The Transition from Student to Adult Politica*
|
|
- Oliver McCormick
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Transition from Student to Adult Politica* JAMES MAX FENDRICH, Florida State University R 0 B E R T W. T U R N E R, University of Southern Mississippi Abstract This study is the second follow-up of 1960s civil rights activists. It examines the long-term effects of political activism. Consistent with Mannheim's thesis we find that the former activists are a distinctive intragenerational unit that differ significantly from two control groups. We also find control groups becoming more politically active with age. This provides limited support for a maturation effect. Finally, all three groups became more conservative in their political attitudes during the 1980s, demonstrating a period effect. The 1960s social movements generated voluminous research on the causes of political protest. In contrast there has been little empirical research on the consequences of these movements for the participants. The empirical studies (Fendrich 1977; Fendrich & Krauss 1978; Fendrich & Tarleau 1973; Hoge & Ankney 1982; Jennings 1987; Marwell, Aiken & Demerath 1987; Nassi & Abromowitz 1979; Whalen & Flacks 1980) support Mannheim's ([1928] 1972) theory of distinctive intragenerational units forming out of intense youthful politics. There is, however, a major research gap. Most of the studies have too short a time period to test for either maturation (Cutler & Bengtson 1974; Lipset & Ladd 1972) or period effects (Braungart & Braungart 1988; Weil 1987). The objective of the present study is to overcome the limitations of previous work. Twenty-five years have now elapsed since the subjects were students and 15 since our last follow-up study. This time span should be sufficient to begin to adjudicate between Mannheim's theory of intragenerational units, political maturation, and period effects. *This research was partially funded by a Summer Grant from Florida State University. We appreciate the editorial assistance and comments of Susan Carlson, the anonymous referees, and the outside readers Russell Dalton, Richard Flacks, M. Kent Jennings, Robert J. S. Ross, and Ed Walsh. Direct correspondence to James Max Fendrich, Department of Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL The University of North Carolina Press 1049
2 1050 / Social Forces Volume 67:4, June 1989 Data and Variables In 1971, data were gathered using an after-only design with activists and control groups selected on the basis of previous student political involvement. Data were gathered from former students who had attended Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida.' The three groups of subjects occupy positions along a continuum of student political activism. At one end are the politically noninvolved undergraduates who were not active in student government or protest politics. At the other end are the civil rights activists, who engaged in protest politics. They confronted segregated southern institutions in a successful attempt to change racial practices. In between these two groups are members of student government whose political expression followed a consensual, cooperative model of institutional politics. They were playing anticipatory socialization roles for adult politics. In 1971 we mailed a total of 150 questionnaires (50 to each group) and, 95 (63%) returned the questionnaires. In 1986, we used the addresses of the 10 year-follow-up study, current addresses from the alumni office, phone directories and phone calls, to locate 101 of the original 150 subjects. Eighty-five returned questionnaires. 2 Three variables measure the consequences of student politics. Two measure political ideology and attitudes and one measures political behavior. Political ideology is measured by asking respondents to place themselves on a political spectrum. They are given 12 choices: (1) Very Conservative, (2) Conservative Republican, (3) Conservative Democrat, (4) Moderate Republican, (5) Independent, (6) Moderate Democrat, (7) Liberal Republican, (8) Liberal Democrat, (9) New Left, (10) Socialist, (11) Radical, and, (12) Anarchist. 3 Nettier and Huffman's (1957) radical-conservatism scale measures political attitudes. The scale juxtaposes positions that would favor either a capitalist or a socialist political economy. Respondents answer each statement using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Scores for the scale range from 14 to 70. Higher scores indicate a more radical political orientation. The third dependent variable is political behavior. A 5-item scale measures the extent to which respondents follow political events in the media, vote in elections, perform organizational work in political campaigns, participate in demonstrations, and participate in any form of illegal political activity. The scale measures active participation in institutional and noninstitutional politics. There are 4 responses ranging from frequently to never. The scores range from 5 to 20. High scores indicate a high level of political behavior. Guttman scalogram analysis demonstrated the scale was unidimensional with a coefficient of reproducibility of.923. Cutler and Bengtson (1974) state that it is easy to confound and difficult to unravel long-term processes such as generation, maturation,
3 Student and Adult Politics / 1051 and period effects. We heartily agree. We could wait until all the historical forces play their cards. Unfortunately, as the economist, Keynes, once said, "In the long run we are all dead." An alternative is to establish statistical criteria for testing each alternative hypothesis. 4 While not definitive, this will provide a rigorous standard for interpreting results. If Mannheim's thesis of distinctive intragenerational units is correct, we would expect to find the relative positions of the three groups to be the same over the last 15 years. The statistically significant differences on the dependent variables in 1971 should also be present in If the maturation thesis is correct, we would expect to find that significant differences between the activists and the control groups in 1971 would no longer exist in 1986 on measures of ideology and political attitudes. The extreme positions of the former activists will have moderated to positions closer to the two control groups. A second prediction is that respondents would have an increased level of political participation by The research literature on political behavior reports increasing levels of political participation as citizens reach mid-life (Verba & Nie 1972). The political climate of the 1980s is substantially different from the 1960s. The election of Ronald Reagan and other conservatives signalled the arrival of a conservative period. Strong support for new government sponsored programs to help the needy no longer exists. If there is a strong period effect, we would expect all three groups to shift in a conservative direction on measures of political ideology and attitudes. In order to test these predictions, differences of means for the three dependent variables were run between the different groups in 1971 and 1986 and for each group in 1971 and Results Table 1 reports the pair-wise T tests for the former activists, student government leaders, and noninvolved students on our measure of political ideology political self-identification. In 1971 the activists are significantly farther to the left than the other two groups. Former student government leaders and the noninvolved are not significantly different. The same pattern holds in The activists remain significantly to the left of the two control groups while again the control groups do not differ from each other. Although there is a decline in the leftist ideology of the activists over the last 15 years, the change is not statistically significant. The only group that changes significantly on this measure are the former student government leaders, who became more conservative. These findings lend support to the intragenerational unit thesis of Mannheim. Table 2 reports the means for the three groups on the radical-con-
