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1 Global Democracy Democracy is increasingly seen as the only legitimate form of government, but few people would regard international relations as governed according to democratic principles. Can this lack of global democracy be justified? Which models of global politics should contemporary democrats endorse and which should they reject? What are the most promising pathways to global democratic change? To what extent does the extension of democracy from the national to the international level require a radical rethinking of what democratic institutions should be? This book answers these questions by providing a sustained dialogue between scholars of political theory, international law and empirical social science. By presenting a broad range of views by prominent scholars, it offers an in-depth analysis of one of the key challenges of our century: globalizing democracy and democratizing globalization. daniele archibugi is Research Director at the Italian National Research Council and Professor of Innovation, Governance and Public Policy at Birkbeck, University of London. mathias koenig-archibugi is Senior Lecturer in Global Politics in the Department of Government and the Department of International Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science. raffaele marchetti is Assistant Professor in International Relations in the Faculty of Political Science and School of Government at LUISS Guido Carli University, Rome.

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3 Global Democracy Normative and Empirical Perspectives Edited by Daniele Archibugi, Mathias Koenig-Archibugi and Raffaele Marchetti

4 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Information on this title: / # Cambridge University Press 2012 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2012 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Global democracy : normative and empirical perspectives / edited by Daniele Archibugi, Mathias Koenig-Archibugi, Raffaele Marchetti. p. cm. ISBN (Hardback) ISBN (Paperback) 1. Democracy. 2. Democratization. 3. Globalization. I. Archibugi, Daniele. II. Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias. III. Marchetti, Raffaele. JC423.G dc ISBN Hardback ISBN Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

5 Contents List of figures List of tables Notes on contributors Acknowledgements page vii viii ix xiv 1 Introduction: mapping global democracy 1 daniele archibugi, mathias koenig-archibugi and raffaele marchetti 2 Models of global democracy: in defence of cosmo-federalism 22 raffaele marchetti 3 Citizens or stakeholders? Exclusion, equality and legitimacy in global stakeholder democracy 47 terry macdonald 4 Is democratic legitimacy possible for international institutions? 69 thomas christiano 5 Cosmopolitan democracy: neither a category mistake nor a categorical imperative 96 andreas follesdal 6 Regional versus global democracy: advantages and limitations 115 carol c. gould 7 Towards the metamorphosis of the United Nations: a proposal for establishing global democracy 132 tim murithi 8 Flexible government for a globalized world 150 bruno s. frey 9 Global democracy and domestic analogies 160 mathias koenig-archibugi v

6 vi Contents 10 Global democracy for a partially joined-up world: toward a multi-level system of public power and democratic governance? 183 kate macdonald 11 Civil society and global democracy: an assessment 210 jonas tallberg and anders uhlin 12 Global capitalism and global democracy: subverting the other? 233 b.s. chimni 13 From peace between democracies to global democracy 254 daniele archibugi 14 The promise and perils of global democracy 274 richard a. falk Index 285

7 Figures 1.1 Ideal-typical forms of global democracy: confederalism, federalism and polycentrism page The ideal system of global democracy 25 vii

8 Tables 2.1 Summary of the models of global democracy page Summary of outcome, conditions, measurements and sources 172 viii

9 Notes on contributors daniele archibugi is a Research Director at the Italian National Research Council in Rome, and Professor of Innovation, Governance and Public Policy at Birkbeck, University of London. He works on innovation and on the political theory of international relations. He has worked at the universities of Sussex, Rome, Cambridge, London School of Economics and Harvard. In June 2006 he was appointed Honorary Professor at the University of Sussex. He is an adviser to the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, several United Nations agencies and various national governments. He has led many research projects for the European Commission and other international organisations. He has coedited Cosmopolitan Democracy (with David Held, 1995), Re-imagining Political Community (with David Held and Martin Koehler, 1998), Filosofi per la pace (with Franco Voltaggio, 1999), and has edited Debating Cosmopolitics (2003). His latest book, A Global Commonwealth of Citizens: Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy was published in b.s. chimni is a Professor of International Law, Centre for International Legal Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He is the former Vice Chancellor of W.B. National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata. He has held visiting positions at Brown, Harvard, Cambridge, York and Tokyo universities. He has delivered several prestigious lectures including the Eighth Grotius Lecture at the Centennial Meeting of the American Society of International Law in Washington and the First Barbara- Harrell Bond Lecture at the Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford University. His central research interest is to elaborate in association with a group of likeminded scholars a critical third world approach to international law (TWAIL). His areas of research interest are international economic law, international refugee law and international legal theory. Among his books are: The Third World and International Legal Order: Law, Politics and Globalisation (co-edited with Antony Anghie, Karen Mickelson ix

