo, biznes-modelis safuzvelze, Tavad irebs gadawyvetilebas wilobrivi instrumentebis realuri Rirebulebis cvlilebis asaxvis metodis SerCevis Sesaxeb _ `mogebisa da zaralis angarisgebasi~, Tu `sxva sruli Semosavlis angarisgebasi~ asaxvit. kerzod, gasayidad klasificirebuli wilobrivi instrumentebis (romelta gayidva navaraudevia 12 TveSi da Sesabamisad klasificirebulia moklevadian aqtivad) 124

125 finansuri ekonomika realuri Rirebulebis cvlilebebit warmoqmnili mogebazarali aisaxeba `mogebisa da zaralis angarisgebasi~. fass 9-iT,arasavaWro miznebisatvis flobili wilobrivi instrumentebis (grzelvadian aqtivad klasificirebuli) realuri Rirebulebis cvlilebebit warmoqmnili mogeba-zarali aisaxeba mimdinare periodis `sxva sruli Semosavlis angarisgebasi~,sainvesticio fasiani qaraldebidan Semosulobebis (afasebis nametis) an zaralis (Camofasebis) muxlit. realuri Rirebulebis cvlilebebit dagrovili koreqtirebebi aisaxeba balanssi _ `investiciebis gadafasebis rezervis~ saxelwodebit manmade, vidre ar moxdeba am wilobrivi instrumentebis realizacia (gayidva, dafarva). aseti finansuri aqtivebis realizaciis SemTxvevaSi, realuri Rirebulebis cvlilebebit dagrovili koreqtireba (gadafasebis rezervi) ar gadaitaneba `mogebisa da zaralis angarisgebasi~, aramed, reklasificirdeba kapitalis SemadgenlobaSi _ gadaitaneba gaunawilebel mogebaze, rogorc mirebuli mogeba an zarali. xolo wilobrivi instrumentebidan mirebuli dividendebi, mati klasifikaciis miuxedavad, aisaxeba `mogebisa da zaralis angarisgebasi~. Classification and Measurement of Financial Assets N. Kvatashidze The article describes the methods of measurement of financial assets in accordance with Financial Instruments of the new IFRS 9 (2013). IFRS 9 requires an entity to classify financial assets at either amortized cost or fair value on the basis of: a) the entity s business model for managing the financial assets; and b) the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial assets unless it chooses to designate the 125

126 nadejda kvatasize financial asset at fair value through profit or loss. If a financial asset does not meet the criteria for amortized cost classification, it is measured at fair value. In other words, where the condition that the contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest is failed, or the objective of the entity s business model is not to hold the financial asset to collect the contractual cash flows, the asset must be measured at fair value. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. Journal ACCA. Accounting and Business #4, p.52-54; 2. IASB publishes IFRS 9: Phase 1 of new standard to replace IAS 39. p.2; 3. IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. 2013; 4. KPMG. First Impressions: IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. 2010; 5. Practical guide to IFRS. October 2011; 6. IFRS News Special Edition. IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. Grant Thornton; 7. IFRS 9 Financial Instruments Ernst & Young; 8. IFRS Outlook. May-June Ernst & Young; 9. Практическое руководство по применению новых стандартов МСФО (2012). PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC). 126

127 finansuri ekonomika socialuri dazrvevis fondis resursebis cvlilebis analizi albatur-statistikuri metodit asie cincaze. e.m.k. batumis SoTa rustavelis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori nino svanize. Ff.m.m.k.baTumis SoTa rustavelis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori mosaxleobis socialuri dacva da socialuri uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifos saqmianobis ZiriTadi nawilia, rac emsaxureba mosaxleobis cxovrebis Rirseuli pirobebis Seqmnas da SenarCunebas. saqartvelo, rogorc yofil ssrk-si Semavali qveyana, mwvave socialuri problemebit gamoir- Ceoda sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis sawyis etapze. socialuri politikis ararseboba, axal pirobebsi am sferos martvis gamocdilebis uqonloba, ekonomikuri kavsirebis mosla, dasaqmebis marali donis Secvla masobrivi umusevrobit, saxelmwifos mxridan socialur mxardaweraze uaris Tqma, adgilobrivi organoebis gankargvasi finansuri bazis ararseboba, socialuri institutebis Camouyalibebloba - ai, mizezta CamonaTvali, romlis Sedegi iyo siraribis donis gazrda, mosaxleobis umetesi nawilis saarsebo minimumis garese darcena, ramac Tanamedrove periodamde moarwia da zogiert SemTxvevaSi gamwvavda kidec da 2004 wlebis biujetis kanonis mixedvit, saqartvelos saxelmwifo biujeti Sedgeboda centraluri biujetisa da specfondebisagan: mat Soris iyo saqartvelos socialuri dazrvevis ertiani saxelmwifo fondi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri dazrvevis gadasaxadi iyo miznobrivi, igi ise- Tive wesit Sedioda xazinasi, rogorc sxva wminda sabiujeto gadasaxadebi da calke mimrebi angarisi xazinasi socialuri dazrvevis gadasaxadisatvis ar arsebobda. Aamgvari midgoma socialuri dazrvevis fondis kapitals mudmivad saxelmwifo transferis amara tovebda da Sesabamisad socialuri dacvac satanado xarisxit ver xorcieldeboda wels socialuri 127

128 asie cincaze. nino svanize dazrvevis gadasaxadi gauqmda, dawesda socialuri gadasaxadi, romelic usualod biujetsi akumulirdeboda. amastan, socialuri dazrvevis ertiani saxelmwifo fondis jandacvis programebis dafinanseba mxolod sabiujeto asignebebit xorcieldeboda. Aarsebuli meqanizmis pirobebsi, cxovrebis Tundac minimaluri standartebit dakmayofileba verc erti sabiujeto wlis ganmalobasi ver xerxdeboda. Aamis ert-er- Ti mizezi, sxva mravaltan ertad, iyo fondis araswori mar- Tva, kerzod, misi formirebis wyaroebis araswori Sefaseba da resursebis aramiznobrivi gamoyeneba. saqartvelosi, dreisatvis, komerciuli dazrvevis gamoyenebit, mosaxleobis socialuri dacva Semosavlebis dabali donis gamo, ver xorcieldeba, amitom saxelmwifos mier socialuri funqciis Sesrulebis ertaderti gza sadazrvevo meqanizmis gamoyenebaa. socialuri dacvis amgvari struqtura, erti mxriv, waagavs sadazrvevo saqmianobas, magram aqvs ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebebi, rac gamoixateba misi arakomerciuli xasiatit, aseve, valdebulebit daafinansos socialuri dacvis programebi da gadaixados sadaz- Rvevo anazraureba damdgar sadazrvevo SemTxvevebze, miuxedavad imisa, fondis resursebi aris Tu ara sakmarisi. (3,gv.7), am amocanis Sesruleba moitxovs fondis resursebis racionalur gamoyenebas. Cveni statiis mizanic swored arnisnuli problemis mogvarebaa matematikuri modelis gamoyenebit, im varaudit, rom socialuri programebis dafinansebisatvis fuladi sasualebebis gasvla aris SemTxveviTi procesi, xolo dafinansebis moculoba damokidebulia fondsi akumulirebuli fuladi resuresebis sidideze. socialuri dazrvevis fondis mdgomareobis Seswavlis miznit, ZiriTad maxasiateblad ganvixilavt fondis moculobas U(t). fondis moculoba ganicdis Semdeg cvlilebebs: 1. organizaciebidan da sawarmoebidan fondsi finansuri meqanizmis formirebis wyaros Sesabamisad, sadazrvevo Senatanebis saxit miedineba fuladi resursebi. CavTvaloT, rom es procesi drosi uwyvetia da fuladi nakadebi mozraobs c 0 sicqarit; 128

129 finansuri ekonomika 2. fondsi akumulirebuli resursebi gamoiyeneba socialuri programebis dasafinanseblad. CavTvaloT rom es procesic drosi uwyvetia, Tumca, misi sicqare c ( U ) damokidebulia drois mocemul momentsi fondis sidideze. sxvaoba c c 0 ( U ) gamosaxavs determinirebuli gasavlebis xarjze fondis resursebis cvlilebis sicqares da damokidebulia akumulirebuli fuladi resursebis U sidideze; 3. socialuri dazrvevis fondis ZiriTadi danisnulebaa sadazrvevo SemTxvevis anazraureba. vinaidan fondi socialuria, xolo socialuri riski mravalricxovani, anu sadazrvevo SemTxvevis dadgomis albatoba maralia, fondis daxasiatebisatvis viyenebt puasonis ganawilebis kanons, rata SevZloT maqsimalurad marali xarisxit SevafasoT fondis funqcionirebis efeqtianoba. vtqvat, sadazrvevo SemTxvevaTa dadgoma puasonis kanonit ganawilebuli SemTxveviTi sidideebia λ parametrit, xolo TviT sadazrvevo anazraurebata sidideebi ξ ki damoukidebeli, eqsponencialurad ganawilebuli SemTxveviTi sidideebia x a p ( x) = 1 ξ e, x 0 albatobis simkvrivit. a garda amisa, davusvat, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca U () t = 0 fondi ar kotrdeba, da is ganagrzobs sadazrvevo SemTxvevebis dafinansebas masinac, roca U ( t) < 0, orond SeferxebebiT. aq igulisxmeba, rom socialuri dazrvevis fondi mravalkomponentiania da im SemTxvevaSi, roca sadazrvevo Senatanebi ver uzrunvelyofs drois konkretul periodsi socialuri dacvis dafinansebas, saxelmwifo sagadasaxado Semosavlebis nawils mimartavs mis dasafinanseblad. (1,gv.84) socialuri dazrvevis fondis efeqtiani martva moitxovs matematikurad dasabutdes fondsi Semavali da gamavali fuladi nakadebis Tanafardoba drois konkretuli periodisatvis. amisatvis ganvixilot fuladi resursebis ganawilebis simkvrive stacionarul mdgomareobasi. socialuri dazrvevis fondi, romlis formirebis ZiriTadi 129

130 asie cincaze. nino svanize wyaroa dasaqmebulta da damsaqmebelta sadazrvevo Senatanebi, pirvel rigsi, funqciurad sadazrvevo SemTxvevebis anazraurebis momsaxurebas eweva, xolo sxva danarceni resursi miimarteba saxelmwifos mier dadgenili socialuri programebis dasafinanseblad. amitom, sawiroa ganisazrvros fondis sarezervo kapitalis moculoba U 0, romlis qvemot moxdeba mxolod sadazrvevo SemTxvevebis anazraureba. e.i. - Tu U < U0 ar xdeba socialuri programebis dafinanseba, -Tu U U0 xdeba socialuri programebis dafinanseba. mivirot gamosaxuleba fondis fulai resursebis ganawilebis p ( u) simkvrivistvis stacionarul rejimsi ( t ). zemot arnisnul TiToeul aresi am simkvrives aqvs sxvadasxva saxe. SemovitanoT arnisvnebi: p 1 ( u) = p( u), roca U < U 0 და p 2 ( u) = p( u), roca U U0 gavaanalizot fondis moculobis cvlileba drois usasrulod mcire ( t, t + h) SualedSi. kolmogorovis gantolebebis agebis metodikis gamoyenebit markovis procesebisatvis (2,gv ) miireba gamosaxuleba p 1 ( u) sididisatvis: ( u) p ( u c h)( h) + λh p ( u c h + x) p ( x) dx o( h) p 1 = λ 1 0 ξ + (1) 0 tolobis marjvena mxaresi pirveli Sesakrebi arwers situacias, roca t momentsi fondis moculoba iyo U c0h da h drosi adgili ar hqonda sadazrvevo anazraurebas, amastan fondis moculoba gaizarda h sididit. Sesabamisi 1. meore Sesakrebi arwers situacias, roca t momentsi fondis moculoba iyo U c 0 h + x, h drosi ki gaica x sididis toli sadazrvevo anazraureba. am procesis Sesabamisi albatobaa λ h + o( h). x is sxvadasxva 4 albatobaa λh + o( h) c 0 130

131 finansuri ekonomika mnisvnelobis gatvaliswinebit miireba integrali meore SesakrebSi. p1( u c0h) wevris marcxniv gadmotanit, tolobis h ze gayofit da zrvarze gadasvlit, roca h 0, miireba Semdegis saxis integro diferencialuri gantoleba: 0 ( u) = p ( u) + λ p ( U + x) p ( x) c 0 p1 λ 1 1 dx (2) gavitvaliswinot ( x) mivirot diferencialuri gantoleba ( u) mimart: c c λa u a 0 ( u) p ( ) 0 0 p1 1 = ξ p ξ funqciis eqsponencialuri saxe da p 1 funqciis c0 λa u c0a p1 ( u) C1 + D1e romlis amonaxsnsac aqvs Semdegi saxe: =. CavTvaloT, rom c0 > λa, rac imas nisnavs, rom fondis moculoba sasualod izrdeba, Sesabamisad ( U ) koeficienti dadebitia. amitom, lim p 1 ( u) = 0 u U 0 is და C = 1 0, D1 c0 λa u c0a ki mosaxerxebelia CavweroT Semdegi saxit: D1 = C e. p 1, xolo saboolod miirebs Semdeg saxes: D 1 ( u) = C e c0 λa ( u u0 ) c a 0 ganvixilot U U 0 are. SevniSnavT, rom am aresi c U = c. wina SemTxvevis analogiurad, fondis yoveltvis ( ) 1 mdgomareobis SeswavliT, drois mcire ( t t + h) miireba gamosaxuleba p 2 ( u) s mimart: (3), intervalsi, ( u) p ( u c h)( h) + λh p ( u c h + x) p ( x) dx o( h) p 2 = λ 2 1 ξ + (4) 0 131

132 asie cincaze. nino svanize pirveli Sesakrebi marjvena mxaresi Seesabameba situacias, roca momentsi fondis moculoba iyo U c1h da h drosi adgili ar hqonda sadazrvevo anazraurebas. am situaciis albatobaa 1 λh + o( h). meore Sesakrebi arwers situacias, roca t momentsi fondis moculoba iyo U c 1 h + x, h drosi ki gaica x sididis toli sadazrvevo anazraureba. am procesis Sesabamisi albatobaa λ h + o( h). (4)tolobis gardaqmnit da eqsponencialuri sadazrvevo anazraurebebis gatvaliswinebit, miireba diferencialuri gantoleba p 2 ( u ) funqciis mimart: λa c1 p 2 ( u) + p 1( u) = 0 (5) ac SevniSnavT, rom λ a > c1. rac nisnavs, rom fondis moculoba sasualod mcirdeba. masin (5) gantolebis amonaxsns eqneba saxe: C = c0 λa u c0a p2 ( u) C2 + D2e =. lim p 2 ( u) = 0 t, mivirebt gavitvaliswinebt ra tolobas ( ) u.msjelobebis Semdgomi gamartivebis miznit CavweroT c0 λa c0a D2 Semdegi saxit D2 = C e.saboloo p 2 ( u) gamosaxuleba miirebs saxes: is p ( u) = C e 2 λa c1 ( u u0 ) ac1 U U, 0. (6) sapovneli darca C da C mudmivebi. radgan p 1( u0) = p2( u0), sabolood mivirebt: C = C. da bolos, C s mnisvneloba gamoitvleba normirebis pirobidan: 132

