8, 140 Dual Entente between France and Russia is dated as The agreement was made in 1893 but formally signed in January 1894.

Transcription

1 GCSE Modern World History Unit 1 Student book Page Description of error or issue 8, 140 Dual Entente between France and Russia is dated as The agreement was made in 1893 but formally signed in January Caption for the picture of the Kaiser should specify that it is Wilhelm II. The text under the sub-heading Kaiser Wilhelm has been amended to make it clear which Wilhelm is being referred to: One of the reasons Bismarck s plans came undone was the character of the new Kaiser, Wilhelm II (Wilhelm I died in 1888). Wilhelm II was an intelligent man, but also very moody and he lacked diplomatic skills. Bismarck had worked hard to keep France isolated, but Wilhelm II quarrelled with Bismarck and dismissed him from office. 17 Dardenelles in first paragraph is a misspelling should be Dardanelles. 22 Heading: Sarejevo is a misspelling should be Sarajevo. 33 In the 'Did you know?' box Article 231 should be Article The exam question is worth 6 marks, not On the map, the labels for Bulgaria and Romania are the wrong way round. 42 Warren Hastings should be Warren Harding. 47 In the Build Better Answers box, the phrase some of the great powers were happy to use the war to settle disputes should read some of the great powers were happy to use the League to settle disputes. 60, 61 Referendum changed to plebiscite : although the terms are frequently used interchangeably, plebiscite was the term more commonly used in settling the status of disputed or border territories. 61 Overwhelming support for Anschluss. This paragraph doesn t take account of those who didn t vote and has therefore been amended to: In that plebiscite, 99.75% of Austrians who voted supported joining with Germany. 61 General Ketel in written source box should be General Keitel. 65 In the Nazi-Soviet graphic, the heads of Hitler and Stalin are the wrong way round. 67 On the map, Romania and Bulgaria are the wrong way round. 69 In the chart of British Spending on its armed forces, the figure for should be 480m, not 400m. 76 Churchill s words have been slightly misquoted. They were actually He told the Russians just where they got on and off and generally bossed the whole meeting. This sentence has been changed to:

2 Truman believed that America possessed the ultimate weapon and therefore, in Churchill s words, generally bossed the whole meeting. 90 In the first paragraph: lesson to the leaders of all socialist counties should read countries, not counties. 96 There are three problems on this page: In response, Khrushchev agreed to drop his six month ultimatum this was not agreed at the meeting in May. new American President John F. Kennedy Eisenhower was president at the time of the Conference (Kennedy was elected in November 1960 and officially became President in January 1961). at the Geneva Conference of 1961, Khrushchev challenged Kennedy to withdraw American troops this demand was made in the wake of Kennedy and Khrushchev s meeting in Vienna (June 1961) as opposed to the Geneva Conference (March 1961). The text has been amended as below: Eisenhower s response In November 1958, Khrushchev demanded that the Western powers remove their troops from West Berlin within six months. The Americans were uncertain about how to respond to this. Eisenhower did not want to lose West Berlin, but neither did he want to start a war. Consequently it was agreed to hold an international meeting in order to discuss Berlin s future. Four summits That meeting took place in May Talks were held in a summit meeting in Geneva between foreign representatives from the USA and the USSR. No solution to the problem was agreed at this meeting. However it did lay the ground work for Khrushchev to visit the USA and hold face-to-face talks with Eisenhower. In September 1959 Khrushchev and Eisenhower met at a second summit meeting in Camp David, the US presidential retreat. The two leaders spoke frankly. Despite not agreeing a solution to the problems, it was decided that a further summit meeting would be held the following year between the two leaders. Additionally Khrushchev agreed to withdraw his six-month ultimatum. This meeting took place in Paris in May 1960, but was a disaster. Just before the conference the USSR had shot down an American spy plane over Russia and captured its pilot. Khrushchev walked out of the conference in protest when Eisenhower refused to apologise for incident. When John F. Kennedy became the new president of the USA, a further summit was arranged to discuss Berlin. At the Vienna Conference of June 1961, neither side seemed willing to back down over the US presence in Berlin. However, Khrushchev saw Kennedy s inexperience as a weakness to be exploited. Confident that Kennedy would back down if pushed, Khrushchev once again gave the USA a six-month ultimatum to remove its troops from Berlin. The caption on the photo should read: Kennedy and Khrushchev at the Vienna Conference of June The phrase remove American troops from German soil is slightly misleading, as Khrushchev never demanded that the West withdraw from Germany, only from Berlin. The paragraph has been amended to: Despite Khrushchev s ultimatum, Kennedy refused to back down. He declared that he would not remove American troops from Berlin. He also started preparing America for war, committing the US government to an additional $3.2 billion of defence spending. More worrying still was Kennedy s decision to spend an extra $207 million on building nuclear fallout shelters. A point of stalemate had been reached.

