Thomas Jefferson. George Washington. Unit 1 1

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1 Unit 1 1 Thomas Jefferson 1 One of the Founding Fathers, he wrote the Declaration of Independence, which set forth the colonies reasons for becoming The United States of America. Used John Locke s theory on unalienable rights: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. He was the 3 rd President of the U. S. serving from George Washington 2 2 He was Commander in Chief of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. He served as the 1 st President of the U. S. from 1789 to 1797 and guided the new Nation through its tough beginnings. Today he is known as The Father of Our Country.

2 3 The Constitution of the United States 3 After much discussion and debate about whether America should have a strong central government, this document was written by James Madison and lays out America s form of government. It replaces the Articles of Confederation and calls for a balance of federal powers between the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches 4 The Magna Carta 4 Its name means Great Charter and in signing this document in 1215, King John of England granted his subjects certain permanent liberties or rights, such as the right to a fair trial by a jury of their peers. Some of the provisions listed in the Bill of Rights reflect ancient liberties from this document

3 5 James Madison 5 The principle writer of the U.S. Constitution, this Founding Father served as the 4th President from Known as the father of the constitution John Adams 6 6 One of the nation s Founding Fathers, he served as the 1st V.P. under George Washington and was the 2nd President serving from He was a teacher and lawyer. He successfully defended the British soldiers accused of killing colonists at the so-called Boston Massacre.

4 Bill of Rights 7 7 First 10 Amendments of the US Constitution that protects individual freedoms: 1 st Freedom of Speech, Press, Assembly, Religion; 2 nd Right to Bear Arms 5 th Right to Private Property / Right to not incriminate oneself Gov t needs to pay just compensation for taking private property Marbury v Madison 8 8 The Supreme Court ruling that established judicial review; the principle that the Supreme Court has the final say on what laws are Constitutional. This affirmed the Court s place in the balance of powers in the American democratic system of government.

5 9 Mayflower Compact 9 First written framework for selfgovernment in the colonies, signed for the general good of the colony 10 Declaration of Independence 10 A list of grievances against King George. It was a declaration of war on England.

6 11 Benjamin Rush 11 A Founding Father of the United States. He served as Surgeon General in the Continental army, and was blamed for criticizing George Washington. Rush was a leader of the American Enlightenment, and an enthusiastic supporter of the American Revolution. He signed the Declaration of Independence. A leading physician his study of mental disorder made him one of the founders of American psychiatry. JKjohnj John Hancock A Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence and was the first person to sign the document.

7 13 John Witherspoon 13 A Scots Presbyterian minister and a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence. The only active clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration. 14 John Peter Muhlenburg 14 He was an American clergyman, Continental Army soldier during the American Revolutionary War, A Lutheran minister, he served in the United States House of Representatives.

8 15 Charles Carroll 15 He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress and Confederation Congress and later as first United States Senator for Maryland. He was the only Catholic and the longest-lived (and last surviving) signatory of the Declaration of Independence. 16 Jonathan Trumball Sr. He was the only colonial governor at the start of the Revolution to take up the rebel cause. 16

9 17 Articles of Confederation 17 The first constitution of the U.S. it gave the States more rights than the Federal Gov t. It did NOT contain a Bill of Rights, an executive leader, a judicial branch, the power to tax, nor the power to draft a military. 18 Thomas Paine 18 As the author of Common Sense he inspired the Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain. His ideas reflected Enlightenment-era rhetoric of transnational human rights

10 Alexis de Tocqueville First European Diplomat to study the American Political System and publish his positive findings in Democracy in America...wanted the French to replicate the American System The Civil War between The United States and the rebelling Confederate States was fought during these years. This is America s bloodiest war with 620,000 men killed and 1,250,000 wounded.

11 Year military enforced Reconstruction of the former Confederate states ended with the Compromise of th Amendment 22 Abolished Slavery

12 23 14 th Amendment 23 Equal Protection underneath the Law Gave ex-slaves citizenship th Amendment 24 Right to Vote for African American Men and Male Ex- Slaves.