133 finansuri ekonomika p 0 ( u) du = p ( u) du + p ( u) 1 2 du = 1 0 aq Semavali integralebis gamotvlit miireba: ( λa c1 )( c0 λa) C = > 0. 2 λa ( c0 c1 ) (7) amgvarad, miviret kapitalis albatobis simkvrive Semdegi saxit: p( u) Ce = C e c0 λa ( u u0 ) c a 0, λa c1 ( u u0 ) ac1,. U < U U > U 0 0, (8) romelsic C ganisazrvreba (7) tolobidan vipovot kapitalis sasualo moculoba stacionaruli rejimit. amisatvis es sidide warmovadginot Semdegi saxit: U = U 0 + µ,sadac c1 λa µ c1a Ce, µ > 0 p ( µ ) = c0 λa. µ c0a Ce, µ < 0 matematikuri lodini µ sididisa, romelic gamoxatavs sasualod ertdroulad socialur programebsa da sadazrvevo SemTxvevebze gacemul Tanxas, C ს (7) gamosaxulebis gatvaliswinebit toli iqneba: c0 c1 λa( c0 + c1) ) ( c λa)( λa c ) a(2 E( µ ) = µ p( µ ) dµ =. (9) 0 1 = 0. fondis musaobis albaturi maxasiateblebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri dazrvevis fondi socialuri riskebis realizebisagan mirebuli zaralis dafinansebazea orientirebuli, ar arsebobs fondis funqcionirebis iseti periodi, rodesac SesaZlebelia socialuri dacvis sawiroeba gamoiricxos. amitom, socialur fondtan xolo fondis sasualo moculoba iqneba: E ( U ) U + E( µ ) 133

134 asie cincaze. nino svanize mimartebit riskis albaturi bunebidan gadaxveva xdeba, rac nisnavs imas, rom TviT fondisatvis socialuri riski mudmivad arsebobs da misi realizeba TiTqmis gansazrvrulia. am SinaarsiT, socialuri dazrveva sadazrvevo fondisatvis faqtobrivad urisko dazrvevis saxes atarebs, radgan fondis winase mudmivad dgeba socialuri programebis Tu sadazrvevo SemTxvevebis dafinansebis aucilebloba. amitom, fondis martvis problemis gadawrisatvis, unda ganvixilot fondis funqcionirebis albaturi maxasiatebeli. fondis mier socialuri programebis dafinansebis albatoba. fondi afinansebs socialur programebs, Tu U U 0. am xdomilobis albatoba tolia 2 = P( U U 0 ) = p2( u) du = C U0 U0 aλ c1 ( u u0 ) ac1 ac1 π e du = C λa c1. C s mnisvnelobis CasmiT mivirebt: ( c0 λa) c1 π 2 =. (10) λ a c c ( ) fondis mier gadaxdisuunarobis albatoba. fondi wyvets sadazrvevo anazraurebebis gacemas, roca U < 0. xdomilobis albatobaa 0 0 P( U < 0) = p1( u) π = du = C e c0 λa c0 λa ( u u0 ) U0 c a ac 0 ac 0 du = C c C s mnisvnelobis gatvaliswinebit ki mivirebt: ( λa c1 ) ( c c ) c0 aλ U0 ac0 0 e λa c0 π 0 = e λa 0 1 (11) cxadia π 1 = 1 ( π 0 + π 2 ) gvazlevs imis albatobas, rom fondi gascems sadazrvevo anazraurebas, magrad ver afinansebs socialur programebs

135 finansuri ekonomika fondis martvis ert-ert SesaZlo variants warmodgens winaswar dasasvebi π 0 და π 2 albatobebisatvis SeirCes c 1 da U 0. am SemTxvevaSi, (10)-(11) tolobebis gatvaliwinebit, miireba gamosaxulebebi mat gamosatvlelad: ac c = π 2λ 0 1 c 1 π λ (12) ac0 U 0 = ln c λa 0 0 ( 2 ) a c0 ( λa c1 ) ( ) π 0λa c0 c1 amit c 1 da U 0 sidideebi srulad ganisazrvreba. magalitebis ganxilvit davakvirdet rogor gavlenas axdens ert-erti parametris cvlileba sxva parametrebis cvlilebaze: magaliti 1. vtqvat fondis funqcionirebis parametrebia λ = 100, a = 1, c0 = 120, π 0 = 0, 01. motxovna imisa, rom gaizardos socialur programis dafinanseba (e.i. 2 (13) π is zrda), socialur programeze Tanxis gacemis c 1 sicqareze, sarezervo kapitalis U 0 sididesa da fondis U saerto moculobaze Semdegnairad aisaxeba (cxrili 1): fondis moculobis damokidebuleba socialuri programebis dafinansebis albatobaze. cxrili 1 π 2 c1 U 0 0,5 85,71 15,87 159,88 0, ,86 228,87 0,7 93,33 15,85 343,86 0, ,83 573,84 0,9 98,18 15, ,78 cxrilidan Cans, rogor unda icvlebodes Tanxebis gacemis sicqare socialur programebze, Sesabamisad mcirdeba sarezervo kapitalis U 0 sidide da izrdeba U 9 135

136 asie cincaze. nino svanize fondis saerto moculoba. cxrilidan Cans, isic rom π 2 is zrda umnisvnelod amcirebs U 0 sidides, magram TviT fondis sasualo moculoba U sagrznoblad izrdeba motxovnastan dakavsirebit, rom gaizardos socialuri programebis dafinansebis moculoba. magaliti 2. vtqvat λ = 100, a =1, c 0 = 120, c = 90 1, π 2 = 0,6. Semcirda motxovna imaze, rom gacemul iqnes sadazrvevo π Tanxebi. (e.i. izrdeba 0 ) Sesabamisad icvleva sarezervo kapitalis sidide da fondis saerto moculoba (ix. cxrili2) fondis moculobis damokidebuleba fondis gadaxdisuunarianobis albatobaze π 0 U 0 cxrili 2 cxrili 2 gvicvenebs rogor mcirdeba sarezervo kapitalis sidide da fondis sasualo moculoba, roca motxovna imaze, rom gadaxdil iqnes sadazrvevo anazraurebebi, mainc mcirdeba. kerzod, π 0 s mcire zrda mnisvnelovan gavlenas axdens sarezervo kapitalis sidideze, xolo motxovna fondis saerto moculobaze mcirdeba imave raodenobit, ra sididitac mcirdeba kapitalis sarezervo moculoba. magaliti 3. vtqvat, λ = 100, a =1, c 0 = 120, U 0 = 14. U 0,01 23,93 236,94 0,02 20,46 233,47 0,04 16,99 229,99 0,05 15,87 228,87 0,1 12,37 225,38 136

137 finansuri ekonomika fondis musaobis albaturi maxasiateblebis damokidebuleba kapitalis cvlilebis sicqareze c0 c 1 π 0 π 1 π ,003 0,233 0, ,002 0,398 0,6 cxrili 3 da naxazi 35 0,002 0,512 0, ,002 0,598 0,4 45 0,002 0,665 0,333 0,8 π i 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 c 0 c π0 π1 π2 cxrili 3 da naxazi gvicvenebs rogor icvleba fondis musaobis albaturi maxasiateblebi fondis resursebis mozraobis sicqaris gazrdit fiqsirebuli sididisatvis U = kerzod, socialuri programebis dafinansebis albatoba mnisvnelovnad mcirdeba da izrdeba albatoba imisa, rom dafinansebuli iqnes mxolod sadazrvevo anazraurebebi, xolo albatoba imisa, rom gaices sadazrvevo anazraurebebi, umnisvnelod mcirdeba. amrigad, winamdebare statiasi warmodgenilia da gamokvleuli socialuri dazrvevis fondis resursebis martvis matematikuri modeli eqsponencialuri sadazrvevo anazraurebebita da determinirebuli socialuri 137

138 asie cincaze. nino svanize programebis dafinansebit; mirebulia fondis resursebis albatobis simkrivis gamosaxuleba, fondis musaobis albaturi maxasiateblebi, rac sasualebas izleva winaswar ganisazrvros fondis resursebis sakmarisoba misi martvis yvela doneze. ekonomikur-matematikuri modelebi, martalia, naklebad adekvaturia realur procesebtan mimartebit, magram mati gamoyenebit fondis martvis gadawyvetilebebis mirebisas, marali albatobit uzrunvelyofili iqneba konkretul momentsi sawiro raodenobis resursebis arseboba socialuri programebis da sadazrvevo anazraurebis dasafinanseblad. Analysis of Change of the Social Insurance Fund with Probabilistic and Statistical Methods A. Tsintsadze N. Svanidze Mathematical model of management of a social insurance funds with the exponentially distributed insurance compensations and deterministic expenditures for social programs is represented and analyzed. A probability density function of the capital and probabilistic characteristics for the fund s functioning are obtained, which can be applied to determine the sufficiency of fund s capital management at all levels. Using the results of this research it is possible for particular period of time determine in insurance fund change of cash flow movement speed, on what basis in determined from state tax revenues assigns acceptance necessity and capacity. gamoyenebuli literatura 1... ( ) // c ; :, ; 3. vekua d. postsabwour qveynebsi socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis srulyofis zogierti makroekonomikuri problema, Jurn. socialuri ekonomika, 2003,N5. 138

139 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi socialisturi integracia regionuli ekonomikuri integraciis Teoriis konteqstit sabazro integraciis anti podi (samxret kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis magalitze) eka lekasvili ekonomikis doqtori, iv. javaxisvilis saxelobis Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori msoflio ekonomikis tendenciebis cvlilebis pirobebsi mcire qveynebi, romelta ekonomika ufro gaxsnili da naklebad diversificirebulia, urtiertdamokidebulebisa da integraciuli procesebis did zegavlenas ganicdian. am TvalsazrisiT aqtualuria mezobel qveynebtan obieqturad ganvitarebuli kav- Sirebi ekonomikuri integraciis konteqstit. amastan, Tanamedrove periodsi ganvitarebulma safinanso krizisma mravali kitxva dasva evrokavsiris ertianobis SenarCunebis sakitxze. integraciis farglebsi ganvitarebuli problemebis fonze bevri politikosi da eqsperti (m. Sulci,v. rompeli, i. uiliamzi, n. sarkozi, f. uaiti, n. faraji, d. rodriki da sxvebi) ewvqves ayenebs evrokavsiris integraciis ganvitarebas, masin rodesac ekonomikuri integraciis TeoriaSi evrokavsiri integraciis klasikuri magalitia. sabwota kavsiris rrvevis processi gavrcelda azri imis Sesaxeb, rom ingreoda iseti gaertianeba, romlis msgavsis Seqmniskenac atwleulebis ganmavlobasi irwvoda evropa. sabwota socialisturi respublikebis kavsiri warmoadgenda politikur da ekonomikur 139

140 eka lekasvili kavsirs, romelsic formalurad gacxadebuli iyo suvrenuli respublikebis damoukidebloba,tumca,sazogado morvaweta SefasebiT msoflio istoriasi igi,,sab- WoTa imperiis saxelit Sevida (n. berdaevi, s. franki, s. bulgakovi da sxva). sazogadoebis komunisturi ideis ekonomikuri arapraqtikulobis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi gadmocemulia v. berkenis nasromsic. paralelebis gavleba sabwota kavsirsa da evrokavsirs Soris dresac ganixileba (vernon kolemeni, vl. bukovski, a. merkeli da a.s). safuzvliani iyo da aris Tu ara es Sefasebebi, iyo Tu ara sabwota kavsiri, rogorc socialisturi integraciis magaliti Tavisi macveneblebit klasikuri ekonomikuri integracia? Seuwyo Tu ara xeli Svidi atwleulis ganmavlobasi socialisturma integraciam sabwota kavsiris rrevevis Semdgom saqartvelos, somxets da azerbaijans Soris martivi savawro sawarmoo kavsirebis SenarCunebas da ganvitarebas, rac sabazro pirobebsi integraciis winapiroba SeiZleba gamxdariyo? Seicavda Tu ara socialisturi integracia gaer- Tianebis obieqturi tendenciis nisnebs, rac ekonomikuri efeqtianobis winapirobad ganixileba? winamdebare statiasi warmodgenilia arnisnul kitxvebze pasuxis gacemis mcdeloba samxret kavkasiis qveynebis magalitze. kvlevis mizania socialisturi integraciis Taviseburebebis kvleva regionuli ekonomikuri integraciis Teoriis konteqstit samxret kavkasiis qveynebis magalitze. regionuli integracia Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikis ganvitarebis ZiriTad tendencias warmoadgens. is erovnuli ekonomikis sivrciti transformaciis gadamwyveti elementia. sivrciti transformaciis efeqtianobis misarwevad regionuli integraciis strategia 140

141 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi unda ukavsirdebodes ekonomikur geografias. warmatebistvis umnisvnelovanesia bazrebis zoma, mdebareoba da msoflios calkeuli nawilis did bazrebtan kav- Sirebze gasvla. mcire qveynebis umravlesobas, calke arebuls, kvalificiuri samusao Zala ar hyavs, adgilobrivi finansuri saxsrebis simcires ganicdis, sawarmoo klasteris da damatebiti momsaxurebis Seqmnis unari ar aqvs. regionuli SeTanxmebebi ki saertasoriso konkurentunarianobis mopovebis strategiaa mcire, Raribi da upiratesobebis ar mqone qveynebistvis, romeltac surt msoflio bazarze gasvla. Tanamedrove saertasoriso ekonomikasi armocenebuli integraciuli dajgufebebi miznad isaxaven iseti msgavsi amocanebis gadawras, rogoricaa masstabis ekonomiis upiratesobebit sargebloba, xelsayreli sagareo-politikuri garemos Seqmna, savawro politikis amocanebis gadawyveta,ekonomikis struqturul gardaqmnaze zemoqmedeba, erovnuli mrewvelobis axalgazrda dargebis mxardawera. ekonomikuri integraciis termini Svedma mecnierma eli heqserma (1930) daamkvidra, Tumca Tanamedrove ekonomikuri integraciis Teoriis ZiriTadi principebi iakob vainerma (1950) SeimuSava. man gamoikvlia integraciis Sedegad vawrobis warmartvis da vawrobis Sekvecis efeqtebi, rac gamoixateba integraciis wevr qveynebsi saqonlis Sidaregionuli nakadebis cvlilebit. vaineris mixedvit sabajo kavsiris Seqmnis Sedegad arsebobs ekonomikasi mosalodneli efeqtebis ori saxe: statikuri da dinamikuri. statikuri efeqti ekonomikuri Sedegia, romelic vlindeba integraciuli dajgufebis Seqmnis adreul etapze misi usualo Sedegis 141

142 eka lekasvili saxit. dinamikuri efeqti ki ekonomikuri Sedegis saxit vlindeba integraciuli dajgufebis Seqmnis gvianeul etapze, rogorc dajgufebis funqcionirebis Sedegi. statikur efeqtebs Soris udidesi mnisvneloba eniweba vawrobis warmartvis (gaumjobesebis) da vawrobis Sekvecis efeqtebs. vawrobis gaumjobesebis efeqti saxezea im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac integraciuli dajgufebis, sabajo kavsiris Seqmnis Sedegad SeiZleba warmoisvas situacia, rodesac saqoneli, romelic tradiciulad Seisyideboda sasinao bazarze, xdeba Zviri, vidre ucxoetsi warmoebuli igive saqoneli. Tu sabajo kavsiris Seqmnamde adgilobriv mwarmoebels saimporto bajebi icavda, rac aramomgebians xdida sazrvargaret saqonlis SeZenas, sabajo kavsiris Seqmnis Semdeg, tarifebis Secvlis Sedegad, ucxouri saqoneli samamuloze iafi xdeba da iwyeba ucxoetidan am iafi saqonlis Semotana, anu sabajo kavsiris Camoyalibebis Sedegad izrdeba importuli saqonlis nakadi, rac vawrobis gaumjobesebis macveneblebsi aisaxeba. vawrobis gaumjobeseba nisnavs adgilobrivi momxmareblebis gadasvlas dabalefeqtiani sasinao saqonlis mirebis wyarodan maralefeqtian sagareo wyaroze (importze). vawrobis Sekvecis efeqti vawrobis gaumjobesebis efeqtis sapirispiro macvenebelia, radgan am SemTxvevaSi saqonlis mirebis sagareo wyaro ar gvevlineba yvelaze efeqtianad. integraciis arawevr qveyanas, romlis mimartac vrceldeba ertiani sabajo tarifi, Seu- Zlia mocemuli saqonlis miwodeba ufro nakleb fasad. vawrobis Sekveca aris adgilobrivi momxmareblebis gadasvla integraciis gare wyarodan integraciis Siga, nakleb efeqtian wyaroze, romelic warmoisoba sabajo 142