4 1052 / Social Forces Volume 67:4, June 1989 Table 1. POLITICAL SELF-IDENTIFICATION BV STUDENTACTIVISM Year Group N x S.D. Significance Activist Student Government Activist Noninvolved Student Government Noninvolved Activist Student Government Activist Noninvolved Student Government Noninvolyed Activist Activist Student Government Student Government Noninvolved Noninvolved servative scale. There is evidence for both Mannheim's hypothesis and a significant period effect. In 1971 the former activists either support socialist positions or are very ambivalent about capitalism. In contrast both the student government leaders and the noninvolved strongly support capitalism. In the 1980s, world leaders such as Reagan and Thatcher proclaimed socialism dead. Noted Marxist scholars such as Heilbroner (1987) agree that support for a socialist ideology has declined and capitalist ideology has been revived. It would be reasonable to expect a shift in socialist attitudes among the former activists and even stronger procapitalist attitudes among the two control groups. This is precisely what happened. Former activists maintain their relative position to the left of the two control groups over the last 15 years, however, all three groups significantly shift their positions in the same direction. There is no evidence of the three groups' merging toward some centrist position. They remain distinguishable. The activists moved from a support for socialism to an ambivalent left-of-center position. The other two groups are significantly more conservative than the activists and strongly support the capitalist political economy.
5 Student and Adult Politics / 1053 Table 2. RADICALISM-CONSERVATISM BV STUDENT ACTI VISM Year Group N x S.D. Significance 1971 Activist Student Government Activist Noninvolved Student Government Noninvolved Activist Student Government Activist Noninvolved Student Government Noninvolved Activist Activist Student Government Student Government Noninvolved Noninvolved Table 3 reports the means for the three groups on political behavior. These results again show support for a distinctive generational unit and some support for political maturation among the control groups. In 1971, activists are significantly more active in adult politics than both the former student government leaders and the noninvolved students. However, in 1986 the activists no longer differ significantly in the level of political behavior from student government leaders. They continue to be more active than the noninvolved students. Student government leaders are also more politically active than the noninvolved. Looking at the changes over time, it is dear that the former activists have not changed their political behavior. They continue to be highly involved, while the two control groups have become more involved in institutional politics. These two control groups consist mainly of successful businessmen and professionals who see the merits, or necessity, of greater political involvement as they reach their mid-forties. For the control groups there has been a normal progression in their political life-cycle. In one sense they are just reaching the levels of political maturity that the activists attained in 1971.
6 1054 / Social Forces Volume 67:4, June 1989 Table 3. POLITICAL BEHAVIOR BV STUDENTACTIVISM Year Group N x S.D. Significance 1971 Activist Student Government Activist Noninvolved Student Government Noninvolved 32 10, Activist Student Government Activist Noninvolved Student Government Noninvolved Activist Activist Student Government Student Government Noninvolved Noninvolved 32 11, When the findings on the political behavior scale are disaggregated there are important additional findings. The former activists continue to be active in protest politics. In 1971, 74 percent of the activists continue to demonstrate or take part in some form of illegal political activity. The comparable figures for student government leaders and the noninvolved are 7 percent and 9 percent, respectively. In 1986 the percentages are exactly the same. It is clear that the activists as an intragenerational unit continue to engage in noninstitutional political protest. This finding is the strongest evidence for Mannheim's generational unit thesis. 6 Conclusions By the late 1980s sufficient time had elapsed to estimate the long-term effects of the 1960s protests on later adult politics. We can now begin to separate out intragenerational unit, maturation, and period effects. Our results provide strong support for the generational unit continuity thesis
7 Student and Adult Politics / 1055 on the three dependent variables. For the activists there is a high degree of absolute continuity in political behavior. They continue to be very active in both institutional and protest politics. Nonprotest political activity increases among the former student government leaders and the noninvolved students. Increased activity reflects what life-cycle theorists would call a maturation effect. The conservative political environment in the 1980s has had a period effect on radical-conservative attitudes for all three groups. They have moved significantly in the same conservative direction, but contrary to Weil (1987) there has been no closing of the gap between groups. When compared with the two control groups, the former activists demonstrate relative continuity in their political self-identification and political attitudes. Is Mannheim's thesis correct? This thesis is harder to disprove given the cumulative findings of follow-up studies of the 1960s generation and a small number of studies on community activism (Cable, Walsh & Warland 1988; Luebke 1981). While it would be unrealistic to expect former student activists to have attitudes and patterns of behavior in the 1980s identical to those they had in the 1960s, studies show that former student activists continue to be a distinctive generational unit in terms of their ideology, political attitudes and behavior. Notes 1.Tallahassee was one of the major centers of the civil rights movement in the early 1960s (Matthews & Prothro 1966; Morris 1984). For more information on the original protest environment and the design of the 1971 follow-up study, see Fendrich and Tarleau (1973). 2. Of the students originally sampled, we know that five are deceased. It was more difficult to trace former activists. Geographically, they were more dispersed than the two control groups and both our phone calls to difficult-to-trace subjects and volunteered comments on the questionnaires revealed that a few former activists had less favorable memories of their experiences while attending the university. We suspect that our responses may be somewhat biased toward the attitudes and behaviors of the more moderate former activists. This bias works against confirming the hypothesis of distinctive intragenerational units. Our response rate is comparable to those of the recent studies by Jennings (1987) and Marwell, Aiken & Demerath (1987). 3. This single item correlates.80 with the following 14-item radical-conservatism scale. 4. It should be noted that we are not testing for cohort effects. The analysis focuses on variation among intragenerational units within a cohort. 5. The subjects over time were not identical. Some who participated in 1971 did not participate in the survey in 1986 and vice versa. Sixty-eight subjects participated in both surveys. The t-tests were run separately with this smaller N. The results were the same, that is, the level of significance of the t-test did not differ. Of the 24 t-tests that were compared only two changed slightly. They both involved the random sample. Weak significant relations at the.05 level of confidence were significant at the.10 level for the smaller N of matched subjects. Substantively, the comparisons between the matched and unmatched groups for the random sample indicate there was a slightly smaller shift to conservative political attitudes and a smaller increase in the level of political behavior for the smaller matched random sample. These differences were assumed to be due to chance.