13 25 Jim Crow Laws 25 These were racial segregation laws enacted between in the Southern United States at the state and local level. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities Starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans 26 Dred Scott decision 26 Supreme Court case whereas the S.C. ruled that slaves are property and not people thus having no rights

14 27 Nat l Rifle Association [NRA] 27 Group that promotes firearm competency, safety, and ownership, The NRA's political activity is based on the civil right to keep and bear arms, which is protected by the 2 nd amendment. The group has a nearly century long record of influencing as well as lobbying for or against proposed firearm legislation on behalf of its members. Observers and lawmakers see the NRA as one of the top three most influential lobbying groups in Washington End Unit1 KKK The Ku Klux Klan (KKK), informally known as the Klan or the "Hooded Order", have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically expressed through terrorism. It s associated with opposing the Civil Rights Movement and progress among minorities.

15 Unit 2 Labor Unions 29 Knights of Labor First American Union 29 American Federation of Labor Largest / Most Notorious in the late 1800s 1900s (led by Gompers) 3 main goals were higher wages, an 8 hour working day and better working conditions Indian Policies Due to efforts to assimilate Native Americans, including the Dawes Act (1887), the traditions of Native Americans disappeared as they were removed from their homelands, isolated on reservations, and forced to abandon their rituals.

16 31 Interstate Commerce Commission/Act 31 It was established by an act of Congress in 1887, this outlawed discrimination against shippers and the practice of a freight carrier charging more for short hauls than for long ones. 32 Labor Strikes 32 Pullman Strike - The Pullman Strike was a nationwide railroad strike; The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit, Michigan. The conflict began in Pullman, Chicago, on May 11 when nearly 4,000 factory employees of the Pullman Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages. Haymarket Square - When police began to disperse the public meeting, an unknown person threw a dynamite bomb into their midst. This incident painted Unions in a bad light

17 Populist Party Party that rose in support of Government Regulation of RR, coinage of Silver, and support of worker s rights. Voice for the average person [farmers and factory workers] Andrew Carnegie ( ) He founded steel mills in Pittsburg & used the Bessemer Process. He sold the mills becoming the world s richest man in He gave most of his wealth to worthy causes aiding education, international peace, libraries, culture centers, research and publications.

18 35 William Jennings Bryan ( ) 35 A noted politician, populist and orator, he ran for President in 1896, 1900 & 1908 as a Democrat supporting reforms such as income tax, prohibition and women s suffrage. He was Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson. He was the prosecutor in the Scopes trial. Chisholm Trail The cattle drive trail from San Antonio to Abilene, Kansas. This was due to the growing population of eastern cities had raised the demand for beef.

19 Laissez-Faire A doctrine that held the market will regulate itself through supply and demand if the Gov t did not interfere. Hands Off 38 Social Darwinism 38 Based on the theory of evolution said that the best run businesses led by the most capable people would prosper and those led by inferior people would fail.

20 39 Vertical Integration 39 Taking control of each step in the production and distribution of a product leading to a monopoly. 40 Horizontal Integration 40 The joining of together of multiple firms from the same industry in order to gain control of that industry

21 41 41 Monopoly A company that completely dominates a particular industry 42 Corporations 42 A company that is recognized by law as existing independently from its owners. People buy stock and become owners of the company.

22 Trusts A set of companies that are managed by a small group known as trustees. They have the power to prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other. 44 Bessemer Process 44 A process to make steel more efficiently and cheaply. It involves blowing air through molten iron.

23 Thomas Edison Invented the light bulb which led to longer work hours which spurred on the age of industry Capitalism Is an economic system in which factories and equipment are privately owned rather than be controlled by the Gov t and run by competition.