143 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi kavsiris farglebsi saimporto tarifis moxsnis Sedegad. zogadad,integraciuli dajgufebis Seqmnidan mirebuli saboloo Sedegi ganisazrvreba imit, Tu rogoria Sesabamisoba vawrobis gaumjobesebisa da vawrobis Sekvecis macveneblebs Soris. regionuli integraciis Teoriis sabaziso principebi Seajama ungrelma ekonomistma bela balasam (1961). misi azrit, zenacionaluri bazrebi erovnuli sazrvrebis garese, warmoebis faqtorebis Tavisufali mimosvlis pirobebsi, integracias rogorc ekonomikur, aseve politikur sferosi bunebrivad iwvevs. saertasoriso ekonomikuri integraciis statikuri Teoriis ganxilva dinamikuri analizis safuzvelze ganaxorciela r. dalimovma. zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebsi dagrovili codna warmatebit iqna gamoyenebuli ekonomikuri procesebis dinamikis analizisa da prognozirebisatvis. dinamikuri modelit matematikurad dadasturda, rom yvela qveyana moigebs ekonomikuri gaertianebidan, Tumca didi saxelmwifoebi miireben msp s da mwarmoeblurobis nakleb zrdas da, piriqit, gaertianeba ufro metad momgebiania mcire qveynebistvis. masstabis ekonomia ekonomikuri integraciis dasabutebaa, radgan masstabis ekonomia zogjer moitxovs ufro didi bazars, vidre es SesaZlebelia calkeuli qveynis masstabit. saertasoriso ekonomikasi integraciis efeqti fasdeba imis mixedvit Tu ra Sedegs gvazlevs qveynebis ekonomikuri gaertianeba: mivyavart Tu ara mas Tavisufali vawrobisken da,piriqit,ramdenad zrudavs savawro nakadebs. vawrobisa da tarifebis Sesaxeb generaluri SeTanxmebis (GATT) Tanaxmad upiratesi xelsewyobis rejimis pirobebsi SesaZlebelia sabajo kavsiris da 143

144 eka lekasvili Tavisufali vawrobis zonis Seqmna. wesebis mixedvit integraciuli dajgufebis Seqmnamde SesaZlebelia gardamavali molaparakebebis warmoeba, romelmac unda moamzados safuzveli sabajo kavsiris Sesaqmnelad. regionuli ekonomikuri gaertianebis termini damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris ekonomikuri integraciis sxvadasxva formas moicavs. ekonomikur literaturasi ganvitarebis etapebis mixedvit warmodgenilia integraciis otxi ZiriTadi forma Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: Tavisufali vawrobis zona, sabajo kav- Siri, ertiani bazari, ekonomikuri kavsiri. es klasifikacia sistematizebulia da ar gvicvenebs ekonomikuri integraciis safexurebs da sirrmes. realobasi ekonomikuri gaertianebebi ufro metad kombinirebuli formit warmogvidgebian. integraciis formebis taqsonomia gvicvenebs, rom integraciis warmartvisas wevr qveynebs Soris gaxsniloba da urtiertdamokidebuleba izrdeba. sabajo kavsiris SeqmniT ertiani sagareo tarifi anacvlebs wevri qveynebis individualur sagareo tarifs, xolo ertiani integrirebuli savawro politika erovnul ucxour savawro politikas. sabajo kavsiris saerto bazrad gardaqmna moicavs warmoebis faqtorebis Tavisufal mobilobas, romelic cvlis mat miwodebas da fass yvela wevr qveyanasi. Sesabamisad, icvleba calkeuli qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis modelic da tempic. amgvarad, ekonomikuri integraciis msvlelobisas wevri qveynebi nebayoflobit irceven erovnuli ekonomikuri interesebis da politikis SezRudvas da zogjer anacvleben iseti amocanebit da politikit, romelic pasuxismgebelia gaertianebis ertiaobaze. integraciis procesis msvlelobisas wevri qveynebis damoukidebeli xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli ekonomikuri politika 144

145 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi progresiulad izrudeba. Zalauflebis danebeba da erovnuli suverenitetis dakargva xsirad Zlier winaarmdegobebs warmosobs. ekonomikur integraciasi CarTvis gardamaval etapze qveynebi SeiZleba CaTreul iyvnen krizissi. Sesabamisad, asociacias asuldgmulebs wevri qveynebis survili, rom datanxmdnen kompromisul variants da miarwion konsensuss,magram mxolod integraciis da urtiertdamokidebulebis umarles doneze. ganvitarebad qveynebs Soris integracia izrudeba TviTdestruqciuli elementebit. am saxis ekonomikuri gaertianeba moicavs or da met qveyanas, romeltagan TiToeuls msgavsi mizani aqvs partniorebis xarjze sakutari ganvitarebis mirweva. Sesabamisad, TiToeuli wevri qveyana cdilobs gadawios sakutari sazrvari koleqtiurad xelmisawvdomi fiqsirebuli resursebis pirobebsi. am process mivyavart kavsiris partniorebs Soris konfliqtamde, romlis gadawrac aris sakmaod rtuli da Cveulebriv xangrzlivi periodis ganmavlobasi umozraobis da brzolis Sedegi. kavsiri da gaertianeba qveynebs Soris SesaZlebelia nebayoflobiti da ZalmomreobiTi formebit, miuxedavad imisa, rom mati miznebis nawili bazris ganvrcoba, sxva resurebisadmi wvdoma da a.s SesaZlebelia msgavsi iyos. arsobrivi gansxvaveba sabazro integrirebul da imperialistur gaertianebebs Soris swored gaertianebis formebsi da metodebsi gamoixateba. socialisturi ekonomikuri sistemis, rogorc ekonomikuri gaertianebis sakitxi imperializmis gamovlinebad ganixileba. imperiebis rrvevisa da yofili koloniebis suverenul saxelmwifoebad gadaqcevis Semdeg xsirad rceba ekonomikuri urtiertobebi, romlebic uxilav an askara ekonomikur an politikur 145

146 eka lekasvili dominirebas, batonobas gulisxmoben. arnisnuli Teoriuli midgomebidan gamomdinare SegviZlia ganvaxorcielot regionuli ekonomikuri integraciis konteqstit socialisturi integraciis Taviseburebebis SedarebiTi analizi (ix. cxrili 1). SedarebiTi analizis Sedegebi cxadyhofs, rom integraciuli procesebi socialistur sistemasi imperialisturi ideologiis gatarebas emsaxureboda. naklebad iyo gatvaliswinebuli erovnuli motxovnilebebi, qveynebis SefardebiTi upiratesobebi, rac adasturebs integraciis araobieqtur xasiats. socialisturi integraciis (imperiis) pirobebsi qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri kavsirebis SenarCunebis da ekonomikuri integraciis sabaziso principebtan Sesabamisobis sakitxi ganvixilot samxret kavkasiis qveynebis magalitze. XIX saukunis amierkavkasiasi savawro urtier- Tobebis ganvitareba mimdinareobda carizmis savawro politikis safuzvelze. misi mizani iyo ara regionis SigniT komerciuli urtiertobebis srulyofa_ganvitareba, aramed rusuli bazris dakavsireba azia_evropastan. kolonializmis politikis gatarebam bevri dadebiti Sedegi gamoiro amierkavkasiis regionisatvis. am periodsi saqartvelos, somxetisa da azerbaijanistvis nisandoblivia is garemoeba, rom mat msgavsi simzimis tvirtis tareba mouxdat, rac ganpirobebuli iyo mati geofizikuri mdebareobit. 146

147 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi socialisturi da regionuli ekonomikuri integraciis Taviseburebebis SedarebiTi analizi cxrili 1. macvenebeli ekonomikuri integraciis xasiati ekonomikuri zrdis ti pi integraciis farglebsi ekonomikuri integraciis ganvitarebis safexurebis Tanmimdevruloba politikis da ideologiis faqtori erovnuli interesebi ekonomikuri integraciis wevrta raodenoba socialisturi ekonomikuri integracia izulebiti eqstensiuri ekonomikuri integraciis safexurebi aratanmimdevrulia politika da ideologia ganmsazrvrelia sawyis etapze erovnuli interesebi ignorirebulia damokidebulia imperiis samxedro Zlierebasa da interesebze ekonomikuri integraciis Teoria nebayoflobiti intensiuri ekonomikuri integraciis safexurebi Tanmimdevrulia politika da ideologia ganmsazrvrelia integraciis saboloo etapze integraciis Seqmna ganisazrvreba urtiertsargeblianobaze damyarebuli erovnuli interesebit damokidebulia integraciuli gaertianebis wevrta ertian miznebze 147

148 eka lekasvili saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti ekonomikuri mas- Stabis upiratesobebit sargebloba ar emyareba ekonomikuri masstabis upiratesobebs savawro politikis amocanebis gadawyveta savawro politikis amocanebis centralizebuli martva ikargeba saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti SenarCunebulia saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti emyareba ekonomikuri masstabis upiratesobebs savawro politikis amocanebis gadawyveta konsesusis safuzvelze ekonomikis struqturul gardaqmnaze zemoqmedeba politikuri miznebit ekonomikis struqturul gardaqmnaze zemoqmedeba ekonomikis struqturul gardaqmnaze zemoqmedeba urtiertsargeblianobis princi pit erovnuli mrewvelobis axalgazrda dargebis mxardawera centralizebulad erovnuli mrewvelobis axalgazrda dargebis mxardawera erovnuli mrewvelobis axalgazrda dargebis mxardawera sabazro principebze dayrdnobit 148

149 pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, dasavletis xelisuflebam sabwota rusets darto neba amierkavkasiis regionsi dasabruneblad. azerbaijani Tavisi sanavtobo resursebit moskovis sasicocxlo interess warmoadgenda wels, baqos navtobsabadoebis dabrunebis Semdeg, sawiro gaxda qartuli qalaqi batumic, sadac gadioda navtobsadeni da, amastan, iyo sauketeso porti Savi zrvis armosavlet sanapiroze. TurqeTTan gansazrvruli garigebis sanacvlod, rusetma kvlav moaxdina saqartvelos aneqsia 1921 wels. XX saukunis dasawyissi (1918 wlidan) kavkasiis samxret nawilsi arsebobda mxolod erti Tvis ganmavlobasi amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublika, romelic Semdegom daisala azerbaijanis demokratiul respublikad, saqartvelos demokratiul respublikad da araratis respublikad. sabwota rusetis komunisturi Zalauflebis ganvrcobis pirobebsi integraciuli procesebma miiro axali Sinaarsi, kerzod, 1922 wels Camoyalibda integraciuli gaertianeba politikur ideorlogiur principze dayrdnobit amierkavkasiis sabwota federaciuli socialisturi respublika, romlis SemadgenlobaSic gaaertianes sami sabwota respublika saqartvelo, somxeti da azerbaijani. arnisnuli subintegraciuli gaertianeba gvevlineboda msxvili integraciuli gaertianebis sabwota socialisturi respublikebis kavsiris Semadgenel nawilad. subgaertianebis arsi mdgomareobda,,centris mxridan,,turbulenturi regionis efeqtian martvasi. arnisnuli subgaertianeba daisala 1936 wels, mas Semdeg rac mirweul iqna mtaerovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi 149

150 eka lekasvili vari miznebi: Semcirda etnikuri winaarmdegobebi, Camoyalibda rusettan amierkavkasiis qveynebis ekonomikuri integraciis safuzvlebi, damkvidrda socialisturi ideologia da sxva. amierkavkasiis sawota federaciuli socialisturi respublikis da Semdgom amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri raionis ekonomikur samartlebrivi meqanizmebi orientirebuli iyo avtonomiuri respublikebis urtiert da centrtan integrirebisken. igi arsebobda ertiani regionis saxit sabwota kavsiris rrvevamde. sabwota kavsiris daslis Semdeg Camoyalibda sami damoukidebeli saxelmwifo azerbaijanis respublika, saqartvelos respublika da somxetis respublika. amgvarad, samxret kavkasiasi integraciuli procesebis mokle istoriuli mimoxilva gvicvenebs, rom integraciuli procesebi sabwota periodsi socialisturi ideologiis gatarebas emsaxureboda da damokidebuli iyo rusetsi arsebul mdgomareobaze: rusetsi situaciis stabilizaciisas izrdeboda gavlena regionze. amierkavkasia, sabwouri daraionebis mixedvit, moicavda azerbaijanis, somxetisa da saqartvelos mozme respublikebs. gasabwoebis Semdeg, ekonomikuri daraionebis gegmis mixedvit, ar moxda amierkavkasiisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis ert etnikur raionad gaertianeba, ara ekonomikuri, aramed politikuri mizezit. amierkavkasiis xalxebs Soris sameurneo urtiertobebis ganvitarebisa da garrmavebis saqmesi amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri raionis ssr kavsiris mteli teritoriis 0,8% ewira da iq ssrk mosaxleobis 4,6% cxovrobda da sadac erovnuli Semosavlis 3,8% iqmneboda (misi fartobi Seadgenda 186,1 atas kv.km s). 150

151 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi ekonomikuri raioni qveynis ertiani saxalxo meurneobis specializebuli nawili iyo da misi mesveobit xdeboda respublikebisa da olqebis materialuri da SromiTi resursebis maqsimaluri gamoyeneba. baqos navtobi, saqartvelos qvanaxsiri da marganeci, somxetis spilenzi, didzali Zvirfasi saseni masala, azerbaijanisa da somxetis bamba, azerbaijanis rkinis madnis sabadoebi, saqartvelos tyis mdidari masivebi, misi mineraluri wylebi, kurortebi _ yvelaferi es ertad arebuli mtlianad amierkavkasiis simdidres warmoadgenda. amierkavkasiis TiToeuli respublika vitardeboda dargobrivi da teritoriuli dagegmvis urtiertsexamebidan gamomdinare mrewvelobis specializaciis garkveuli xasiatisa da donis mixedvit. Tu saqartvelosi vitardeboda mrewvelobis iseti dargebi, rogoricaa Savi metalurgia (kerzod, marganecis, ferosenadnobta, Savi litonebis naglinisa da unakero milebis warmoeba) da kvebis mrewveloba (Cais, Tambaqos, eterzetovanta, mineraluri wylebis warmoeba da mervineoba), azerbaijansi vitardeboda navtobis, qimiuri mrewveloba, manqanatmsenebloba, xolo somxetsi _ feradi metalurgia (spilen- Zis warmoeba), manqanatmsenebloba da eleqtronuli teqnikis warmoeba. sabwota ekonomikur raionebs Soris yvelaze mwidro meurneobrivi kavsirebi damyarebuli iyo amierkavkasiis respublikebs Soris. XX saukunis 60_70_ian ww. saqartvelodan somxetsa da azerbaijansi gahqondat satvirto manqanebi, gadasamusavebeli Tuji, sqelfurclovani foladi, Savi litonebis naglini, foladis milebi, glinula, marganecis 151