8 1056 / Social Forces Volume 67:4, June Some additional evidence suggests a lifelong commitment of the former activists. They remain concentrated in public sector occupations and have significantly lower incomes. In 1986 activists earn on average $31,565, compared to $53,600 and $47,250 for former student government leaders and the noninvolved, respectively. The analysis of variance between the three groups had an F ratio of , significant beyond the.0001 level. The lower income for activists does not seem to be a terrible price to pay for remaining a distinctive intragenerational unit acting as agents for social change. References Braungart, Richard G., and Margaret M. Braungart 'Political Generations. - In Research in Political Sociology. Vol. 4, edited by Richard G. Braungart and Margaret M. Braungart. JAI Press. Cable, Sherry, Edward Walsh, and Rex Warland "Differential Paths to Political Activism: Comparisons of Four Mobilization Processes After the Three Mile Island Accident." Social Forces 66: Cutler, Neal E., and Vern Bengtson 'Age and Political Alienation: Maturation, Generation and Period Effects." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 415: Fendrich, James M "Keeping the Faith or Pursuing the Good Life: A Study in the Consequences of Participation in the Civil Rights Movement." American Sociological Review 42: Fendrich, James M., and Ellis Krauss "Student Activism and Adult Left-Wing Politics: A Causal Model of Political Socialization for Black, White and Japanese Students of the 1960s Generation." Pp in Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change. Vol. 1, edited by Louis Kriesberg. JAI Press. Fendrich, James M., and Alison T. Tarleau "Marching to a Different Drummer: The Occupational and Political Orientations of Former Student Activists." Social Forces 52: Heilbroner, Robert "A Capitalist Manifesto." A review of Peter L. Berger's The Capitalist Revolution: Fifty Propositions about Prosperity, Equality and Liberty in Contemporary Sociology 16: Hoge, Dean R., and Tersea L. Ankney "Occupations and Attitudes of Former Student Activists Ten Years Later." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 11: Jennings, M. Kent "Residues of a Movement: The Aging of the American Protest Generation." American Political Science Review 81: Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Everett Carll Ladd, Jr "The Political Future of Activist Generations." Pp in The New Pilgrims: Youth Protest in Transition, edited by Phillip G. Altbach and Robert S. Lauffer. McKay. Luebke, Paul 'Activists and Asphalt. A Successful Anti-expressway Movement in a 'New South City." Human Organization 40: Mannheim, Karl. [ "The Problem of Generations." Pp in The New Pilgrims, edited by Phillip G. Altbach and Robert S. Lauffer. McKay. Marwell, Gerald, Michael Aiken, and N. J. Demerath "The Persistence of Political Attitudes Among 1960s Civil Rights Activists." Public Opinion Quarterly 51: Matthews, Donald, and James Prothro Negroes and the New Southern Politics. Harcourt, Brace & World. Morris, Aldon D The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. Free Press. Nassi, A. J., and S. 1. Abramowitz "Transition or Transformation? Personal and Political Development of Former Berkeley Free Speech Movement Activists." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 8:21-35.