3 104 The date of Kennedy s address on the timeline is incorrect it was 22 October not The timeline entry for highest level of alert is slightly misleading as the decision to put the US armed forces on highest state of alert was made on 24 th October. The word put has been removed to indicate that by this date both countries were on highest alert. 106 Limited Test Ban Treaty was formally signed in August 1963 rather than July. 108 On the map, Communist governments are in pink but Yugoslavia (a non-warsaw Pact but still a Communist government) is yellow. In the key communist governments now reads Communist Governments affiliated to the USSR. 108 Bulgaria is wrong on the map: it needs to be renamed Romania. 110 The statement Dubcek took no action to control political opposition in Czechoslovakia is not strictly true, as at the July summit conference between Dubcek and Soviet leaders, Dubcek did promise to maintain the one-party system. This has been amended to: However, Dubcek failed to take the hint and took little action to 110 One Czech student set himself on fire. This is true but the paragraph gives the impression that it happened in August 1968 whereas it actually took place in January This sentence has therefore been deleted. 112 The statement the USA would not intervene in Czechoslovakia as long as the USSR did not intervene in Vietnam is not a wholly accurate depiction. The USA gave nothing to Czechoslovakia during the Prague Spring, whereas the Soviet Union supported the Vietcong through international aid. This has been replaced with: Brezhnev believed that America would do nothing to help the Czechoslovakian people. America was already fighting a bloody war in Vietnam. Brezhnev was confident that America wanted to avoid a further military entanglement. Therefore, while America publicly condemned the invasion, it offered no military support against it. 118 This page has been amended to deal with the following three issues: The Kabul Revolution of April 1978 witnessed the dramatic overthrow of the Afghan Royal Family the Afghan Royal Family was deposed in 1973 by a coup led by Mohammed Daoud (who, confusingly, was a member of the royal family). He declared Afghanistan to be a republic. He was then deposed in a coup orchestrated by the PDPA in the Kabul Revolution of There is no mention of the death of Hafizullah Amin at the end of December 1979 which paved the way for Babrak Kamal to form a new government; the sequence of events could be clearer. The statement head of the Afghan army was a spy is correct, but Hafizullah Amin was the President of the Afghan Republic in late 1979, not just head of the army. This page has been amended as below: The Kabul Revolution: April 1978 Even détente could not stop superpower competition over the developing world. Indeed, Soviet leader Brezhnev saw the communist revolution in Afghanistan as an opportunity to extend his power in the oil-rich Middle East. The Kabul Revolution of April 1978 witnessed the dramatic overthrow of

4 the government. The new government, based in the Afghan capital of Kabul, was determined to build socialism in Afghanistan. The new communist president, Mohammed Taraki, quickly became an ally of the USSR. However, the revolutionary government of Afghanistan was far from stable. Much of the population was angered by the socialist reforms it introduced. Indeed, by the Spring of 1979 these had caused a civil war to break out across the country. Taraki was forced to accept Hafizullah Amin, the head of the army, as prime minister. In October 1979, Amin supporters assassinated Taraki and Amin claimed presidency of the country. The Soviet invasion: December 1979 Following Amin s seizure of power, Brezhnev ordered the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Brezhnev took the decision for the following reasons. Although Amin was a communist, the USSR did not trust him. The Soviet secret police reported that he was an American spy. He was also unpopular with a large number of Muslims in the country and Brezhnev feared that Muslim groups were planning to take control of the country. The USSR was concerned that, as a result of the civil war, Afghanistan would become an Islamic state and influence nearby Soviet republics to do the same. Islamic states are not communist and therefore any countries that become Islamic have no reason to make alliances with Russia. Babrak Karmal, an Afghani communist, argued that he had enough popular support to form a new government but needed Soviet help to defeat Amin s military. Brezhnev believed that America would tolerate the invasion, as it had done in Czechoslovakia following the Prague Spring to avoid war. Soviet troops killed Amin along with many of his supporters, and Karmal was declared president (a post he retained until 1986) Yet the invasion proved to be a disaster both for Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. It lasted ten years and around 1.5 million people died, including almost 15,000 Russian soldiers. 122 The quote above the source box has been amended and is slightly misrepresentative. We cannot ignore the facts of history and the aggressive impulses (Full speech at This has been changed to: Reagan urged Americans not to: ignore the facts of history and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire and to remove yourself from the struggle between right and wrong and good and evil. 125 First, America had won the race to the moon in Date should be During the 1980s, the American computer market boomed. Soviet leaders, however, were highly suspicious of computers because they were concerned they might be used Implies that throughout the 1980s, the Soviet Union was suspicious of computers, which was not totally the case particularly after the SDI was announced. This has been changed to: During the 1980s, the American computer market boomed. Prior to the SDI, however, Soviet leaders were highly suspicious of computers because they were concerned they might be used 127 The statement although Gorbachev talked about reform, he had no intention of allowing democratic elections in Russia is misleading: Gorbachev did take measures to allow democratic elections in Russia with his reforms of the 1977 Soviet constitution. Under his leadership, the Soviet constitution was amended to provide for the election of a new 2250-member Congress of People s Deputies to replace the Supreme Soviet. Elections to the congress were held throughout the Soviet Union in March and April 1989 the first competitive elections held in the USSR since its founding in The final sentence has been amended to:

5 Indeed, although Gorbachev talked about reform, he was very slow to allow democratic elections. 126 The statement that Gorbachev had no foreign policy experience is not exactly true, as he led a delegation to Canada in This has been changed to had hardly any foreign policy experience. 127 In Activity 1, three of the cards have been amended: lied about Chernobyl stayed silent over Chernobyl had no foreign policy experience had little foreign policy experience refused to hold democratic elections in Russia took a long time to hold democratic elections 130 Hungary first free elections are held in October 1989 This is incorrect it should be Spring The map is unclear as to the positions of Bulgaria and Romania. The border of Romania has been added. 130 Incorrect months given on info boxes on map. Under Poland : September should be June Under Germany : October should be November Under Hungary: should read first free elections are held in Spring extract from Mikhail Gorbachev s resignation speech August 1991 This is incorrect the date of the speech was December In the Key people box Stressemann is spelt incorrectly should be Stresemann. 142 Seys-Inquart is a misspelling should be Seyss-Inquart. 144 President Kennedyvisits Berlin missing space. Should be President Kennedy visits Berlin 145 SALT I page reference is incorrect: should be page Reagan s Evil Empire Speech page reference should be to page 121 as well as 122.