152 eka lekasvili madani, ferosenadnobebi, lifonmwreli Carxebi, soflis meurneobis manqana-iararebi, aramadneuli wiariseuli, bambeulis, abresumisa da Salis qsovilebi, tyavi, tyavis nawarmi da tyavis fexsacmeli, kvebis mrewvelobis produqciis mravalisaxeoba da sxva. imavdroulad, azerbaijanidan saqartvelo- Si Semoizideboda navtobi da navtobproduqtebi, aluminis, rkinis madani, sabrzmede warmoebisatvis Savi litonis jarti, sxvadasxva saxis qsovilebi, naturaluri matyli, nedli bamba da sxva. xolo somxetidan saqartvelosi Semoizideboda eleqtroteqnikuri mowyobiloba, avtomatizaciis xelsawyoebi, avtosaburavebi, litonmwreli Carxebi, litonis jarti, sayofacxovrebo qimiis sxvadasxva produqcia, tyavi, tyavis nawarmi, zeda da TeTreuli trikotaji, saseni masalebi da sxva. [15;258]. rustavis metalurgiuli qarxana umtavresad azerbaijanis navtobis mrewvelobis foladis unakero milebit momaragebis uzrunvelsayofad Seiqmna. igi dasqesanis rkinis madanze da tyibul_tyvarcelis satbobze musaobda. azerbaijanis navtob_aparaturis warmoeba sawiro litons saqartvelodan Rebulobda. mesame rgoli, romelic saqartvelo_somxet_azerbaijanis kooperirebuli kavsirebis safuzvelze warmoisva, gamoixateboda imasi, rom saqartvelodan mirebuli litonit somxeti azerbaijanis mrewvelobisatvis litonmwrel Carxebs amzadebda. saqartvelos eqsportis 98% da importis 85% sabwota kavsirze modioda integraciis amgvarma maralma donem gamoiwvia saqartvelos sawarmoo struqturebis daubalansebeli da Taviseburi xasiati, sadac diminantur rols TamaSobda ramdenime maralspecializirebuli seqtori. mat Soris: Cais, 152

153 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi Rvinis, citrusebis warmoeba, marganecis mopoveba, samkervalo mrewveloba, TviTmfrinavTmSenebloba, li- TondamuSaveba, manqanatmsenebloba da turizmi. saqartvelos, somxetsa da azerbaijans Soris saqonelgacvlis safuzvels warmoadgenda mat Soris sawarmoo kooperacia, vawrobis martvac gegmazomierad xorcieldeboda. naklebad iyo gatvaliswinebuli erovnuli motxovnilebebi, qveynebis SefardebiTi upiratesobebi, mwarmoeblebis interesebi, ramac CvenTvis kargad cnobil Sedegebamde migviyvana. azerbaijani da somxeti mnisvnelovani odenobit moixmardnen saqartvelosi warmoebul msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelobis produqcias. gansakutrebit arsanisnavia tradiciuli kavsirebi abresumisa da Salis qsovilebis, qecis nawarmis miwodebis xazit. Cvens mezobel respublikasi didi motxovnileba iyo qartuli warmoebis Caize, mineralur wylebze da sxva. yofili sabwota kavsiris ekonomika xasiatdeboda massi Semavali saxelmwifoebis ekonomikebis marali integrirebis xarisxit da emyareboda Sromis saer- TosakavSiro danawilebas. sabwota kavsiris rrvevam ki daadastura socialisturi ekonomikis da mbr- Zaneblur administraciuli struqturebis uunaroba swrafad da efeqtianad moexdina reagireba siaxleebze. eqstensiur safuzvelze bunebrivi, SromiTi da kapitaluri resursebis xangrzlivi mobilizaciam da sagareoekonomikurma zewolam Seamcira sabwota ekonomikis efeqtianoba, ramac saboloo jamsi destabilizacia da safinanso sitemis krizisi gamoiwvia. moralurad gacvetili materialur teqnikuri baza ki ar izleoda saertasoriso standartebis konkurentunarian produqcias, rac postssabwota ekonomikebis arsis mtavari mdgenelia. 153

154 eka lekasvili saqartvelo somxetis ZiriTadi savawro produqcia somxettan (1987 da 1997 wlebsi) cxrili 2 saqartvelos ZiriTadi saeqsporto saqoneli somxetsi saqartvelos ZiriTadi saimporto saqoneli somxetidan 1987 wels 1997wels 1987 wels 1997wels feradi litonis madani xorbali feradi li- Tonebi Salis nawarmi rbili safari da hidroizolaciuri materiebi kombikorma qarald celulozis samr. produqcia samkervalo nawarmi eleqtroenergia meneraluri, tkbili, gaziani wylebi navtobi da nav- Tobproduqtebi azotis sasuqebi tyavis, fexsacmlis da msufuqi mrewvelobis produqcia eleqtro da Tboenergia qimiuri bowko da Zafebi el.teqnikuri mrewvelobis produqcia trikotajis nawarmi sigara da sigareti navtobi da navtobproduqtebi gogirdmjava; oleumi sabwota kavsiris rrvevis da axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis warmosobis Semdeg gawyda socialisturi integraciis safuzvelze agebuli sawarmoo kavsirebi. TiToeuli saxelmwifos mcdeloba individualurad moexdina sakutari Tavis msoflio bazartan integracia, araefeqtiani armocnda. 154

155 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi saqartvelo azerbaijanis ZiriTadi savawro produqcia azerbaijantan (1987 da 1997 wlebsi) cxrili 3 saqartvelos ZiriTadi saeqsporto saqoneli azerbaijansi 1987 wels 1997 wels 1987 wels 1997 wels Savi litoni ZiriTadi qimiuri produqtebi bunebrivi da xelovnuri mineraluri wylebi azotis sasuqebi saqartvelos ZiriTadi saimporto saqoneli azerbaijanidan navtobgadamamusavebeli produqcia marili gazis mrewvelobis produqcia eleqtrotransformatorebi qimiuri Zafebi da naertebi eleqtronuli mrewvelobis produqcia sakabelo nawarmi samkervalo nawarmi Savi li- Tonebis milebi da unakero milakebi eleqtro da Tboenergia bambeulis nawarmi cximis mwarmoebeli mrewvelobis produqcia ZiriTadi qimiuri produqtebi gamanawilebeli mowyobilobebi da mati nawilebi navtobis airebi da sxva airis magvari naxsirwylebi 155

156 eka lekasvili arnisnul Sedegs mowmobs saqartvelos somxetsa da azerbaijantan ZiriTadi savawro sasaqonlo struqturis Sedareba sabwota da damoukideblobis periodebsi. natelia, rom sitemuri cvlilebebis pirobebsi, ati wlis ganmavlobasi ( ) arsebitad gansxvavebulia urtiertsoris vawrobis struqtura, rac metyvelebs samxret kavkasiis qveynebs Soris integrirebis araobieqtur xasiatze da ekonomikur araefeqtianobaze (ix. cxrili 2 da 3). amrigad, sabwota rusetis komunisturi Zalauflebis ganvrcobis pirobebsi integraciulma procesebma miiro, `axali~ Sinaarsi. samxret kavkasiasi integraciuli procesebis mokle istoriuli mimoxilva gvicvenebs, rom integraciuli procesebi sabwota periodsi socialisturi ideologiis gatarebas emsaxureboda. kvlevasi ganxorcielda saqartvelo azerbaijanisa da saqartvelo somxetis ZiriTadi savawro produqciis Sedareba 1987 da 1997 wlebis mixedvit, saidanac dadasturda, rom saqartvelos, somxetsa da azerbaijans Soris saqonelgacvlis safuzvels warmoadgenda mat Soris sawarmoo kooperacia, romel- Sic ar iyo gatvaliswinebuli qveynebis fardobiti upiratesobebi da masstabis efeqti. vawrobis martvac gegmazomierad xorcieldeboda. naklebad iyo gatvaliswinebuli erovnuli motxovnilebebi. amas- Tan, gansaxilvel wlebsi Seicvala samxret kavkasiis qveynebs Soris ZiriTadi sasaqonlo produqcia, rac adasturebs integraciis araobieqtur xasiats. sabwota kavsiris rrvevis da axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis warmosobis Semdeg gawyda socialisturi integraciis safuzvelze agebuli sawarmoo kavsirebi. 156

157 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi TiToeuli saxelmwifos mcdeloba individualurad moexdina sakutari Tavis msoflio bazartan integracia, araefeqtiani armocnda. socialisturi da regionuli ekonomikuri integraciis Teoriis Taviseburebebis SedarebiTi analizma gvicvena, rom socialisturi integracia Tavisi maxasiateblebit ar aris SesabamisobaSi sabazro integraciis Teoriis principebtan, romlis realur klasikur magalitsac evrokavsiri warmoadgens. Socialist Integration in the Context of Regional Economic Integration Antipode of Market Integration (On the Example of the South Caucasian States) E. Lekashvili Importance of the Problem: in terms of changing tendencies of the World economy, small countries having more open and less diversified economies experience serious influence of interdependence and integration processes. From this point of view, objectively developed relations with the neighbouring counntries are very important in the context of economic integration. Research Objective: the objective of the research is to study characteristics of socialist integration in the context of the theory of regional economic integration on the example of the South Caucasian states. Problem study and its theoretical and methodological foundations: the base for analyzing the theory of economic integration is to compare the trade volume between the two countries before and after integration according to expected statistical and dynamical effects with compliance to the indicators of trade improvement and trade reduction. Outcomes: A brief historical overview of the integration processes in the South Caucasus has shown that the integration processes served to establish socialist ideology. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and formation of new in- 157

158 eka lekasvili dependent states entrepreneur relations based on socialist integration ceased. The comparison of main trade products of Georgia-Azerbaijan and Georgia-Armenia in 1987 and 1997 was carried out in the research. This proved that the base for commodity exchange between Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan was entrepreneurial cooperation between these countries. Trade was also managed systematically. National requirements and comparative advantages were not seriously taken into consideration. In addition, in the discussed period major commodity exchanges between the South Caucasus states changed, which proves the non-objective nature of integration. The paper presents outcomes of the comparative analysis of the characteristics of socialist and regional economic integration theory. literatura 1. asatiani r., kavkasiis ekonomikis istoriis zogierti aspeqti da Tanamedroveoba, Jurnali ekonomika 1996, 12; 2. gegesize a., geopolitika, Tb., 1998; 3. gugusvili p, saqartvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganvitareba XIX-XX ss., t. VI, gamomcemloba mecniereba, Tb., 1979; 4. dst-sa da msvidobiani kavkasiis sakitxta saxelmwifo biuros sainformacio analitikuri biuleteni. Tb. 1997; 5. vesapize S., lekasvili e., grisikasvili., aslamazisvili n., msoflio ekonomika, Tb. 2009; 6. Todua g., mdgradi ekonomikisa da SefardebiTi upiratesobis ertianobis sayoveltao kanoni, Jurnali ekonomika, ¹12,1996; 7. Todua g.,erovnuli faqtoris roli saertasoriso ekonomikasi da Tanamedroveoba, Jurnali ekonomika,¹ 8-10, 1997; 8. Tbilisis ekonomikur urtiertobata saxelmwifo universiteti, rustavelis fondi, saertasoriso konferencia Temaze:,, ekonomikuri integraciis perspeqtivebi centralur kavkasiasi, saqartvelos erovnuli samecniero fondis konkurssi gamarjvebuli proeqti granti ¹628/07, samecniero Sromebis krebuli, gamomcemloba universali, Tb., 2008; 158

159 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi 9. lekasvili e., saqartvelos savawro urtiertobebi amierkavkasiis qveynebtan reformebis pirobebsi( ww), Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb., 2000; 10. maqsoevi m.,kavkasia. Tb. 1998; 11. macne - ekonomikis seria, t. V Tb., 1997, ¹1-2, saqartvelos mecnierebata akademia. 12. saqartvelos mdgradi ganvitarebis koncefciisatvis, J. ekonomika,¹1, 1993; 13. samsonaze m., saqartvelos sagareo vawrobis istoria XVIII s.-is miwurulsa da XIX s-is dasawyissi, macne. istoriis, etnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria; ¹1 1972; 14. yorranasvili l., kavkasiis ertiani bazari: realoba da perspeqtivebi, ekonomikis aqtualuri sakitxebi, Tb., 1998; 15. xostaria T., mrewvelobis ganvitarebis sakitxebi amierkavkasiis ekonomikur raionsi, gamomcemloba mecniereba, Tb., 1966; 16. humanuri ganvitarebis angarisi, saqartvelo, 1996 w., gaeros ganvitarebis programa Tb., 1996; 17. The Economic Geography of Regional Integration, Finance and Development, December, 2008, Volume 45,Number 4; 18. World Bank: Regional Trade Agreements, Effect on Trade, 2005; 19. Paul R. Krugman, Maurice Obstfeld. International Economics: Theory & Policy, Publisher: Pearson, Addison Wesley; 8th edition, 2009; 20. Wilfred Ethier, Modern International Economics, 1983; 21. The Economic Geography of Regional Integration, Finance and Development, December, 2008, Volume 45, Number 4; 22. Asia-Pacific Regional Economic Integration and Architecture, C. Fred Bergsten, Peterson Institute for International Economics, March 25, 2010 (speech); 23. Regional Economic Integration: The MERCOSUR Case, M. Lueugeli, Political and Economical Environment of International Business, London Metropolitan University, May 2004; 24. European Commission: Trade: South Caucasus (Bilateral relations) Balassa, В. Trade Creation and Trade Diversion in the European Common Market. The Economic Journal, vol. 77, 1967; 26. Dalimov R.T. Modelling international economic integration: an oscillation theory approach. Trafford, Victoria 2008; 159

160 eka lekasvili 27. Dalimov R.T. The dynamics of the trade creation and diversion effects under international economic integration, Current Research Journal of Economic Theory, 2009, vol. 1, issue 1; Porter M. On Competition. Harvard Business School Press; 1998; 29. Nugent, N. European Union Enlargement. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, William Peter von den Bercken,, Christian thinking and the end of communism in Russia, INTAL; European Commission: Trade: South Caucasus(Bilateral relations) ; com 34. gg.html am.html 37. European Commission: Trade: South Caucasus(Bilateral relations) msoflio bankis jgufi. somxetis respublika. http: // www. geuniverse com Социально-экономическое положение стран СНГ, Статкомитет СНГ,2008; 41. О социально-экономическом развитий Азербаиджанской республики в 1997 году, Баку, 1998,; ; com. 43. Экономические обзоры МВФ, Азербаиджан,1994; 44. Центральный Кавказ и экономика Грузий, Т. Беридзе, Э.Исмаилов, В. Папава, АИСИРК, ФСМИГ, Баку,

161 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi Economic Globalization and the Prospects of Georgia-European Union Trade Relations Emir Eteria Doctor of Economics Abstract: In recent years, political and economic relations between Georgia and the European Union (EU) have increased significantly. Conclusion of the EU-Georgia Agreement on the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DC FTA) will be an important step toward Georgia s gradual economic integration with the EU. Within the context of increasing economic globalization and regionalization, this article examines the DC FTA as a new dimension of the EU s trade policy, the DC FTA s role in the process of Georgia s government economic policy transformation, as well as the possible effects of DC FTA-related reforms on Georgia s economic development and economic performance. Keywords: Georgia, European Union, Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area, Economic Integration, Economic Globalization Introduction Currently, the world economy is characterized by an intensification of global and regional integration processes. Despite the growing number of regional integration groups, the European Union (EU) remains a classic model of successful regional integration. The EU positively influences the economic development of the member-states, which makes it attractive for neighboring countries. Georgia s economy is a transitional, small, open economy with insufficiently developed export potential and diversification of exports. Georgia attempts to develop a close economic relationship with the European Union that became crucially important after Russia forbade Georgia s exports in Consequently, achieving political association and gradual economic integration with the EU has become the main priority of 161