9 Student and Adult Politics / 1057 Nettier, G., and J. Huffman "Political Opinion and Personal Security." Sociometry 20: Verba, Sidney, and N. Nie Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. Harper & Row. Weil, Frederick D "Cohorts, Regimes, and the Legitimation of Democracy: West Germany Since 1945." American Sociological Review 52: Whalen, John James, and Richard Flacks "The Isla Vista 'Bank Burners' Ten Years Later: Notes on the Fate of Student Activists!, Sociological Focus 13:
Dictionary / Encyclopedia Article
Dictionary / Encyclopedia Article Biographical consequences of activism GIUGNI, Marco Abstract Social and political movements have a wide range of effects. The biographical consequences of social movements
More informationImmigration and Multiculturalism: Views from a Multicultural Prairie City
Immigration and Multiculturalism: Views from a Multicultural Prairie City Paul Gingrich Department of Sociology and Social Studies University of Regina Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian
More informationAmy Tenhouse. Incumbency Surge: Examining the 1996 Margin of Victory for U.S. House Incumbents
Amy Tenhouse Incumbency Surge: Examining the 1996 Margin of Victory for U.S. House Incumbents In 1996, the American public reelected 357 members to the United States House of Representatives; of those
More informationCOMMUNITY RESILIENCE STUDY
COMMUNITY RESILIENCE STUDY Large Gaps between and on Views of Race, Law Enforcement and Recent Protests Released: April, 2017 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS REPORT: Michael Henderson 225-578-5149 mbhende1@lsu.edu
More informationSTEM CELL RESEARCH AND THE NEW CONGRESS: What Americans Think
March 2000 STEM CELL RESEARCH AND THE NEW CONGRESS: What Americans Think Prepared for: Civil Society Institute Prepared by OPINION RESEARCH CORPORATION January 4, 2007 Opinion Research Corporation TABLE
More informationResearch Thesis. Megan Fountain. The Ohio State University December 2017
Social Media and its Effects in Politics: The Factors that Influence Social Media use for Political News and Social Media use Influencing Political Participation Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment
More informationChapter 6: Public Opinion and Political Action Chapter Summary. I. The American People ( ) Introduction
Chapter 6: Public Opinion and Political Action Chapter Summary I. The American People (174-180) Introduction The study of public opinion aims to understand the distribution of the population s belief about
More informationPartisan Nation: The Rise of Affective Partisan Polarization in the American Electorate
Partisan Nation: The Rise of Affective Partisan Polarization in the American Electorate Alan I. Abramowitz Department of Political Science Emory University Abstract Partisan conflict has reached new heights
More informationRes Publica 29. Literature Review
Res Publica 29 Greg Crowe and Elizabeth Ann Eberspacher Partisanship and Constituency Influences on Congressional Roll-Call Voting Behavior in the US House This research examines the factors that influence
More informationJournals in the Discipline: A Report on a New Survey of American Political Scientists
THE PROFESSION Journals in the Discipline: A Report on a New Survey of American Political Scientists James C. Garand, Louisiana State University Micheal W. Giles, Emory University long with books, scholarly
More informationPublic Opinion and Political Participation
CHAPTER 5 Public Opinion and Political Participation CHAPTER OUTLINE I. What Is Public Opinion? II. How We Develop Our Beliefs and Opinions A. Agents of Political Socialization B. Adult Socialization III.
More informationPatterns of Housing Voucher Use Revisited: Segregation and Section 8 Using Updated Data and More Precise Comparison Groups, 2013
Patterns of Housing Voucher Use Revisited: Segregation and Section 8 Using Updated Data and More Precise Comparison Groups, 2013 Molly W. Metzger, Assistant Professor, Washington University in St. Louis
More informationThis study describes the political participation of a random sample of. academic librarians in North Carolina as determined from analysis of mailed
Paul H. Showalter. Assessing the Level and Nature of Political Participation among Academic Librarians in North Carolina. A Master s paper for the M.S. in L.S. degree. April, 2001. 55 pages. Advisor: Barbara
More informationWho influences the formation of political attitudes and decisions in young people? Evidence from the referendum on Scottish independence
Who influences the formation of political attitudes and decisions in young people? Evidence from the referendum on Scottish independence 04.03.2014 d part - Think Tank for political participation Dr Jan
More informationMapping Social Cohesion: The Scanlon Foundation surveys 2014
Snap Poll Results - October 1 Mapping Social Cohesion: The Scanlon Foundation surveys Report on the snap survey conducted in October Professor Andrew Markus, 25 October The objective of the Scanlon Foundation
More informationPolitical socialization: change and stability in political attitudes among and within age cohorts
University of Central Florida HIM 1990-2015 Open Access Political socialization: change and stability in political attitudes among and within age cohorts 2011 Michael S. Hale University of Central Florida
More informationAttitudes towards influx of immigrants in Korea
Volume 120 No. 6 2018, 4861-4872 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Attitudes towards influx of immigrants in Korea Jungwhan Lee Department of
More informationPOLI 300 Fall 2010 PROBLEM SET #5B: ANSWERS AND DISCUSSION
POLI 300 Fall 2010 General Comments PROBLEM SET #5B: ANSWERS AND DISCUSSION Evidently most students were able to produce SPSS frequency tables (and sometimes bar charts as well) without particular difficulty.
More informationRacial Differences in Adult Labor Force Transition Trends
Illinois Wesleyan University From the SelectedWorks of Michael Seeborg 1991 Racial Differences in Adult Labor Force Transition Trends Michael C. Seeborg, Illinois Wesleyan University Mark Israel Available
More informationRising Share of Americans See Conflict Between Rich and Poor
Social & Demographic Trends Wednesday, Jan 11, 2012 Rising Share of Americans See Conflict Between Rich and Poor Paul Taylor, Director Kim Parker, Associate Director Rich Morin, Senior Editor Seth Motel,
More informationFrom: John Halpin, Center for American Progress Karl Agne, GBA Strategies
From: John Halpin, Center for American Progress Karl Agne, GBA Strategies To: RE: Interested Parties AMERICAN VOTERS DID NOT ENDORSE TRUMP S EXTREMIST POLICY AGENDA IN 2016 ELECTION The Center for American