24 Henry Ford He helped create a mobile society by mass producing [assembly line] and marketing the automobile, making it an indispensable part of American life. 48 Transcontinental Railroad 48 A railroad that spanned the continent helping to close the west by transporting people east to west to settle down. It also allowed goods to be shipped to merchants across the continent.

25 49 Manifest Destiny (Expansionism) 49 Idea popular in the U. S. during the 1800s that the country had the Godgiven right and duty to expand its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean and spread America s form of civilization. 50 Chinese Exclusionary Act 50 A law passed in 1888 that prohibited immigration of Chinese laborers for a period of 10 years

26 51 Homestead Act 51 A federal law passed in 1862 that granted tracts of land to western settlers who agreed to live and work the land for 5 years. This helped close the West Immigrants / Emigrants Immigrants - An immigrant is a person who once resided somewhere else and now lives in your country. Immigration steadily increased from 1850 to More than 12 million people entered the U.S after 1870 swelling urban populations. Emigrants An Emigrant leaves his or her land to live in another country.

27 Exodusters A migration to the great plains by former slaves. They bought farmlands and formed new communities. 54 Entrepreneurs 54 Bold risk takers who use their own money to establish business. Some examples are Vanderbilt, Rockefeller and Carnegie

28 U.S. Free Enterprise System A capitalistic economic system in which individuals depend on supply and demand and the profit margin to determine what to produce, how much to produce and for whom to produce. 56 The Gilded Age 56 While industrialists [robber barons] obtained great fortune society was tainted by political corruption, poverty, and unfair business practice. The term was first coined by Mark Twain.

29 Tenements Rundown apartment buildings usually housing multiple families. They were also used as a place to work from. Steerage The open area below the deck used by most immigrants upon ships traveling to America

30 59 Ellis /Angel Island 59 Ellis Island A processing center in New York for European immigrants Angel Island a processing center in San Francisco for Asian immigrants Nativists People who favored the interests of native born Americans over those of immigrants.

31 61 Americanization 61 Influence the United States of America has on the culture of other countries 62 Frederick Taylor 62 He used scientific techniques to analyze ways to make workers more efficient in each task. He wrote a book called the principle of scientific management. It would influence Henry Ford

32 63 16 th Amendment 63 Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) that gave Congress the power to tax income th Amendment Senate 64 Amendment to the Constitution that guaranteed the direct election of Senators by a state s voters. In the case of a vacancy, a special election is called to fill the vacancy.

33 Prohibition [18 th Amendment] Enforced by the 18 th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1919), it became illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport alcoholic beverages th Amendment 66 Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920 that gave women the right to vote in federal and state elections.

34 Civil Service Reform Congress took action in the late 19 th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service; including a civil service test for those seeking a job in government. Initiative A process by which special interest groups, through voter participation, can propose bills to their legislature for a vote. This can force lawmakers to deal with difficult issues.

35 Recall Voters hold the power to remove a public official from office before the next scheduled election. This process developed out of the political reform movements of the Progressive Era. Referendum A process by which voters approve bills offered by the legislature. Controversial bills such as tax increases can be put to a public vote before coming law.

36 71 Sherman Anti- Trust Act 71 Passed in 1890, in an effort to control monopolies, this act outlawed efforts to consolidate businesses under trusts that monopolized and restrained free trade. 72 Federal Reserve Act Divides the country into 12 regions each with their own Federal Reserve Bank. The FED offers banks a safety net and sets monetary policy to regulate the amount of money in circulation

37 73 Political Machines 73 Informal groups led by a Boss that controlled formal processes of government through bribery and force. Friends were rewarded with contracts or jobs in the government in a process called the spoils system. 74 JANE ADDAMS 74 Founder of Settlement Houses she discovered it was a place to assimilate immigrants. They doubled up as community arts centers and social service facilities. The HULL HOUSE in Chicago was first settlement house in the U.S. Also a social worker and leader in women's suffrage. Addams was one of the most prominent reformers of the Progressive Era. She became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