162 Emir Eteria Georgia s foreign policy. Furthermore, the formation of a democratic state and successful development of the market economy in Georgia represents a long-term interest of the EU. In 2010, Georgia and the EU started negotiating an Association Agreement, which will include an agreement on a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DC FTA) as an integral part. Negotiations on the DC FTA started in In general, DC FTA is a new kind of the EU trade agreement and, in contrast to a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), goes beyond the reduction/elimination of tariffs and covers a broad range of economic areas. Accordingly, DC FTA can be described as multidimensional agreement with far-reaching economic and political goals and therefore, more than merely a trade agreement. Research on the effect of the DC FTA on Georgia s economy has been undertaken by the UNDP (2007) and the CASE/Global Insight (2008). These studies concluded that Georgia will significantly benefit from this agreement, especially in the long-run. In contrast, Messerlin et al. (2011) criticized the influence of DC FTA related reforms on Georgia s economy because of the a broad area of reforms Georgia had to undertake to successfully fulfill the EU s preconditions in order even to start negotiations on the agreement. The aim of this article is to examine the concept of DC FTA and key developments of the EU-Georgia trade relations in the light of a increasing economic globalization and regionalization, to analyze the influence of DC FTA on the economic policy of Georgia and Georgia s economic performance in general, as well as to evaluate the possible challenges and positive outcomes of the DC FTA on Georgia s economic development. 162 Economic Globalization and DC FTA as a new dimension of the EU trade policy In the 1990s economic globalization became a main determinant of national economic development. As Frieden (2006) pointed out, The interests, and the ideas, favorable to economic globalization dominated

163 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi world economics and politics. The globe was once again capitalist, and capitalism was once again Global (p. 412). In view of that, economic globalization stipulates the establishment of qualitatively new economic relations and increasing interdependence among countries that gives to globalization a clearly defined complex nature. As Stiglitz (2007) describes, economic globalization entails the closer economic integration of the countries of the world through the increased flow of goods and services, capital, and even labour (p. 4). Hence, economic globalization includes all nation states with different degrees of integration into the globalizing world economy. Liberalization of the economic relations among countries is primary foundation for expansion of globalization and underlines the importance of economic factors of globalization. Along with economic globalization, there have been growing regional integration processes: Regional integration in the 1990s became an important component part of the overall process of economic globalization (Frieden, 2006, p. 411). Therefore, Globalisation and regionalism are not mutually exclusive and cannot be seen in isolation from each other (Di Mauro et al. 2008, p.17). However, regional integration in contrast to economic globalization is developed by the nation states for the nation states and it is governed by the nation states through jointly established institutes. Accordingly, regional integration represents a more effective form of collaboration among states through bilateral or mutually (in the regional framework) approved rules and procedures, which are not agreed upon the global level. As Higgott (1998) pointed out, Because globalization weakens the efficacy of national policy instruments, collective action approaches to problem solving with regard to issues demanding trans-national management solutions are probably easier at the regional level (p. 45). Hence, the first reason for increasing regional integration is the impossibility of the formation of an efficient structure of global governance, which pushes the nation states and regional integration groups to expand economic relations in the regional framework. 1 Second, regional integration processes are complicated economic-political phenomena developed through the intensification of economic relations, where positive 163

164 Emir Eteria economic factors (trade, capital flow and labor migration) of integration together with the political goals of nation states create a symbiosis and represent a primary way to decrease the negative aspects of globalization. Consequently, deepening of integration processes is one of the main approaches to respond to the absence of the efficient global governance and to increase the positive effects of globalization. By the same token, globalization and regional integration do not reduce the key role of the government in regulation of domestic and foreign political and economic relations and definition of development priorities. Accordingly, in spite of the intensification of the regional integration processes, the nation state remains as a most important actor of the world economy (See Weiss, 1999; 2000). Recently, the world observed a significant transformation of the EU s trade policy priorities. Remaining an active supporter of the conclusion of the Doha Development Round negotiation at the multilateral level, the EU simultaneously attempts to gradually deepen its trade relations on a bilateral level through new Free Trade Agreements. 2 As the European Commission (EC) stated, Doha remains our top priority. However, the bilateral is not the enemy of the multilateral. The opposite may hold truer: liberalization fuels liberalization (COM (2010) 612, p. 3). There are two reasons to explain changes in trade policy of the EU. First, the EU s intention to deepen integration processes is a response to the problems facing the global trade system. Second, as Koopmann and Wilhelm (2010) pointed out: When the EU ended its self-imposed moratorium (from 1999) on the negotiation of new bilateral trade agreements in 2006, one reason was due to the observation that other trading powers were becoming increasingly engaged in bilateral and regional trade policy. This in particular holds for the United States of America. (p. 307) So, During the past decade the formerly unquestioned European leadership in regional integration and preferential trade agreements has been increasingly challenged by dynamic US regionalism on a global scale (Guerrieri and Dimon, 2006, p. 89). Accordingly, the EU is trying 164

165 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi To match the FTAs negotiated as part of the US competitive liberalisation strategy (Woolcock et al. 2007, p. 236). Consequently, following disappointment with results of multilateral trade negotiations and increasing competition from the USA and other big economies (especially China, Japan, Brazil and South Korea), the EU has broadened the area of bilateral agreements and involve more countries in its trade agenda. The EU trade policy, according to the communication adopted by the European Commission Global Europe: Competing in the World, is a main instrument to increase the EU competitiveness in the world economy (COM (2006) 567). In addition, this communication declared that To have a positive impact FTAs must be comprehensive in scope, provide for liberalization of substantially all trade and go beyond WTO disciplines (ibid., p. 10). Consequently, the EU has decided to focus on DC FTA agreements: The idea of a deep free trade area (sometimes referred to as a free trade area plus ) goes beyond the traditional concept of trade liberalization, which focuses mostly on reducing and removing customs tariffs, sometimes limited to trade in manufactured goods only (so-called shallow integration). (Dabrowski and Taran, 2012, p. 6) So, gradual evolution of the trade policy of the European Union from simple FTAs to the DC FTAs clearly demonstrates that the EU attempts to achieve its global goals, which remains problematic at the multilateral level, by extension of bilateral agreements. Regarding developing and transition countries the EU promotes DC FTAs because the EU wants, on the one hand, to provide favorable conditions for the EU investment and expand the area of exports of goods and services and, on the other hand, to promote developing and transition countries sustainable development, which are in line with EUs long-term economic goals. According to the EC Communication on A Strong European Neighborhood Policy (COM (2007) 774), the main instruments to achieve these goals and increase economic integration with European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) countries are, Tailor-made deep and comprehensive free trade agreements (DFTAs), including measures to reduce non-tariff barriers through regu- 165

166 Emir Eteria latory convergence (p. 4). So, DC FTA is a new generation agreement with various combinations of liberalization and regulation, which goes beyond simple trade liberalization issues and covers many aspects of the performance of the economy in general. More specifically, DC FTA foreseen regulation convergence is a primary novelty, which leads to policy changes in many areas of economy in countries involved in negotiations, thus extends the area of the EU standards and regulations beyond the EU on a bilateral basis. The EU wants to conclude similar agreements with all neighboring countries, especially with those countries in Eastern neighborhood that declared such aspiration and have the appropriate capacity as well. The aim of these agreements is to create compatibility with WTO rules and EU norms and standards free trade area with those of the Eastern European countries that are able to show readiness and sufficient progress to provide reforms in the trade-related areas and realize the relevant obligations under the agreement. However, agreement on DC FTA does not mean future EU membership, which makes DC FTA-related reforms one of the problematic issues for countries involved in negotiations on such agreement, including Georgia. In addition, the EU will sign an agreement on DC FTA based on their economic and political goals. The EU takes into account the importance of these countries to facilitate economic growth in the European Union, their attractiveness for the EU countries investment and export, and also, the level of development of these countries. Obviously, the first two provisions are economic criteria, while the last can be assumed to be more political than economic, but, as some experts noted, A few EU bilateral agreements have been commercially motivated (Woolcock et al. p. 237). However, these provisions, especially economic provisions, have become more important for the EU. For example, the first Eastern European country with which the EU completed negotiation on a DC FTA is Ukraine, the biggest economy in the EU s Eastern Neighborhood: Ukraine has reached the most, as after five years of negotiations the EU- Ukraine Association Agreement with embedded DC FTA has been initialed 166

167 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi in March 2012 (Movchan and Shportyuk, 2012, p. 5). The conclusion of the agreement on DC FTA for neighboring countries, including Georgia, is an important opportunity and step forward to achieve more profound economic integration with the EU. Progression of the EU-Georgia trade relations toward DC FTA In 2005, the EU granted Georgia a special incentive arrangement for sustainable development and good governance - within the EU Generalized System of Preferences (GSP+). The GSP+ regime is not permanent, and it will be removed as the country achieves a sustained economic growth trajectory. Also, The existence of GSP+ means that Georgia will not benefit from a simple FTA, since it now has virtually tariff-free access to the EU (Pardo Sierra, 2011, p. 1384). The EU is Georgia s main trade partner. According to statistical data, during the 2011 year, the share of the EU in total trade turnover of Georgia was 27%, share in export - 19%, and share in the import - 29%. 3 Consequently, the government of Georgia wants to establish closer political and economic relations with the EU. Hence, to ensure deeper economic integration with the EU and, therefore, to provide an additional stimulating impact on economic growth in Georgia, it is necessary to conclude a new broad trade agreement with the EU like DC FTA. So, the government of Georgia chose DC FTA because it was dictated, on the one hand, by the long term national interest of Georgia to become a member of the EU and, on the other hand, Georgia has no other option for developed regional integration. The possibility of conclusion of Free Trade Agreement between the EU and Georgia was declared in the EU-Georgia ENP Action Plan (2006), and there was stated that In this context, the Commission will undertake a feasibility study which will also look at regional trade and economic integration aspects (p. 10). According to research undertaken by UNDP (2007) and CASE/Global Insight (2008), DC FTA share in the economic growth rate of Georgia will be small in the short run, but the DC FTA would largely increase the gains from trade and the country would considerably benefit from this agreement in the long-term. After the Russia-Georgia war in August 2008, the EU s decision to 167

168 Emir Eteria step up activities towards the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area between Georgia and the EU was declared in the European Council Conclusions (Presidency Conclusions, Council of the European Union, 2008, p. 3). It is worthy to note that Georgia as a small economy is not as attractive as is Ukraine for the EU to conclude DC FTA. Therefore, supporting the development of economy emerged as a foremost motivation in the case of Georgia that underlines the dominance of political than economic reasons to start negotiations on DC FTA with Georgia. The EU s approach to begin negotiation with Georgia on DC FTA was based on conditionality to provide the regulatory convergence and legal approximation in some areas. Despite some controversies, taking into account the political importance of close relations with the EU, the Government of Georgia prepared strategies and action plans in all relevant areas (Technical barriers to trade (TBT), Sanitary and Phytosanitary issues (SPS), Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and Competition Policy) and started the implementation process. Finally, in 2011, the EU Commission agreed to start negotiation on the DC FTA with Georgia. Georgia s economic performance and DC FTA related reforms Neoliberal reforms taking place in the USA and the Great Britain in the 1980s have spread to many countries in the world, including Georgia, primarily through the policies of international organizations and, namely, the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In the last decades, the economic liberalization process has been carried out in neoliberal globalization framework, also understood as the so-called Washington Consensus. The main principles of the doctrine were liberalization, deregulation, and privatization. As Frieden (2006) pointed out, There was disagreement inside the tent among market oriented thinkers, but few questioned the general superiority of markets as mechanisms of economic allocations (p. 400). So, this policy supposed the significant reduction of government activity in the regulation of the economy and was based on the principle of small government. The transformation of the government s role in economic regulation is especially remarkable in transition countries, including Georgia. 168

169 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi After the Rose Revolution in 2003, with the purpose to establish a free market economy and foster economic growth, Georgia s economic policy has been based on neoliberal principles, characterized by little regulation or no regulation at all in some areas. But, as Stiglitz (2007) noted: These free market economists are also more inclined to believe that markets, by themselves, without government intervention, are efficient, and that the best way to help the poor is simply to let the economy grow and, somehow, the benefits will trickle down to the poor. (Interestingly, such beliefs have persisted, even as economic research has undermined their intellectual foundations). (p. XVI) This statement brightly describes Georgia s government economic policy over the past nine years. In Georgia, during , the average economic growth rate was about 6%; GDP per capita increased from US Dollars in 2004 to US Dollars in However, economic growth did not reduce the unemployment rate, which was high and even increased from 12.6% in 2004 to 15% in In addition, the share of the population under the poverty threshold increased from 6.4% in 2007 to 9.2% in As a result of neoliberal economic policy, during , there has been rapid economic growth but slow economic development in Georgia, because If economic growth is not shared throughout society, then development has failed (Stiglitz, 2007, p. 45). So, only rapid economic growth based on neoliberal economic policy and therefore, on less regulated market economy, is not a sufficient precondition for further economic development. In general, the neoliberal economic policy supposedly increases efficiency based on growing freedom of the private sector, but, as Stiglitz (2007) pointed out, Efficiency, however, is not everything (p. 143). So, neoliberal economic policy represents a policy targeted to reduce inefficient regulation, but it does not refuse the possibility and often the necessity of the regulation of the economy in general. Also, it should be highlighted that The markets do not create, regulate, stabilize, or sustain themselves (Rodrik, 2011, p. 237) and Adam Smith may not have been quite correct when he said that markets lead, as if by an invisible hand, to 169

170 Emir Eteria the well-being of society (Stiglitz, 2010, p. 200). Obviously, the market economy is unable to create the necessary preconditions for economic development without a significant government role. In addition, Capitalism does not come with a unique model (Rodrik, 2011, p. XVIII) and There are, for instance, other forms of market economies such as that of Sweden, which has sustained robust growth that have led to quite different societies, marked with better health care and education and less inequality (Stiglitz, 2007, p. XV). So, it is important to note that considering Georgia s less development oriented policy, the DC FTA emerged as a main instrument for economic policy transformation, which pushes Georgia s government to change neoliberal economic policy and successfully combine open and regulated market economy. DC FTA provisions require reform and adoption of the European Union regulations in many spheres of the economy, including custom, intellectual property rights, sanitary and phytosanitary issues, food safety, environment, statistics, public procurement, technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures, company law, services, movement of capital, taxation, competition policy and state aid, enterprise policy as well as public internal financial control and so on. As Pardo Sierra (2011) noted, Areas of reform are far-reaching, ranging from food safety measures, competition law, and passing a new labor code to adopting EU customs legislation and regulatory convergence. The main question is whether the Georgian authorities regard the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement as a reward worth the implementation costs (p ). Therefore, there are some difficulties to achieve a convergence with the EU in regulatory areas because of Georgia s deeply deregulated economic environment. However, it is obvious that DC FTA related reforms, in contrast to neoliberal economic policy, are oriented to increase government s role in regulation of economic activity. As a result, these reforms will lead to the formation of a regulated market economy in Georgia. As Rodrik (2011) noted, Markets and governments are complements, not substitute. If you want more and better markets, you have to have more (and better) gover- 170

171 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi nance. Markets work best not where states are weakest, but where they are strong (p. XVIII). In addition, DC FTA related reforms can be considered as a factor not only supporting economic growth but also raising the level of economic development of Georgia. Economic development in its turn is the result of complicated combination of reforms in economic, political, institutional, social and educational spheres, which will lead to an unemployment reduction, fairer distribution of income, country s institutional development and improvement of quality of life of the people in general. Accordingly, to ease the adaptation to unstable economic conditions and solve the problems caused by unemployment, unequal distribution of income and institutional underdevelopment, it is highly important to elaborate and pursue an efficient development policy because ineffectiveness of government s policies will lead to protectionist views in the society, including toward the EU. Consequently, DC FTA is an effective instrument for the formation in Georgia of a less neoliberal and, therefore, more regulated market economy that will provide more compatibility with the economy of the EU. Achieving Georgia s economic compatibility with the economy of the EU, other things being equal, is as an important step toward the EU membership in the long run. DC FTA related main challenges and possibilities The agreement on the DC FTA between the EU and Georgia will cover almost the entire spectrum of the trade. Accordingly, it is very ambitious and complex agreement and should incorporate the interests of all parties involved. First, the main political and economic challenge related to DC FTA is how to spread the agreement s provisions to the occupied territories of Georgia. It should be made with respect for the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Georgia within its internationally recognized borders. Consequently, it is very important to determine an adequate formulation into the agreement. Second, the major economic challenge related to the agreement on the DC FTA between Georgia and the EU is the openness of the European 171