More informationWorld of Labor. John V. Winters Oklahoma State University, USA, and IZA, Germany. Cons. Pros
John V. Winters Oklahoma State University, USA, and IZA, Germany Do higher levels of education and skills in an area benefit wider society? Education benefits individuals, but the societal benefits are
More informationDo parties and voters pursue the same thing? Policy congruence between parties and voters on different electoral levels
Do parties and voters pursue the same thing? Policy congruence between parties and voters on different electoral levels Cees van Dijk, André Krouwel and Max Boiten 2nd European Conference on Comparative
More informationIntroduction: Summary of the Survey Results
Introduction: Summary of the Survey Results The following is a chapter-by-chapter summary of the main points that became apparent as a result of this survey. The design of the survey form is similar in
More informationCity of Janesville Police Department 2015 Community Survey
City of Janesville Police Department 2015 Community Survey Presentation and Data Analysis Conducted by: UW-Whitewater Center for Political Science & Public Policy Research Susan M. Johnson, Ph.D. and Jolly
More informationLabor Market Dropouts and Trends in the Wages of Black and White Men
Industrial & Labor Relations Review Volume 56 Number 4 Article 5 2003 Labor Market Dropouts and Trends in the Wages of Black and White Men Chinhui Juhn University of Houston Recommended Citation Juhn,
More informationPolitical Culture in America
Political Culture in America Definition distinctive and patterned way of thinking about how political and economic life should be carried out Economics are part of it because politics affect economics
More informationWhat kinds of residential mobility improve lives? Testimony of James E. Rosenbaum July 15, 2008
What kinds of residential mobility improve lives? Testimony of James E. Rosenbaum July 15, 2008 Summary 1. Housing projects create concentrated poverty which causes many kinds of harm. 2. Gautreaux shows
More information1. The Relationship Between Party Control, Latino CVAP and the Passage of Bills Benefitting Immigrants
The Ideological and Electoral Determinants of Laws Targeting Undocumented Migrants in the U.S. States Online Appendix In this additional methodological appendix I present some alternative model specifications
More informationUniversity of California Institute for Labor and Employment
University of California Institute for Labor and Employment The State of California Labor, 2002 (University of California, Multi-Campus Research Unit) Year 2002 Paper Weir Income Polarization and California
More informationVolume 35, Issue 1. An examination of the effect of immigration on income inequality: A Gini index approach
Volume 35, Issue 1 An examination of the effect of immigration on income inequality: A Gini index approach Brian Hibbs Indiana University South Bend Gihoon Hong Indiana University South Bend Abstract This
More informationThe Effects of Sex, Ideology, and Race on People s Opinions of the Death Penalty. Kennedy S. Moehrs. Mississippi State University
0 The Effects of Sex, Ideology, and Race on People s Opinions of the Death Penalty Kennedy S. Moehrs Mississippi State University Spring Semester 2018 THE EFFECTS OF SEX, IDEOLOGY, AND RACE ON OPINIONS
More informationNon-Voted Ballots and Discrimination in Florida
Non-Voted Ballots and Discrimination in Florida John R. Lott, Jr. School of Law Yale University 127 Wall Street New Haven, CT 06511 (203) 432-2366 john.lott@yale.edu revised July 15, 2001 * This paper
More informationAP AMERICAN GOVERNMENT STUDY GUIDE POLITICAL BELIEFS AND BEHAVIORS PUBLIC OPINION PUBLIC OPINION, THE SPECTRUM, & ISSUE TYPES DESCRIPTION
PUBLIC OPINION , THE SPECTRUM, & ISSUE TYPES IDEOLOGY THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM (LIBERAL CONSERVATIVE SPECTRUM) VALENCE ISSUES WEDGE ISSUE SALIENCY What the public thinks about a particular issue or set of
More informationBorders First a Dividing Line in Immigration Debate
JUNE 23, 2013 More Say Legalization Would Benefit Economy than Cost Jobs Borders First a Dividing Line in Immigration Debate A Pew Research Center/USA TODAY Survey FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT THE PEW
More informationPolitical Beliefs and Behaviors
Political Beliefs and Behaviors Political Beliefs and Behaviors; How did literacy tests, poll taxes, and the grandfather clauses effectively prevent newly freed slaves from voting? A literacy test was
More informationPOLL DATA HIGHLIGHTS SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REGISTERED DEMOCRATS AND REPUBLICANS.
- - - - - - e THE INDEPENDENT AND NON-PARTISAN STATEWIDE SURVEY OF PUBLIC OPINION ESTABLISHED IN 947 BY MERVIN D. FIELD. 234 Front Street San Francisco 94 (45) 392-5763 COPYRIGHT 978 BY THE FIELD INSTITUTE.
More informationThe Case of the Disappearing Bias: A 2014 Update to the Gerrymandering or Geography Debate
The Case of the Disappearing Bias: A 2014 Update to the Gerrymandering or Geography Debate Nicholas Goedert Lafayette College goedertn@lafayette.edu May, 2015 ABSTRACT: This note observes that the pro-republican
More informationTHE IMPACT OF AGE ON POLITICAL ATTITUDES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE BABY BOOMER, GENERATION X, AND MILLENNIAL GENERATIONS
THE IMPACT OF AGE ON POLITICAL ATTITUDES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE BABY BOOMER, GENERATION X, AND MILLENNIAL GENERATIONS by Sara Christine Lackey Honors Thesis Appalachian State University Submitted
More informationSupplementary/Online Appendix for:
Supplementary/Online Appendix for: Relative Policy Support and Coincidental Representation Perspectives on Politics Peter K. Enns peterenns@cornell.edu Contents Appendix 1 Correlated Measurement Error
More informationGeorg Lutz, Nicolas Pekari, Marina Shkapina. CSES Module 5 pre-test report, Switzerland
Georg Lutz, Nicolas Pekari, Marina Shkapina CSES Module 5 pre-test report, Switzerland Lausanne, 8.31.2016 1 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Methodology 3 2 Distribution of key variables 7 2.1 Attitudes
More informationAll s Well That Ends Well: A Reply to Oneal, Barbieri & Peters*
2003 Journal of Peace Research, vol. 40, no. 6, 2003, pp. 727 732 Sage Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi) www.sagepublications.com [0022-3433(200311)40:6; 727 732; 038292] All s Well
More informationCross-Country Intergenerational Status Mobility: Is There a Great Gatsby Curve?