10 x Notes on contributors and Obiora Okafor, 2003), International Refugee Law: A Reader (2000) and International Law and World Order: A Critique of Contemporary Approaches (1993). thomas christiano is Professor of Philosophy and Law, Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona. He is Associate Director of the Center for the Study of the Philosophy of Freedom at the University of Arizona. He has been a visiting fellow at the Princeton University Center for Human Values, the Australian National University, All Souls College, Oxford, and the National Humanities Center. He writes on issues in distributive justice, political authority, human rights and global justice. He has written about the philosophical foundations of democracy and democratic institutions in The Constitution of Equality (2008) and The Rule of the Many: Fundamental Issues in Democratic Theory (1996). He is currently working on a book about the foundations of egalitarianism and on projects on the legitimacy of international institutions and on the nature of the human right to democracy. richard a. falk is Albert G. Milbank Professor of International Law and Practice, Emeritus, at Princeton University where he taught for forty years. He is currently Research Professor, Global Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara. He is also currently directing a project on Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy and serves as Chair of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. He has been a major contributor to the world order literature for several decades. His books include: A Study of Future Worlds (1975), Predatory Globalization: A Critique (1999), Religion and Humane Global Governance (2001), The Costs of War: International Law, the UN, and World Order after Iraq (2007) and Achieving Human Rights (2008). andreas follesdal is Professor of Political Philosophy at the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Oslo. He publishes in the field of political philosophy with a focus on issues of international political theory, federalism, multi-level governance and human rights, particularly as they arise in the wake of changes in Europe. He is Founding Series Editor of Themes in European Governance, of Contemporary European Politics and, with Geir Ulfstein, of Studies on Human Rights Conventions, all with Cambridge University Press. Among his books are: Political Theory and the European Constitution (edited with Lynn Dobson, 2005); Real World Justice: Grounds, Principles, Human Rights Standards and Institutions (edited with Thomas Pogge, 2005).

11 Notes on contributors xi bruno s. frey is Professor for Economics at the University of Zurich, Distinguished Professor of Behavioural Science at the Warwick Business School at the University of Warwick, UK, and Research Director of the Centre for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts, Switzerland. He received honorary doctorates in economics from the universities of St Gallen (Switzerland, 1998), Gothenburg (Sweden, 1998), the Free University of Brussels (Belgium, 2009) and the University of Aix-en-Provence/Marseille (France, 2010). Among his books are: The New Democratic Federalism for Europe: Functional, Overlapping and Competing Jurisdictions (with Reiner Eichenberger, 1999), Happiness and Economics (with Alois Stutzer, 2002), Dealing with Terrorism: Stick or Carrot? (2004), and Happiness: A Revolution in Economics (2008). carol c. gould is Professor of Philosophy at Hunter College and Professor in the Doctoral Programs in Philosophy and Political Science at The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, where she also directs the Center for Global Ethics and Politics at the Ralph Bunche Institute. She is Editor of the Journal of Social Philosophy and Executive Director of the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs. Gould is the author of Marx s Social Ontology (1978), Rethinking Democracy (Cambridge University Press, 1988) and Globalizing Democracy and Human Rights (Cambridge University Press, 2004), which won the David Easton Award from the Foundations of Political Theory Section of the American Political Science Association. She has edited or co-edited seven books, including Women and Philosophy (1976) and Cultural Identity and the Nation- State (2001), and has published numerous articles in social and political philosophy, feminist theory, philosophy of law and applied ethics. mathias koenig-archibugi is Senior Lecturer in Global Politics in the Department of Government and the Department of International Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science. His research is on global health governance, international labour standards and other areas of global policy making, and on the democratization of global politics. His articles have been published in the European Journal of International Relations, International Organization, Philosophy and Public Affairs and other journals. He is the coeditor of Global Governance and Public Accountability (with David Held, 2005) and New Modes of Governance in the Global System (with Michael Zürn, 2006).