172 Emir Eteria Union market to Georgia s agricultural products. Agriculture products are Georgia s main export products. But agriculture is a very sensitive area in the EU trade policy. Therefore, Georgia should profoundly reform the agricultural sphere, namely agricultural production to fulfill the EU standards in this area. This is a case in which government should play an important role to achieve the appropriate standard of agricultural production. Without important changes in the agriculture area in general, direct benefits from the DC FTA will be much smaller. Moreover, as it is indicated in CASE/Global Insight feasibility study, DC FTA would imply heavy costs in the short run, for both the public and private sectors, to achieve full compliance with EU economic rules and standards (Case/Global Insight, 2008). Also, as some, more critical experts have argued: The burdensome regulatory changes imposed on Georgia are equivalent to taxing Georgian production - endangering its growth and the sustainability of its reforms and successful fight against corruption, which is so crucial for its long-term development. (Messerlin et al. 2011, p. i) As the EU new member states experience shows, to achieve full compliance with the EU rules and standards requires significant expenses from the state budget and from the private sector as well. In those countries, compliance was achieved by significant financial aid by the EU and their clearly declared membership prospects. It is obvious that Georgia s situation is different. Consequently, it is highly important that the DC FTA related reform should not to have an economic growth deterrent nature that will restrain continuity of reforms. Instead, it should support to develop countries competitive advantage and create the necessary preconditions (improvement of the business climate, growth of country s investment attractiveness) to achieve a high economic growth rate. To transform DC FTA related reforms into a factor stimulating economic growth depends, on the one hand, on the scope and depths of regulatory convergence and, on the other hand, on the selectivity and succession of reforms (Messerlin et al. 2011). It is very important in many areas such as food safety, competition policy, labor relations and trade 172

173 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi related technical barriers. Clarification of the scope, depths, the selectivity and succession will reduce controversial relations between the necessity of regulatory convergence and the needs of the economic growth in a short run. Moreover, using this approach will ensure redistribution of the public and private costs over time. As a result, Georgia will avoid declines in the economic growth rate that is essential for successful reforms in many trade related areas and for economic development. Furthermore, in the long run, a DC FTA between the European Union and Georgia will support private sector development by creating a transparent and stable business environment and will significantly increase Georgia s investment attractiveness. Experts pointed out that: Potential inward FDI to Georgia following the deep free trade agreement with the EU could be substantially higher than the current flows. As a result, FDI stock in Georgia might increase from USD 2,320 mn in 2005 even up to USD 11,136 mn in However, this fivefold increase is feasible under the condition that Georgia succeeds in its transition reforms and moves towards the level of Bulgaria. (Case/Global Insight, 2008, p. 110) DC FTA can strongly spur FDI inflows in Georgia both in tradable and non-tradable sectors. Investment flows in the tradable sector would be oriented on an optimal combination of the resources seeking (relatively cheap manpower, high quality agricultural raw materials, etc.) and the market seeking (Kakulia, 2009, p. 16). In addition, considering that there are three types of trade-induced growth (see Baldwin and Seghezza, 1998), economic growth in Georgia because of the DC FTA with the EU, especially in the short run, will be primarily based on investment rather than labor skill and technology. In their analysis of interaction between regional integration and investment-lead growth in four countries (Portugal, Spain, Ireland, and Greece), Baldwin and Seghezza (1998) concluded: The integration of relatively poor nations into a rich trading bloc seems to have exercised a positive influence on the poor nation s investment rates, however the influence was not strong enough to overcome poor macroeconomic management and market rigidities. (p. 396) 173

174 Emir Eteria Obviously, in the short run, the investment growth rate will be the most important criteria to evaluate DC FTA s influence on Georgia s economy. There are two channels to increase investment flows: First, investments from the EU member and non-member states attracted by cheap labor and second, investments from non-member states willing to export product to the EU market. But, as Nello (2002) noted: In transition economies the opportunities for foreign direct investment are closely linked to the privatization process, and also they depend on the openness of authorities in the host countries to foreign purchasers. Foreign investors also will take into account the overall economic environment, including macroeconomic stability, geographical location and the costs of production. (p. 301) Accordingly, increasing investments mostly depends not only on Georgia s competitive advantages but also on government s economic policy to improve investment climate and investment attractiveness. In the long run, assuming the combination of the DC FTA with an efficient development policy of government trade stimulated economic growth will based not only on the investment, but also on investment encouraged labor skill and technology development. Accordingly, stimulation of the FDI would be a particularly significant economic outcome from DC FTA. Moreover, DC FTA provisions require further development of some institutions (Competition and State Procurement Agency, Food Safety Agency, National Intellectual Property Center, National Agency for Standards, Technical Regulations and Metrology) and establishment of new regulations to achieve compatibility with the EU. It is obvious, that regulatory convergence is an important factor to increase trade relationship (see Méngova, 2012) and Georgia should to continue reforms in trade related areas (Ecorys/CASE, 2012). Also, noteworthy that Institutional development is one of the most important aspects of development in general, but, as Acemoglu and Robinson (2012) pointed out, Nations fail today because their extractive economic institutions do not create the incentives needed for people to save, invest and innovate (p. 372). Accordingly, reforms in trade related areas should not create regulations that will lead to reducing economic stimulus for private sector and therefore, 174

175 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi decline of economic growth. Consequently, the best policies to achieve success in reforming DC FTA related areas and establishing an EU-compatible economy are a symbiosis of reform succession with gradually shifting government policy from the less regulated and only growth oriented market economy to a more regulated and development-oriented market economy. In conclusion, considering all above mentioned structural, institutional and policy changes and possibilities created by a DC FTA and targeted to reach more compatibility with the EU, a DC FTA is the best available instrument to achieve economic development in the long run. Conclusion In the long run, formation of the DC FTA would be an important supporting factor for economic development of Georgia. First, the DC FTA will gradually shift Georgia s government economic policy from a neoliberal and growth oriented market economy to a more regulated and development oriented market economy. Second, strengthening important institutions will encourage more competition in the internal market and a transparent business and investment climate. Furthermore, the DC FTA will facilitate Georgian companies to produce high standard products that could be exported to the EU market and consequently, would increase Georgia s export diversification. Moreover, the additional inflow of FDI and technologies will contribute to progressive structural developments in Georgia s economy, job creation, reducing unemployment and economic growth based on investment increasing, labor skill and technology development. Finally, and more importantly, the DC FTA will improve the level of economic development and integrating Georgia s economy more deeply and broadly into the globalizing world economy. Acknowledgment Research for this article was supported in part by the Global Faculty Grants Program, which is funded and administered by the Open Society Institute (OSI). The opinions expressed herein are the author s own and do not necessarily express the views of OSI. Notes 175

176 emir eteria 176 ekonomikuri globalizacia da saqartvelo-evrokavsiris savawro urtiertobebis perspeqtivebi e. eteria ekonomikuri globalizaciis mzardi tendencia ubi- Zgebs qveynebs aqtiurad CaerTon regionul integraciul procesebsi da regionuli integraciis intensifikacia Tanamedrove globalizebadi ekonomikis ert-ert mtavar maxasiatebels warmoadgens. ekonomikurma globalizaciam mnisvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina evrokavsiris savawro politikis prioritetebze da savawro politikis simzimis centrma globaluri ganzomilebidan (mravalmxrivi savawro urtiertobebis regulireba) ormxrivi urtier- Tobebis Semdgom ganvitarebaze gadainacvla. integraciul procesebsi CarTvis gaaqtiurebis TvalsazrisiT arc saqartveloa gamonaklisi, romelic iswrafvis daamyaros mwidro ekonomikuri urtiertobebi evrokavsirtan. gasatvaliswinebelia isic, rom evrokav- SirTan daaxloebis garda, romlic ekonomikuri integraciis klasikur magalits warmoadgens, saqartvelos warmatebul integraciul procesebsi CarTvis sxva alternativa ara aqvs. evrokavsirtan saqartvelos Tanmimdevruli ekonomikuri integraciis mirwevis umtavres instruments evrokavsirtan Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vawrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis drouli gaformeba warmoadgens. arnisnuli SeTanxmeba SeiZleba daxasiatdes rogorc mravalganzomilebiani SeTanxmeba, romelic cdeba mxolod vawrobastan dakavsirebul sakitxebs,moicavs ekonomikuri saqmianobis mtel speqtrs da Sesabamisad ufro metia, vidre ubralod savawro SeTanxmeba. evrokavsiris saerto (da ara ertian) ekonomikur modeltan daaxloeba mravali mimartulebit sirrmiseu-

177 erovnuli ekonomika msoflio integraciul procesebsi li reformebis gatarebas moitxovs, rac SeiZleba micneul iqnes saxelmwifos maregulirebeli rolis zrdis maprovocirebel faqtorad. cnobilia, rom saxelmwifos rolis zrda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba ganvitarebis xelsemwyobi faqtori,roca is xels uwyobs konkurenciis zrdas, Tavisufal mewarmeobas, Semosavlebis SedarebiT Tanabari gadanawilebis uzrunvelyofas, siraribis Semcirebis mimartulebit qmediti RonisZiebebis gatarebas, instituciur da teqnologiur ganvitarebas, aseve, qveynis sainvesticio mimzidvelobis zrdas, ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis xelsewyobas da zogadad, qveynis ufro aqtiur CarTvas globalizebad ekonomikasi. evrokavsiris bazarze saqartvelos eqsportis moculobis zrdasa da eqsportis diversifikaciastan ertad, zemoarnisnuli SeTanxmebis gaformebis warmatebulobis Sefasebis ert-erti mnisvnelovani kriteriumi ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis xelsewyobaa. ekonomikuri integraciis Taobaze ganxorcielebuli araerti kvleva adasturebs, rom SedarebiT dabalganvitarebuli qveynis mierteba ganvitarebuli qveynebis regionul integraciul jguftan, gonivruli ekonomikuri politikis gatarebis SemTxvevaSi, zrdis qveynis sainvesticio mimzidvelobas. amdenad, evrokavsirtan arnisnuli SeTanxmebis gaformebit mirebuli sargebeli mnisvnelovnadaa damokidebuli calkeul sferosi (politikur, ekonomikur, samartlebriv, socialur, instituciur) reformebis warmatebit ganxorcielebastan. dabolos, evrokavsirtan Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vawrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis gaformeba garkveulwilad ganapirobebs saqartvelos mtavrobis ekonomikuri politikis transformaciis aucileblobas, rac, upirveles yovlisa, zrdaze orientirebuli ekonomikuri politikidan, ganvitarebaze orientirebul ekonomikur politikaze gadartvas gulisxmobs. 177

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181 Cveni publikaciis kvaldakval plagiati Tu ciliswameba? moswavlis pasuxi maswavlebels litvasi gamoqveynebuli statiis gamo giorgi abuselize ekonomikis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori winamdebare werili warmoadgens pasuxs JurnalSi ekonomika da biznesi [1] gamoqveynebul werilze qartveli ekonomistis litvasi gamoqveynebuli plagiaturi statiis Sesaxeb. faqtia, rom me, yovelgvari safasuris garese SevZeli gamomeqveynebina samecniero statia sataurit optimaluri sagadasaxado wnexis gavlena ekonomikur aqtiurobasa da warmoebis moculobaze ( The influence of Optimal Tax Burden on Economic activity and production capacity ) saertasoriso referirebad Jurnal INTELLECTUAL ECONOMICS -Si [2], Intellectual Economics is included into reviewing by: EBSCO Central and Eastern European Academic Publishing; International Index Copernicus; Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) Classification System. Ulrich s DB; The American Economic Association s electronic bibliography, EconLit; C.E.E.O.L (Central and Eastern European Online Library) DB (preliminary) [3]. arsanisnavia, rom es Jurnali gansakutrebul yuradrebas aqcevs statiis reziumes, Sesavals, gamoyenebuli literaturis mimoxilvas, kvlevit nawils, daskvnebsa da rekomendaciebs, mat kavsirs da urtiertganpirobebulobas, Tanxvedras Sinaarssa da Temis saxelwodebas Soris. amastanave Jurnalis ert-erti umtavresi piroba gaxlavt is, rom sakvlevi Temis arc erti aspeqti ar unda figurirebdes adre gamoqveynebul arc ert publikaciasi da srulad unda pasuxobdes samecniero statiisadmi wayenebul yvela motxovnas. 181

182 giorgi abuselize arnisnuli Tema 2012 wlis maissi litvasi, qalaq vilniussi, mikolas romiresis universitetsi (MYKO- LAS ROMERIS UNIVERSITY) wardgenili iqna saertasoriso samecniero praqtikul konferenciaze Problems of Tax Policy [4] da igi rogorc sakonferencio moxseneba, Semdeg ki rogorc samecniero statia plagiatze Semowmebul iqna specialur bazasi (samwuxarod es qartul realobasi isviatia), romlis Semdegac mocemulma nasromma saertasoriso eqspertebtan gaiara damoukidebeli saertasoriso recenzireba. mati kvalifikacia satanadodaa ariarebuli. swored mat mier gaketda daskvnebi rogorc sakonferencio moxsenebis, aseve samecniero statiis Sesaxeb. statiis gamoqveynebas, uamravi gamoxmaureba da TanamSromlobis SemoTavazeba mohyva sxvadasxva kvleviti centrebidan, fondebidan, organizaciebidan, Tu samecniero gamomcemlobebidan. gamogitydebit, moutmenlad velodi Sesabamis gamoxmaurebas qartuli samecniero wreebidanac, rac damerwmunet bevrad ufro sasixarulo iqneboda CemTvis (ar miwyenen ucxoeli mkvlevrebi), magram samwuxarod mivire iseti gamoxmaureba, romelmac SemZra da damafiqra. mexsiereba- Si Zalauneburad giorgi mefis ( didostatis marjvena ) sityvebi amotivtivda: didikaci Tu gamogveria, ise davkortnit, rogorc dakodil Zeras yvavebi. didikaci - Cems ambiciad ar monatlot, perifrazi ubralod teqstis Sinaarsis efeqturobas gaaqarwylebda. erti mxriv CemTvis sasiamovnoa, rom am dakodili Zeras poziciasi miwevs yofna da es kidev ufro did stimuls mazlevs momavali qmedebebisaken da meore mxriv guli mwydeba, rom niskarti im adamianebma mitavazes, visac Cems Rirseul pedagogebad da etalonebad mivicnevdi, dres minda yvelas gasagonad vtqva, rom Tqven batono iuri da batono vladimer Cemi Rirseba SelaxeT. davusvat da Sevcode, amitom maswavlebelma wixli unda utavazos Segirds, Tu gakicxos, 182

183 Cveni publikaciis kvaldakval daarigos, aswavlos da miutitos martebul gzaze, romlitac unda ganagrzos svla. aqve erti qartuli sibrzne gamaxsenda, did kactan patara kacsa rodis gasvlia martali, da icit ratom, imitom, rom bevri Tqvens avtoritets ufro endoba, vidre Cems sityvas, magram sikvdilmisjilsac aqvs sityvis Tqmis ufleba da mec msurs ramdenime argumentirebuli komentari dagipirispirot. dasawyissi baton ananiasvils da baton papavas minda Sevaxseno, rom statias win uzrvis ara anotacia (Annotation) aramed reziume (Abstract) da is razec Tqven miutitebt [1,gv.172] aisaxeba anotaciasi da ara reziumesi, winaarmdeg SemTxvevaSi, damerwmunet rogori donis statiac ar unda iyos is, xsenebul JurnalSi ver daibewdeboda. saintereso Targmans aketeben batoni ananiasvili da batoni papava, romelic iliaseul xeli gaviqnie fexs mogagonebt. amitomac momaqvs vrceli amonaridi inglisuri, rusuli, kritikosta qartuli Targmanisa da Tan davurtav reziumes originalur qartul variants, rata mkitxvelma Tavad gaaketos Sedareba da Sesabamisi daskvnebic gamoitanos. kerzod, inglisuri: Abstract. That the modern state couldn t exist without taxes is something that doesn t need to be argued to society. It is also acknowledged that tax burden influences not only the budget revenues, but investments, demand and supply, prices and others. All this has direct as well as indirect influence on the economic activity and production capacity. In the concept of tax burden the important fact is the connection of tax burden with the economic activity and production capacity. The influence of tax burden on budget tax revenues and production capacity can be realized in two different ways. On the one hand, tax burden influences production technologies, effective usage of resources that accordingly will be depicted on the production capacity and, on the other hand, the change of tax burden influences budget tax revenues that will be depicted on the economic activity [2]. rusuli: То, что современное государство не может 183