Cross-Country Intergenerational Status Mobility: Is There a Great Gatsby Curve? John A. Bishop Haiyong Liu East Carolina University Juan Gabriel Rodríguez Universidad Complutense de Madrid Abstract Countries
More informationStrengthening Democracy by Increasing Youth Political Knowledge and Engagement. Laura Langer Bemidji State University
Strengthening Democracy by Increasing Youth Political Knowledge and Engagement Laura Langer Bemidji State University Political Science Senior Thesis Bemidji State University Dr. Patrick Donnay, Advisor
More informationResults Embargoed Until Tuesday, February 20, 2018 at 12:01am. Hogan Remains Popular; Perceptions of the Maryland Economy Are Positive
Results Embargoed Until Tuesday, February 20, 20 at 12:01am Press Contact Information Mileah Kromer Director, Sarah T. Hughes Field Politics Center mileah.kromer@goucher.edu Chris Landers chris.landers@goucher.edu
More informationFREE EXPRESSION ON CAMPUS: WHAT COLLEGE STUDENTS THINK ABOUT FIRST AMENDMENT ISSUES
FREE EXPRESSION ON CAMPUS: WHAT COLLEGE STUDENTS THINK ABOUT FIRST AMENDMENT ISSUES A GALLUP/KNIGHT FOUNDATION SURVEY WITH SUPPORT FROM: COPYRIGHT STANDARDS This document contains proprietary research
More informationResults Embargoed Until Monday, September 25, 2017 at 12:01am
Results Embargoed Until Monday, September 25, 20 at 12:01am Press Contact Information Mileah Kromer Director, Sarah T. Hughes Field Politics Center mileah.kromer@goucher.edu Chris Landers chris.landers@goucher.edu
More informationIS THE MEASURED BLACK-WHITE WAGE GAP AMONG WOMEN TOO SMALL? Derek Neal University of Wisconsin Presented Nov 6, 2000 PRELIMINARY
IS THE MEASURED BLACK-WHITE WAGE GAP AMONG WOMEN TOO SMALL? Derek Neal University of Wisconsin Presented Nov 6, 2000 PRELIMINARY Over twenty years ago, Butler and Heckman (1977) raised the possibility
More informationFollowing the Leader: The Impact of Presidential Campaign Visits on Legislative Support for the President's Policy Preferences
University of Colorado, Boulder CU Scholar Undergraduate Honors Theses Honors Program Spring 2011 Following the Leader: The Impact of Presidential Campaign Visits on Legislative Support for the President's
More informationRECOMMENDED CITATION: Pew Research Center, July, 2015, Negative Views of Supreme Court at Record High, Driven by Republican Dissatisfaction
NUMBERS, FACTS AND TRENDS SHAPING THE WORLD FOR RELEASE JULY 29, 2015 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS REPORT: Carroll Doherty, Director of Political Research Bridget Jameson, Communications Associate 202.419.4372
More informationImmigrant-native wage gaps in time series: Complementarities or composition effects?
Immigrant-native wage gaps in time series: Complementarities or composition effects? Joakim Ruist Department of Economics University of Gothenburg Box 640 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden joakim.ruist@economics.gu.se
More informationAmerican Politics and Foreign Policy
American Politics and Foreign Policy Shibley Telhami and Stella Rouse Principal Investigators A survey sponsored by University of Maryland Critical Issues Poll fielded by Nielsen Scarborough Survey Methodology
More informationResults Embargoed Until Tuesday, April 24, 2018 at 12:01am
Results Embargoed Until Tuesday, April 24, 20 at 12:01am Press Contact Information Mileah Kromer Director, Sarah T. Hughes Field Politics Center mileah.kromer@goucher.edu Tara de Souza tara.desouza@goucher.edu
More informationThe People, The Press and The War In The Gulf. A Special Times Mirror News Interest Index
FOR RELEASE: THURSDAY, JANUARY 31, 1991, A.M. The People, The Press and The War In The Gulf A Special Times Mirror News Interest Index FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Donald S. Kellermann, Director Andrew
More informationCity of Toronto Survey on Local Government Performance, A COMPAS Report for Fraser Institute, June Table of Contents
Table of Contents Concise Summary...4 Detailed Summary...5 1.0. Introduction...9 1.1. Background...9 1.2. Methodology...9 2.0. Toronto Seen as Falling Behind and Going in Wrong Direction...10 2.1. Strong
More informationBlack Empowerment and Mobilization: A Comparison of Urban and Small City Trends
The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Honors Theses Honors College 5-2013 Black Empowerment and Mobilization: A Comparison of Urban and Small City Trends Samantha D. Rayborn
More informationSupplementary Materials A: Figures for All 7 Surveys Figure S1-A: Distribution of Predicted Probabilities of Voting in Primary Elections
Supplementary Materials (Online), Supplementary Materials A: Figures for All 7 Surveys Figure S-A: Distribution of Predicted Probabilities of Voting in Primary Elections (continued on next page) UT Republican
More informationGlobal Employment Trends for Women
December 12 Global Employment Trends for Women Executive summary International Labour Organization Geneva Global Employment Trends for Women 2012 Executive summary 1 Executive summary An analysis of five
More informationWisconsin Economic Scorecard
RESEARCH PAPER> May 2012 Wisconsin Economic Scorecard Analysis: Determinants of Individual Opinion about the State Economy Joseph Cera Researcher Survey Center Manager The Wisconsin Economic Scorecard
More informationEvaluating Stabilization Interventions
Evaluating Stabilization Interventions Annette N. Brown, 3ie Cyrus Samii, New York University and Development & Governance Impact Group () with Monika Kulma Overview Explain motivation for impact evaluation
More informationBY Cary Funk and Lee Rainie
NUMBERS, FACTS AND TRENDS SHAPING THE WORLD FOR RELEASE MAY 11, BY Cary Funk and Lee Rainie FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES: Lee Rainie, Director, Internet, Science and Technology Research Cary Funk, Associate
More informationTHE WORKMEN S CIRCLE SURVEY OF AMERICAN JEWS. Jews, Economic Justice & the Vote in Steven M. Cohen and Samuel Abrams
THE WORKMEN S CIRCLE SURVEY OF AMERICAN JEWS Jews, Economic Justice & the Vote in 2012 Steven M. Cohen and Samuel Abrams 1/4/2013 2 Overview Economic justice concerns were the critical consideration dividing
More informationNational Latino Survey Sept 2017
1. Generally speaking, would you say things in this country are headed in the right direction, or are they off on the wrong track? Right direction... 32 Wrong track... 68 2. Overall, do you approve or
More informationDoes Criminal History Impact Labor Force Participation of Prime-Age Men?