38 75 Upton Sinclair 75 A Muckraker who exposed the unsanitary conditions of meat packing plants in his book The Jungle. This led to regulations Jacob Riis A Muckraker who exposed the horrible conditions of tenements and slum life in his book How the Other Half Live

39 Pendleton Act Set guidelines for hiring civil service employees by giving exams to test knowledge in the field. This was passed to eliminate PATRONAGE The Progressive Party The Progressive Party of 1912 was an American political party. It was formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, after a split in the Republican Party between him and President William Howard Taft. The party also became known as the Bull Moose Party. Their platform was to limit campaign contributions / registration of lobbyists / women s suffrage / direct election of senators

40 79 Pure Food and Drug Act 79 Passed by Teddy Roosevelt in 1906 after reading The Jungle. Was created to protect consumers by putting regulations on food and drugs Theodore Roosevelt ( ) A leader of the Rough Riders during the 1898 Spanish- American War. Was the first progressive President, he created the reform Square Deal and foreign policy of Big Stick Diplomacy. He passed Pure Food & Drug and Meat Inspection Acts of 1906 and also supported women having the right to vote. He also was a conservationist.

41 81 Woodrow Wilson 81 Was the 3rd progressive President and the creator of the Moral Diplomacy. He was President during WW1 in which he tried to use Neutrality to avoid. He created the reform New Freedom to try and eliminate all trusts William Taft Was the 2 nd progressive President. He created the Dollar Diplomacy He signed the Payne Aldrich Bill which raised tariffs

42 83 Seneca Falls Convention 83 First Women s Rights Conference at Seneca Falls, New York in July, They proposed the delegates first priority should be getting women the right to vote. Susan B. Anthony She was a leading force in the women s suffrage movement for 50 years. She traveled the U. S. and Europe giving speeches a year promoting women s rights.

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44 Tammany Hall A New York political machine ran by William Boss Tweed who cheated the city out of over 20 million dollars. 86 BOOKER T. WASHINGTON 86 He was an African-American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and Washington was the dominant leader in the South in the African-American community. His base was the Tuskegee Institute, a historically black college in Alabama. He was opposed by W.E.B Dubois who had different tactics and ideology than Booker. He believed Blacks should get a job and become skilled while Dubois preached Education.

45 W. E. B DuBois NAACP ( ) He believed in the ability of the Talented Tenth, intellectual black elites, to advance the cause for all blacks. He is a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Muckrakers Journalists who wrote about social, environmental and political problems Americans faced in the early 1900s.

46 IDA B. WELLS Was an African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffr agist, sociologist, and an early leader in the civil rights movement. She documented lynching in the United States, showing how it was often a way to control or punish blacks who competed with whites, often under the guise of rape charges The Temperance Movement Reformers in the late 1800s who saw alcohol consumption as a main reason in domestic abuse and unemployment. They wanted to make alcohol illegal.

47 93 91 Plessy vs Ferguson (1896) A landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal." It was later overturned in Brown vs Board Social Gospel Religious movement that inspired progressives. The idea being social reform and Christianity went hand in hand. Society must take responsibility for those less fortunate

48 95 93 National Child Labor Committee [NCLC] 95 One of the nation s Founding 93 Helped get laws passed to restrict or ban child labor. These laws prevented children under 14 from working and also limited the hours per week they worked Urbanization When people left the farm and moved into the city looking for work. It was also a destination for the new immigrants. The influx of people into the cities caused pollution, disease, and overcrowded buildings.

49 NAACP Founded by W.E.B. DuBois in They fought through the courts to end segregation and promote equality. They protested racial violence NAWSA Fought for suffrage rights for women. The first President was Elizabeth Stanton it would become a powerful political force at state and national levels.

50 99 Progressive Era A political movement in the early 1900 s which saw social reforms such as child labor laws, a minimum wage, rights for women, and political reforms such as initiative and referendum.