184 giorgi abuselize существовать без налогов является то, что не нужно утверждать в обществе. Он также признал, что налоговая нагрузка влияет не только доходы бюджета, но и инвестиций, спроса и предложения, цен и других. Все это имеет прямое, так и косвенное воздействие на экономическую активность и производственные мощности. В понятие налогового бремени важным фактом является связь налоговой нагрузки с экономической деятельностью и производственных мощностей. Влияние налоговой нагрузки на бюджет налоговых доходов и производственных мощностей может быть реализован двумя различными способами. С одной стороны, налоговая нагрузка влияет технологии производства, эффективного использования ресурсов, что, соответственно, будет изображен на производственные мощности и, с другой стороны, изменение налогового бремени влияет на бюджет налоговых поступлений, которые будут изображены на экономическую деятельность [5]. kritikosta qartuli Targmani: `reziume. is, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia gadasaxadebis garese arseboba, aris is, ris dasabutebas ar sawiroebs sazogadoeba. amave dros, ariarebulia, rom sagadasaxado tvirti gavlenas axdens ara marto biujetis Semosavlebze, aramed, agretve, investiciebze, motxovnasa da miwodebaze, fasebze da a.s. yovelive amas rogorc pirdapiri, aseve iribi gavlena aqvs saqmian aqtiurobasa da warmoebis SesaZleblobaze. sagadasaxado tvirtis koncefciasi mnisvnelovani faqtia kavsiri sagadasaxado tvirtsa da saqmian aqtiurobasa da warmoebis SesaZleblobas Soris. warmoebis SesaZleblobaze da biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebze sagadasaxado tvirtis gavlena SeiZleba ori gansxvavebuli gzit ganxorcieldes. erti mxriv, sagadasaxado tvirti zemoqmedebs warmoebis teqnologiaze, resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobaze da am saxit gavlenas axdens warmoebis SesaZleblobaze; meore mxriv, sagadasaxado tvirtis cvlileba zemoqmedebs biujetis Semosavlebze da aisaxeba saqmian aqtiurobaze [1,gv.174]. 184

185 Cveni publikaciis kvaldakval reziumes originaluri qartuli varianti: Tanamedrove saxelmwifo ar arsebobs gadasaxadebis garese, rac ar sawiroebs sazogadoebis winase specialur dasabutebas. amastan sayoveltaod ariarebulia, rom sagadasaxado wnexi gavlenas axdens aramarto sabiujeto Semosavlebze, aramed investiciebze, motxovna-miwodebaze, fasebis masstabze da sxva. es yovelive saboloo jamsi pirdapiri da iribi saxit gavlenas axdens ekonomikur aqtiurobasa da warmoebis moculobaze. sagadasaxado wnexis koncefciasi mnisvnelovania sagadasaxado wnexis kavsiri ekonomikur aqtiurobasa da warmoebis moculobaze. sagadasaxado wnexis gavlena biujetsi sagadasaxado Semosavlebze da warmoebis moculobaze SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori sxvadasxva gzit. ertis mxriv sagadasaxado wnexi gavlenas axdens warmoebis teqnologiebze, resursebis efeqtur gamoyenebaze, rac Sesabamisad aisaxeba warmoebis moculobaze da meore mxriv, sagadasaxado wnexis cvlileba gavlenas axdens biujetsi sagadasaxado Semosavlebze, rac Sesabamisad aisaxeba ekonomikur aqtiurobaze [2,gv.493]. es Sedarebebi natlad gvicvenebs Seusabamobebs TargmanSi, faqtia is, rom azrobrivad an gramatikulad gaumartavi teqsti veravitar SemTxvevaSi ver ixilavda dris sinatles. Tuki SevadarebT kritikosta nasromebis dasawyiss [6,gv.8; 7,gv.71], reziumes mateul Targmansa [1,gv.274] da Tqveni monamorcilis nasromis reziumes [2,gv.493], davinaxavt, rom citirebas adgili ar aqvs. kerzod, batoni ananiasvili da batoni papava weren gansakutrebul dasabutebas ar sawiroebs is garemoeba, rom gadasaxadebis garese Tanamedrove saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis arseboba SeuZlebelia. amave dros, ariarebulia, rom dabegvra gavlenas axdens moxmarebasa da dazogvaze, investiciebze, motxovnasa da miwodebaze, faswarmoqmnaze, 185

186 giorgi abuselize bazrebis masstabebze da a.s da wyarodac Tavad atkinsonis da stiglicis nasromebs miutiteben [8]. unda itqvas isic, rom martalia mozrvrebi ar ganixilaven nasromis [2] Sesavalsa da literaturis mimoxilvas, magram mainc kritikulad afaseben mas da amitomac mkitxvels vtavazobt Sesavalisa da literaturis mimoxilvis qartul variants: Sesavali. ekonomikur aqtiurobasa da warmoebis moculobaze sagadasaxado wnexis gavlenis xarisxis ganmsazrvreli mtavari faqtorebia dargsi sawarmota Semosavlianoba, konkurenciis simkacre, konkretuli saqonlis warmoeba da realizacia, dargebis, regionebisa da sferoebis sawarmoo specifika,qveyanasi Seqmnili saerto socialuri da politikuri mdgomareoba, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenata Semosavlianoba da mati ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. dargsi sawarmota Soris konkurenciis xarisxi da mati Semosavlianoba sagadasaxado simzimis ert-er- Ti mtavari ganmsazrveli faqtoria imdenad, ramdenadac konkurenciis simzafre mwarmoeblebs aizulebs TavianTi produqcia momxmareblebs miawodon rac SeiZleba minimalur fasad. im pirobebsi ki, roca dargsi sawarmota sasualo danaxarjebi TiTqmis Tanabaria anu mat ar gaacniat upiratesoba warmoebis xarjebsi, gadasaxadebit gaberili fasis Semcirebis sasualebad gvevlineba am sawarmota mier arnisnuli gadasaxadebis simzimis Tavis Tavze areba. am gzit moxdeba fasis Semcireba da motxovnis stimulireba. sagadasaxado simzimis Tavis Tavze areba xdeba sawarmota mogebis xarjze. mogebis Semcirebis uflebas ki Tavis Tavs is sawarmoebi miscemen, romlebic marali SemosavlebiTa da Sesabamisad, marali mogebit gamoircevian. e.i. konkurencia aizulebs sawarmoebs ufro da ufro dabali fasis swrafvisaken, xolo mati Semosavlianoba dabali fasisaken swrafvis 186

187 Cveni publikaciis kvaldakval realizaciis umtavresi faqtoria. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu ar iqneba dargsi konkurencia,es garemoeba mospobs fasis dadablebisken swrafvis stimuls da Sesabamisad, sagadasaxado simzime momxmareblebs daawvebat, xolo Tu dargsi sawarmota Semosavlianoba dabali iqneba, masin mat naklebad eqnebat sa- Sualeba imisa, rom ikisron im gadasaxadebis simzime, romlebic zrdian fass. Tumca, yovelive es ar nisnavs imas, rom am gadasaxadebis simzimis Tavis Tavze areba sawarmota TviTmizani iyos da isini momxmarebelta ketildreobaze zrunavdnen. es mxolod da mxolod konkurenciul brzolasi mati gadarcenis gzaa. rac ufro maralia dargsi kapitalis organuli Semadgenloba,miT ufro dabalia warmoebis moculobis varirebis sasualeba,romelic SeiZleba dakavsirebuli iyos sagadasaxado politikis, qveyanasi saerto ekonomikuri situaciis cvlilebebtan da saertod im procesebis ganvitarebastan, romlebic iwveven ertoblivi motxovnis Semcirebas. aseti situaciebisagan SedarebiT daculni arian monopolisturi sawarmoebi, romlebic Cveulebriv pirobebsic ki mimartaven fasebis zrdis politikas Semosavlebis maqsimizaciis miznit. sagadasaxado simzimesa da mis gavlenaze saubrisas aucilebelia arinisnos misi zemoqmedeba teritoriul subieqtebze. amisatvis movisveliot e.w. sagadasaxado difuzia, rac Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs im RonisZiebaTa ertobliobas,romelsac sagadasaxado da safinanso organoebi axorcieleben biujetis dabalansebis miznit e.w. maregulirebel gadasaxadebze procentebis saxit anaricxebis mimagrebis xarjze. am SemTxvevaSi xdeba sabiujeto sistemis Sesabamisi donis biujetze arnisnuli anaricxebis mimagreba anu biujetis vertikaluri dabalanseba. 187

188 giorgi abuselize sagadasaxado simzimesa da sagadasaxado difuzias gaacnia orgvari gageba imastan damokidebulebit, vrceldeba is iuridiul an fizikur pirebze Tu saxelmwifos teritoriul erteulebze. swored amasia urtiertwinaarmdegoba,vinaidan,rac ufro didia sagadasaxado simzime regiontan mimartebasi, mit ufro mdgradia misi finansuri mdgomareoba da naklebia biujetis dabalansebastan dakavsirebuli problemebi. sruliad gansxvavebulad fasdeba sagadasaxado simzime iuridiul pirebtan da individualur gadamxdelebtan mimartebasi. sagadasaxado simzimis umnisvnelo zrdamac ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios mati qonebrivi mdgomareobis gauareseba. am nasromis kvlevis obiqtia sagadasaxado politikisa da optimaluri sagadasaxado wnexis gasazrvra. nasromis mizania ekonomikur aqtiurobasa da warmoebis moculobaze optimaluri sagadasaxado wnexis gavlenis analizi. kvlevis metodebia: deduqciis, sintezis, samecniero literaturis SedarebiTi analizi, statistikuri analizi da istoriuli midgoma. literaturis mimoxilva. e.w. pesimisturi koncefciis [9] Tanaxmad am processi raime dinamikuri kanonzomierebis dadgena SeuZlebelia, radgan sxvadasxva gadamxdelebi SemTxveviTi garemoebebis ZaliT atareben araertgvarovan sagadasaxado simzimes. prudoni [10] amtkicebda, rom yvela gadasaxadi saboloo jamsi fokusirdeba produqciis saboloo momxmareblebtan da amcireben mat Semosavlebs, iwveven ekonomikasi disproporciebsa da danakargebs, ganapirobeben usamartlobas sazogadoebasi. optimisturi koncefciis [11] Tanaxmad ki piriqit, yvela gadasaxadi saboloo jamsi Tanabarzomierad nawildeba yvela gadamxdels Soris saqonlis moxmare- 188

189 Cveni publikaciis kvaldakval bisa da sargeblianobis pirdapirproporciulad. matematikurma koncefciam [12], romelic eyrdnoba produqciis zrvruli sargeblianobis Teorias da romlis fuzemdeblebi iyvnen cnobili mecnierebi bem baverki, valrasi da sxvebi, nateli sxivi Seitana am sakitxis gamokvlevasi da mis asaxsnelad gamoiyena iseti ekonomikuri kategoriebi, rogoricaa motxovna, miwodeba da fasi anu motxovnisa da miwodebis elastiuroba. isini ganixilaven am kategoriebis damokidebulebas gadasaxadebisadmi. statistikuri koncefcia cdilobs axsnas arnisnuli movlenebi mravaljeradi statistikuri dakvirvebit mirebuli statistikuri monacemebis safuzvliani gaanalizebit. e. atkinsonis da j. stiglicis [13] mixedvit gadasaxaxadebis amoreba individebis Semosavlebis Semcirebas iwvevs, isini realurad Raribdebian da izulebulni arian gadadon pensiaze gasvlis dro, samusao drois gazrdis xarjze Seamciron Tavisufali dro da a.s. [2, ]. martali brzandebit, roca daszent, rom me mxolod arsebuli masalis arwerit Semovifarglebi, radgan faqtia, rom literaturis mimoxilva mxolod faqtebis dafiqsirebas moiazrebs da ara matsi wvdomas. rac Seexeba nasromis kvlevit nawils, daskvnebsa da rekomendaciebs. samwuxarod aqac araswor TargmanTan gvaqvs saqme. Tumca aqve minda variaro, rom sagadasaxado wnextan mimartebit ekonomikuri aqtiurobisa da warmoebis moculobis Taviseburebebi, dadebitad da uaryofitad moqmedi efeqtebis jamis sasualebit, kargad aqvt Tavis droze axsnili Cems pedagogebs [14,gv.63] da amis Sesaxeb mititebulic maqvs gamoyenebul literaturasi [2, gv.501], Tumca aqve minda arvnisno, rom sagadasaxado wnextan mimartebit ekonomikuri aqtiurobisa da warmoebis 189

190 giorgi abuselize moculobis Taviseburebebi, dadebitad da uaryofitad moqmedi efeqtebis jamis sasualebit sainteresod aqvt ganmartebuli m. kabaleros, m. garsia kueitis, m. maetsis, d. faulkneris, qr. leovaldis da sxvebs. dadasturebad gtavazobt mcire amonaridebs: 1....In respect to taxation pressure, peculiarities of economic activity and output may be explained by means of the balancing of positive and negative effects... [15] anu dabegvris zewolisas ekonomikuri aqtiurobis Taviseburebebi da Sedegebi SeiZleba aixsnas dadebiti da uaryofiti efeqtebis dabalansebit. Targmani Cveneulia) Hereinafter the effects promoting growth of economic activeness and output in case of increase of taxation pressure and those preventing such growth in case of decrease of taxation pressure is called positive, and vice versa... [16] anu, ekonomikuri aqtivobis da warmoebis zrdis stimulirebis efeqtebs dabegvris zewolis zrdis SemTxvevaSi da am zrdis xelisemslel faqtorebs dabegvris wnexis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi uwodeben dadebits da piriqit. (Targmani Cveneulia) The effects preventing growth of economic activeness and output in case of increase of taxation pressure and those promoting such growth in case of decrease of taxation pressure is called negative... [17]. anu, ekonomikuri da warmoebis aqtivobis zrdis xelsemslel efeqtebs dabegvris wnexis zrdisas, da zrdis xelissemwyobi faqtorebs wnexis Semcirebis dros ewodeba uaryofiti. (Targmani Cveneulia) faqtia, rom es sakitxebi gasuqda saertasoriso samecniero nasromebsi da ukve sazogadod ariarebuli hipotezaa, romeltan azrobrivi Tanxvedrac plagiati ar gaxlavt. sazogadod mirebuli codnis, an amatuim darg- Si ariarebuli debulebebisa da Sexedulebebis gamoyenebisas wyaros mititeba arar aris sawiro [18]. rogorc vxedavt optimaluri sagadasaxado wnex- 190