Does Criminal History Impact Labor Force Participation of Prime-Age Men? Mary Ellsworth Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between criminal background from youth and future labor force participation
More informationCIRCLE The Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning & Engagement
FACT SHEET CIRCLE The Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning & Engagement Religious Service Attendance and Civic Engagement Among 15 to 25 Year Olds By Mark Hugo Lopez, Kumar V. Pratap, and
More informationRECOMMENDED CITATION: Pew Research Center, August, 2016, On Immigration Policy, Partisan Differences but Also Some Common Ground
NUMBERS, FACTS AND TRENDS SHAPING THE WORLD FOR RELEASE AUGUST 25, 2016 FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES: Carroll Doherty, Director of Political Research Jocelyn Kiley, Associate Director, Research Bridget
More informationTo Build a Wall or Open the Borders: An Analysis of Immigration Attitudes Among Undergraduate University Students
John Carroll University Carroll Collected Senior Honors Projects Theses, Essays, and Senior Honors Projects 2018 To Build a Wall or Open the Borders: An Analysis of Immigration Attitudes Among Undergraduate
More informationGender preference and age at arrival among Asian immigrant women to the US
Gender preference and age at arrival among Asian immigrant women to the US Ben Ost a and Eva Dziadula b a Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 601 South Morgan UH718 M/C144 Chicago,
More informationPOLICY BRIEF One Summer Chicago Plus: Evidence Update 2017
POLICY BRIEF One Summer Chicago Plus: Evidence Update 2017 SUMMARY The One Summer Chicago Plus (OSC+) program seeks to engage youth from the city s highest-violence areas and to provide them with a summer
More informationProgressives in Alberta
Progressives in Alberta Public opinion on policy, political leaders, and the province s political identity Conducted for Progress Alberta Report prepared by David Coletto, PhD Methodology This study was
More informationEXPLORING POLITICAL ATTITUDE AMONG EDUCATED YOUTH: A STUDY AT UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
Part-II: Social Sciences and Humanities ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944 EXPLORING POLITICAL ATTITUDE AMONG EDUCATED YOUTH: A STUDY AT UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA Shahid Iqbal Department of Sociology, University
More informationTHE PUBLIC AND THE CRITICAL ISSUES BEFORE CONGRESS IN THE SUMMER AND FALL OF 2017
THE PUBLIC AND THE CRITICAL ISSUES BEFORE CONGRESS IN THE SUMMER AND FALL OF 2017 July 2017 1 INTRODUCTION At the time this poll s results are being released, the Congress is engaged in a number of debates
More informationWho Would Have Won Florida If the Recount Had Finished? 1
Who Would Have Won Florida If the Recount Had Finished? 1 Christopher D. Carroll ccarroll@jhu.edu H. Peyton Young pyoung@jhu.edu Department of Economics Johns Hopkins University v. 4.0, December 22, 2000
More informationPatterns of Housing Voucher Use Revisited: Segregation and Section 8 Using Updated Data and More Precise Comparison Groups, 2013
Patterns of Housing Voucher Use Revisited: Segregation and Section 8 Using Updated Data and More Precise Comparison Groups, 2013 Molly W. Metzger Center for Social Development Danilo Pelletiere U.S. Department
More informationRUTGERS-EAGLETON POLL: MOST NEW JERSEYANS SUPPORT DREAM ACT
Eagleton Institute of Politics Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 191 Ryders Lane New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8557 www.eagleton.rutgers.edu eagleton@rci.rutgers.edu 732-932-9384 Fax: 732-932-6778
More informationUnderstanding Taiwan Independence and Its Policy Implications
Understanding Taiwan Independence and Its Policy Implications January 30, 2004 Emerson M. S. Niou Department of Political Science Duke University niou@duke.edu 1. Introduction Ever since the establishment
More informationArrest Rates and Crime Rates: When Does a Tipping Effect Occur?*
Arrest Rates and Crime Rates: When Does a Tipping Effect Occur?* D 0 N W. B R 0 W N, University of California, Riverside ABSTRACT The tipping effect of sanction certainty reported by Tittle and Rowe is
More informationTelephone Survey. Contents *
Telephone Survey Contents * Tables... 2 Figures... 2 Introduction... 4 Survey Questionnaire... 4 Sampling Methods... 5 Study Population... 5 Sample Size... 6 Survey Procedures... 6 Data Analysis Method...