12 xii Notes on contributors kate macdonald is a Lecturer in the School of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Melbourne, having held previous positions at the London School of Economics and Political Science, the Australian National University and Oxford University. Among her publications are: Non-Electoral Accountability in Global Politics: Strengthening Democratic Control within the Global Garment Industry (with Terry Macdonald, European Journal of International Law 2006), Globalising Justice within Coffee Supply Chains? Fair Trade, Starbucks and the Transformation of Supply Chain Governance (Third World Quarterly 2007), Democracy in a Pluralist Global Order: Corporate Power and Stakeholder Representation (with Terry Macdonald, Ethics and International Affairs 2010) and Fair Trade, Corporate Accountability and Beyond: Experiments in Globalizing Justice (co-editor with Shelley Marshall, 2010). terry macdonald is a Lecturer in the School of Political and Social Inquiry at Monash University. She has worked previously as a Research Fellow at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at the Australian National University, and as a Junior Research Fellow and Lecturer in Politics at Merton College, Oxford University. Her publications on the topic of global democracy include the book Global Stakeholder Democracy: Power and Representation Beyond Liberal States (2008) and a few papers co-authored with Kate Macdonald. raffaele marchetti is Assistant Professor in International Relations in the Faculty of Political Science and School of Government at LUISS Guido Carli University, Rome. His research interest concerns international political theory and global politics, especially global democracy and civil society. He was Scientific Coordinator of FP6 Strep project SHUR. Human Rights in Conflicts: The Role of Civil Society. He is the author of Global Democracy: For and Against. Ethical Theory, Institutional Design, and Social Struggles (2008) and Manuale di politica internazionale (with Franco Mazzei and Fabio Petito, 2010), and the co-editor of European Union and Global Democracy (with Davorka Vidovic, 2009), Civil Society, Ethnic Conflicts, and the Politicization of Human Rights (with Nathalie Tocci, 2011) and Contemporary Political Agency: Theory and Practice (with Bice Maiguashca, forthcoming). He is currently working on amanuscriptonmodels and Scenarios of Global Politics. tim murithi is Head of the Transitional Justice in Africa Programme at the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, in Cape Town, South Africa. He has also held positions at the Institute for Security Studies in Addis Ababa; the Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, UK; the Centre for Conflict Resolution, University of Cape Town; and

13 Notes on contributors xiii the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), in Geneva, Switzerland. He has also served as a consultant to the African Union. He is the author of The Ethics of Peacebuilding (2009) and The African Union: Pan-Africanism, Peacebuilding and Development (2005), and editor of Towards a Union Government of Africa: Challenges and Opportunities (2008) and co-editor of The African Union and Its Institutions (2008). jonas tallberg is Professor of Political Science at Stockholm University. His primary research interests are global and European governance, with a particular focus on institutional design, change and effects. He is the author of European Governance and Supranational Institutions: Making States Comply (2003) and Leadership and Negotiation in the European Union (Cambridge University Press, 2006), and co-editor of Transnational Actors in Global Governance: Patterns, Explanations and Implications (2010), as well as articles in journals such as International Organization, International Studies Quarterly, European Journal of International Relations and Global Governance. He currently leads a research project on transnational actor participation in global governance. anders uhlin is Professor of Political Science at Lund University. His main research interests are in comparative and international politics, with a special focus on processes of democratization, civil society activism and transnational relations. He is the author of Post-Soviet Civil Society (2006) and Indonesia and the Third Wave of Democratization (1997) and has co-edited Legitimacy Beyond the State? (with Eva Erman, 2010) and Transnational Activism in Asia (with Nicola Piper, 2004). His articles have appeared in journals such as Cooperation and Conflict, Democratization, Europe-Asia Studies, Global Governance, International Political Science Review and Third World Quarterly.

14 Acknowledgements The editors would like to thank the reviewers for Cambridge University Press for helpful comments and suggestions, the editorial team at the Press particularly John Haslam, Josephine Lane and Carrie Parkinson for their supportive and efficient handling of the whole project, and Joanna Pyke for her impressively thoughtful and thorough copy-editing of the book. xiv