191 Cveni publikaciis kvaldakval is gavlena ekonomikur aqtiurobasa da warmoebis moculobaze dadebitad da uaryofitad moqmedi efeqtebis jamis sasualebit ar warmoadgens mat inteleqtual ur Se moq me de bi To bas. aqve minda Sevaxseno mkitxvels, rom arnisnuli paskvilis Seqmnamde mati gansaqiqebeli Tema ukve orgzis iyo e.w. samecniero filtrsi gatarebuli, rogorc konferenciaze, aseve saredaqcio eqspertizis mier. samwuxaroa, magram faqti, rom Cemi mozrvrebi aketeben arnisnuli nasromis araswor interpretacias da cdiloben mkitxveli SecdomaSi Seiyvanon. aqve davszent, rom warmodgenili nasromi ar warmoadgens saavtoro uflebebis darrvevas. amis dasturia saqartvelos kanonis saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb mux. 23,,mimdinare ekonomikur, politikur, socialur da religiur sakitxebze perioduli gamocemebis mesveobit martlzomierad gamocemis an sajaro gacnobis gzit sazogadoebisatvis xelmisawvdomi statiebis an sajarod gadacemuli msgavsi Sinaarsis nawarmoebebis reproducireba Jurnal-gazeTebis mesveobit an sajaro gadacema mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aseti reproducireba an sajaro gadacema specialurad ar aris akrzaluli avtoris an saavtoro uflebis sxva mflobelis mier ar itvleba saavtoro uflebis darrvevat. ar maqvs ufleba ar gamovexmauro im komentarebs (kritikas) romlebsac batonebi aketeben Cems kvlevaze. kerzod, Sexedulebas 38.2% optimalur sagadasaxado ganakvettan mimartebasi. ar vapireb polemikis gamartvas, magram erts davzent, rom 2005 wels statia biujetis Semosavlebis perspeqtivebi axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis aspeqtit [19] daibewda sakitxis dasmis wesit da me ma- Sin Tsu-s aspiranti viyavi, romelsac ara mgonia moetxovebodes realuri ekonomikuri dasabutebebis gaketeba. Tumca nasromsi dgeba sakitxi, rom SeiZleba arsebobdes 191

192 giorgi abuselize 0, 0.5 da 1 gansxvavebuli wertili, romlis drosac SesaZlebeli iqneba sagadasaxado Semosavlebis maqsimumis, ekonomikuri aqtiurobisa da warmoebis moculobis zrda. xolo xsenebul statiasi, daskvnebsa da rekomendaciebsi [2,gv ] aris SeTavazeba, rom 38.2% (0.382) sagadasaxado wnexis pirobebsi SesaZlebelia napovni iqnas warmoebrivi da fiskaluri funqciebis urtiertqmedebis optimumi. Tuki Cemi statia aris apolegeturi, yalbi da iq ganxiluli reziume, Sesavali, literaturis mimoxilva, kvleva, daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi ar Seesabameba ertmanets da ar aris mecnieruli JReradobis, masin is ar gamoqveyndeboda arnisnul JurnalSi, mit ufro mocemuli statia ar gantavsdeboda C.E.E.O.L (Central and Eastern European Online Library)-Si. am SemTxvevaSi ara marto me, aramed Jurnalis mtel saredaqcio kolegias, damoukidebel eqspertebs ayenebt Seuracxyofas. aqve minda davsva SekiTxva, rom Tu matematikuri kanonzomierebebi, abstraqciebi da a.s. (rogorc avtorebi amboben) dausvebelia ekonomikasi, masin Tavad ratom iyeneben matematikur aparatebs, ratom cdiloben swored matematikuri logikit daasabu- Ton Tu gaamyaron sakutari Sexedulebebi sagadasaxado wnextan dakavsirebit. saintereso logikaa. Tumca mat mier gamotqmulma SeniSvnebma, rekomendaciebma kidev ufro metad gamimzafra survili am sferos sirrmiseuli kvlevisa. amisatvis minda madloba gadagixadot, Tqvens rekomendaciebs ki aucileblad gavitvaliswineb Cems samomavlo kvlevebsi. da bolos erti ram minda SegaxsenoT, ilia werda, rom kritika ertdroulad aris ganqeqva, gancxrekva da Sefaseba. Tqven mier Seqmnili paskvili ki mxolod ganqeqvasa da lafis dasxmas efuzneba. Rirseuli mozrvrebi SegirdebTan mware matraxtan ertad dayvavebisa da Seqebis xerxsac mimartaven xolme, magram es samwuxarod ver 192

193 Cveni publikaciis kvaldakval amovikitxe Tqvens,,SedevrSi, ramac sabolood daamsxvria CemSi misabazi pedagogebis xati. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. i. ananiasvili, vl. papava. qartveli ekonomistis litvasi gamoqveynebuli plagiaturi statiis Sesaxeb// ekonomika da biznesi, 2013, 1; 2. G. Abuselidze. The Influence of Optimal Tax Burden on Economic Activity and Production Capacity//Intellectual Economics, 2012, Vol. 6, No, 4 (16); fakultetas/katedros/finansu_mokesciu_katedra/conference_problems_ of_tax_policy/ i. ananisvili, vl. papava. resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobasa da moculobaze sagadasaxado tvirtis gavlenis Sefasebis modelebi//ekonomisti, 2011, 1; 7. I. Ananiashvili, V. Papava. Taxes, Production Technology and Economic Growth// Problems of Economic Transition, Vol. 54, No. 12, April 2012, pp ; 8. Аткинсон Э. Б. Стиглиц Д. Э. Лекции по Экономической теории Государственного сектора. Масква, Аспект-Пресс, 1995; Стиглиц Д. Э. Экономика Государственного сектора. М. МГУ, ИНФРА-М,1997; 9. htm the_revolution in_the_nineteenth_century Kugaenco, A. A.; Belyanin, M.P. Taxation Theory. 1999; 13. Atkinson, E.B.; Stiglitz, Dzh. E. Lektsii according to the 193

194 giorgi abuselize economic theory of public sector. 1995, p.48-49; 14. i. ananiasvili, vl. papava. gadasaxadebis gavlena ertobliv miwodebaze//ekonomika da biznesi, 2009, 1; 15. José María Caballero, Maria Grazia Quieti and Materne Maetz Policy Assistance Division. International Trade: Some Basic Theories and Concepts// x7352e02.htm 16. David Faulkner and Christopher Loewald. Policy Change and Economic Growth: A Case Study of South Africa; 17. The Economic Effects of Increasing Marginal Income Tax Rates g. abuselize. biujetis Semosavlebis perspeqtivebi axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis aspeqtit// socialuri ekonomika, 2005, 1. redaqciisgan miuxedavad imisa,rom winamdebare sapasuxo werili Seicavs zogiert arakoreqtul frazas,aseve,kritikuli werilis avtorebis azrit, pasuxgaucemeli darca mat mier dasmuli ZiriTadi sakitxebi, saredaqcio kolegiam mizansewonilad CaTvala g. abuserizis werilis gamoqveyneba (ibewdeba avtoriseuli versia yovelgvari saredaqcio Casworebis garese). yvelafris sworad, obieqturad gansjisatvis, sasurvelia, g. abuselizis werilis gacnobis Semdeg, Sedarebis miznit, mkitxvelebi kidev ertxel gaecnon i. ananiasvilisa da v. papavas xsenebul werils. 194

195 Cveni iubilarebi brwyinvale mecnieri, amagdari pedagogi, Semoqmedi pirovneba (profesori elene xarabaze 70) TvalsCino qartvel mecniersa da pedagogs, mzrunvel da moamage pirovnebas, SesaniSnav kolegas elene xarabazes dabadebidan 70 weli Seusrulda. profesori elene xarabaze daibada 1943 wlis 23 Tebervals samtrediis raionis sofel did jixaissi, saqartvelos damsaxurebuli maswavleblebis ojaxsi swavlobda didi jixaisis sasualo skolasi, 1957 wlidan _ didi jixaisis sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikumsi buraltruli arricxvis specialobit, romelic warcinebit daamtavra 1960 wels wlebsi igi swavlobda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikur fakultetze buraltruli arricxvis specialobt wels, aspiranturis sruli kursis gavlis Semdeg, elene xarabazem warmatebit daicva sakandidato disertacia wlidan musaobda Tsu-is arricxvis, analizisa da auditis katedrze umcrosi mecnier-tanamsromlis, asistentis, ufrosi maswavleblis, docentis Tanamdebobebze wlebsi qalbatoni elene iyo amave katedris gamge. swored misi xelmzrvanelobit moxerxda 1993 wels ekonomikis fakultetze buraltruli arricxvis katedris ardgena, romelic goris ekonomikuri institutis Camoyalibebis gamo, wlebis manzilze Tsu-Si gauqmebuli iyo wlidan dremde qalbatoni elene xarabaze samjer iqna arceuli sruli profesoris akademiur Tanamdebobaze. akademiur saqmianobastan ertad prof. e. xarabazes ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetze wlebsi ekava dekanis moadgilis, wlebsi ki dekanis administraciuli Tanamdebobebi. 195

196 qalbatoni elene xarabaze did yuradrebas aqcevs sakutari profesiuli momzadebis ganuwyvetel srulyofas.kerzod, mas gavlili aqvs akademiuri kursebi: ass-is ganvitarebis saagentos mier dafinansebuli eqspertta saertasoriso programit buraltruli arricxvisa da auditis saertasoriso standartebsi; auditis saertasoriso standartebsi; finansur arricxvasa da mmartvelobit arricxvasi saertasoriso standartebit; treningis instruqtoris momzadebis kursi UaSS-is ganatlebis ganvitarebis akademiis programit; SemfasebelTa momzadebis kursi UaSS-is ganatlebis ganvitarebis akademiis programit; londonkolejis kursi maswavlebelta momzadeba buraltruli arricxvis saertasoriso standartebsi. wlebis manzilze qalbatono elene xarabaze iyo saqartvelos damoukidebel buralterta da auditor- Ta kavsiris prezidenti, saqartvelos parlamenttan arsebuli audituri saqmianobis sabwos kolegiisa da sasertifikato komisiis wevri, saqartvelos kontrolis palatis mecnieri- konsultanti. igi aris audituri firma elko auditi s damfuznebeli da direqtori, umarlesi kvalifikaciis auditori. calke arnisvnis Rirsia prof. elene xarabazis monawileoba sxvadasxva saertasoriso da erovnul sagranto proeqtebsi. kerzod: 2001 wels igi iyo saqartvelos kontolis palatis moxeleta saatestacio testebis momzadebisa da mowveul mecnier-konsultanta koordinatori. proeqti dafinansda ass-is iusticiis departamentis mier wels samecniero grantit man Seasrula ass-is ganvitrarebis saertasoriso saagentos proeqti korufciuli garigebebis aspeqtebi sagadasaxado kodeqssi, misi moqmedebis meqanizmi saqartvelos eleqtroenergetikul seqtorsi, romelic 196

197 Cveni iubilarebi gamoqveynda specialuri gamocemis saxit wels igi CarTuli iyo msoflio bankis proeqtsi saxelmwifo finansebis statistika ; imave wels ss madneulisgan moipova granti buraltruli arricxvisa da auditis saswavlo laboratoria programit Exact globe 2003,romlis farglebsic SesaZlebeli gaxda Tsu-is ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis buraltruli arricxvis da auditis katedrastan uaxlesi teqnikuri sasualebebit arwurvili laboratoriis Seqmna da ZviradRirebuli kompiuretuli programis SeZena. prof. elene xarabaze aqtiur pedagogiur da satrenero saqmianobastan ertad eweva nayofier samecniero saqmianobasac. mas gamoqveynebuli aqvs 75 mde samecniero nasromi, mat Soris, erti monografia, 3 saxelmzrvanelo, 11 saleqcio kursi. amave dros, qalbatoni elene saocrad faqizi, poeturi bunebis adamiania, risi dasturicaa 2008 wels gamocemuli leqsebis krebuli da ramdenime ferweruli tilo. gulitadad vulocavt qalbaton elene xarabazes saiubileo TariRs, vusurvebt msvidobas, bednierebas da axal SemoqmedebiT warmatebebs msobliuri universitetisa da sruliad saqartvelos saketildreod. akaki xelaze elguja meqvabisvili eter xaraisvili iuri ananiasvili n o d a r x a d u r i revaz gvelesiani irakli kovzanaze Temur Sengelia r e v a z g o g o x i a mixeil CikvilaZe 197

198 JurnalSi,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero statiis warmodgenis da gamoqveynebis wesi 1. JurnalSi qartul, inglisur, germanul da rusul enebze qveyndeba statiebi ekonomikuri Teoriisa da ekonomikur mozrvrebata istoriis, ekonomikuri politikis, ekonomikisa da biznesis aqtualur sakitxebze, aseve, recenziebi bolo periodsi gamoqveynebul monografiebsa da saxelmzraneloebze. 2.statiaSi warmodgenili unda iyos: sakvlevi problemis aqtualuroba, kvlevis mizani da amocanebi, kvlevis metodologia, kvlevis Sedegebi (siaxle), rekomendaciebi. 3. statia warmodgenili unda iyos 4 formatit. statiis moculoba, gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalisa da referatebis CaTvliT, ar unda arematebodes kompiuterze 1,5 intervalit da 11 SriftiT nabewdi teqstis 15 gverds. 4. qartul enaze daweril statias unda axldes referatebi qartul da inglisur enebze - TiToeuli 1000-dan 1500-mde nisnis moculobit. Uucxo enaze daweril statias Tan unda axldes ZiriTadi Sinaarsi 2-3 gverdze qartul enaze da referati imave ucxo enaze. 5. redaqciasi statiis warmodgena aucilebelia or nabewd egzemplarad, elversiastan ertad( MS word, qartuli statia SriftiT AcadNusx, ხოლო უცხოურ ენაზე ტექსტი - Times New Roman). 6. statiis satauris qvemot (marjvena mxares) unda mietitos avtoris (an avtorebis) sruli saxeli, gvari, akademiuri xarisxi, Tanamdeboba, telefoni da eleqtronuli fostis misamarti;. 7. statiasi unda Candes sakvlev problemastan dakavsirebuli mnisvnelovani literaturis gamoyeneba. 198

199 literaturis dasaxeleba unda gantavsdes statiis bolos ertiani siis saxit: a) wignis dasaxeleba Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT - avtoris (avtorebis) gvari da inicialebi, wignis dasaxeleba, gamocemis adgili, gamomcemloba, weli; b) sajurnalo statiisatvis - avtoris (avtorebis) gvari da inicialebi, statiis dasaxeleba, Jurnalis dasaxeleba, weli, Jurnalis nomeri. literaturis siasi mititebuli wyaro gamoyenebuli unda iyos statiis teqstsi. ama Tu im avtoris nasromidan citirebisas, mas unda mietitos wyaro Sesabamisi gverdis arnisvnit Semdegi saxit [5,gv.41], sadac pirveli cifri Seesabameba citirebuili wyaros rigit nomers gamoyenebuli literaturis siasi,xolo meore - im gverds, saidanac moyvanilia citata. literaturis siasi yoveli wignis (Jurnalis) bibliografiuli arwera unda Seesabamebodes mis satitulo furcels. 8. ZiriTadad teqstsi cxrilebi, grafikebi da sqemebi unda gantavsdes mati mititebis adgilze, Tu iq adgili arasakmarisia - SeiZleba momdevno gverdze. cxrilebs, grafikebs da sqemebs unda hqondes dasaxeleba da numeracia. 9. statias, romelic ar pasuxobs zemot CamoTvlil motxovnebs, redaqcia ar miirebs 10. JurnalSi statiis gamoqveyneba ufasoa iv. javaxisvilis Tsu-is profesor-maswavlebelta, doqtorantebisa da yvela TanamSromlisaTvis, xolo sxva (gare) avtorebi ixdian safasurs ert gverdze 5 (xut) lars, rac mat mier Cairicxeba Tsu-is ekonomikuri Semosavlebis angarissi. sakontaqto telefonebi: ; ; ; ebf.journal@tsu.ge lia_lugela@mail.ru 199

200 ISSN daibewda ivane javaxisvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis bazaze teqnikuri redaqtori ekonomikis doqtori lia kvaracxelia kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa - manana jixvisvili 200