More informationWide and growing divides in views of racial discrimination
FOR RELEASE MARCH 01, 2018 The Generation Gap in American Politics Wide and growing divides in views of racial discrimination FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES: Carroll Doherty, Director of Political Research
More informationThe Macro Polity Updated
The Macro Polity Updated Robert S Erikson Columbia University rse14@columbiaedu Michael B MacKuen University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Mackuen@emailuncedu James A Stimson University of North Carolina,
More informationChapter 08: Public Opinion and Voting Multiple Choice
Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is a new restrictive law implemented by Arizona? a. Voters must be twenty-one years of age to be eligible to vote. b. Voters must first obtain a driving license
More informationLearning and Experience The interrelation of Civic (Co)Education, Political Socialisation and Engagement
Learning and Experience The interrelation of Civic (Co)Education, Political Socialisation and Engagement Steve Schwarzer General Conference ECPR, Panel Young People and Politics Two Incompatible Worlds?,
More informationUNDERSTANDING TAIWAN INDEPENDENCE AND ITS POLICY IMPLICATIONS
UNDERSTANDING TAIWAN INDEPENDENCE AND ITS POLICY IMPLICATIONS Emerson M. S. Niou Abstract Taiwan s democratization has placed Taiwan independence as one of the most important issues for its domestic politics
More informationU.S. Abortion Attitudes Closely Divided
http://www.gallup.com/poll/122033/u.s.-abortion-attitudes-closely- Divided.aspx?version=print August 4, 2009 U.S. Abortion Attitudes Closely Divided Forty-seven percent of Americans identify as pro-life,
More informationMEASURING THE USABILITY OF PAPER BALLOTS: EFFICIENCY, EFFECTIVENESS, AND SATISFACTION
PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING 2006 2547 MEASURING THE USABILITY OF PAPER BALLOTS: EFFICIENCY, EFFECTIVENESS, AND SATISFACTION Sarah P. Everett, Michael D.
More informationAuthor(s) Title Date Dataset(s) Abstract
Author(s): Niemi, Richard and Herb Weisberg Title: 987 Pilot Study "Force Choice" Party Identification Question Experiment Date: September, 987 Dataset(s): 987 Pilot Study Abstract This paper compares
More informationHigh-quality enclave networks encourage labor market success for newly arriving immigrants
Simone Schüller Ifo Institute, Germany, FBK-IRVAPP, Italy, and IZA, Germany Ethnic enclaves and immigrant economic integration High-quality enclave networks encourage labor market success for newly arriving
More informationEnergy Issues & North Carolina Voters. March 14 th, 2017
Energy Issues & North Carolina Voters March 14 th, 2017 Table of Contents Methodology Voter Intensity and Ideological Overview Energy Issue Overview Renewable Mandate Message Test Coal Ash Issue Set Trump
More informationHOW CAN WE ENGAGE DIASPORAS AS INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURS: SUGGESTIONS FROM AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN THE CANADIAN CONTEXT
HOW CAN WE ENGAGE DIASPORAS AS INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURS: SUGGESTIONS FROM AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN THE CANADIAN CONTEXT Jean- Marie Nkongolo- Bakenda (University of Regina), Elie V. Chrysostome (University
More informationAmerica First? American National Identity Declines Over Last Two Years Among Both Republicans and Democrats
ISBN: 978-1-52-6286-6 University of Maryland Critical Issues Poll with Nielsen Scarborough Study No. America First? American National Identity Declines Over Last Two Years Among Both and 62 5 5 2 2 Religious
More informationpolitics & global warming March 2018
politics & global warming March 2018 Politics & Global Warming, March 2018 1 Table of tents Introduction...2 Reading Notes...3 Executive Summary...4 1. The Politics of Global Warming Beliefs...7 2. Should
More informationWhat makes people feel free: Subjective freedom in comparative perspective Progress Report
What makes people feel free: Subjective freedom in comparative perspective Progress Report Presented by Natalia Firsova, PhD Student in Sociology at HSE at the Summer School of the Laboratory for Comparative
More informationHispanic Attitudes on Economy and Global Warming June 2016
Hispanic Attitudes on Economy and Global Warming June 2016 Final Results June May June M-M Y-Y 2016 2016 2015 Change Change Index of Consumer Sentiment 105.8 93.5 98.4 +12.3 +7.4 Current Economic Conditions
More information5A. Wage Structures in the Electronics Industry. Benjamin A. Campbell and Vincent M. Valvano
5A.1 Introduction 5A. Wage Structures in the Electronics Industry Benjamin A. Campbell and Vincent M. Valvano Over the past 2 years, wage inequality in the U.S. economy has increased rapidly. In this chapter,
More informationObama Leaves on a High Note Yet with Tepid Career Ratings
ABC NEWS/WASHINGTON POST POLL: Obama s Legacy EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE AFTER 7 a.m. Wednesday, Jan. 18, 2017 Obama Leaves on a High Note Yet with Tepid Career Ratings Boosted by an improving economy, Barack
More informationDifferences in National IQs behind the Eurozone Debt Crisis?
3 Differences in National IQs behind the Eurozone Debt Crisis? Tatu Vanhanen * Department of Political Science, University of Helsinki The purpose of this article is to explore the causes of the European
More informationIssues, Ideology, and the Rise of Republican Identification Among Southern Whites,
Issues, Ideology, and the Rise of Republican Identification Among Southern Whites, 1982-2000 H. Gibbs Knotts, Alan I. Abramowitz, Susan H. Allen, and Kyle L. Saunders The South s partisan shift from solidly
More informationFlorida Latino Survey Sept 2017
Q1. Generally speaking, would you say things in this country are headed in the right direction, or are they off on the wrong track? Right direction 43% Wrong track 57% Q2. Overall, do you approve or disapprove
More informationChapter Six: Learning Objectives. Learning Objectives. Public Opinion and Political Socialization
1 Chapter Six: Public Opinion and Political Socialization Learning Objectives 2 Define what we mean by public opinion, and explain its uses by policymakers and interest groups. Distinguish between public
More informationTHE LOUISIANA SURVEY 2017
THE LOUISIANA SURVEY 2017 More Optimism about Direction of State, but Few Say Economy Improving Share saying Louisiana is heading in the right direction rises from 27 to 46 percent The second in a series
More information