A MINIMUM DISTANCE AND THE GENERALISED EKS APPROACHES TO MULTILATERAL COMPARISONS OF PRICES AND REAL INCOMES
|
|
- Eric Hawkins
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A MINIMUM DISTANCE AND THE GENERALISED EKS APPROACHES TO MULTILATERAL COMPARISONS OF PRICES AND REAL INCOMES D.S. Prasada Rao Sriram Shankar School of Economics The University of Queensland Australia Golamreza Hajarghasht Shiraz University, Iran Abstract The paper proposes a new approach: the minimum distance approach as an alternative to the minimum spanning tree (MST) approach; and revisits the weighted EKS (WGEKS) method for undertaking multilateral comparisons of prices and real incomes. These approaches are designed to make complete use of the information available and at the same time provide meaningful and fully operational methods for the computation of PPPs. Two measures of similarity proposed by Diewert (2009) are used in conjunction with the Paasche-Laspeyres spread in implementing the MST, WEKS and minimum distance approaches. The paper establishes analytical properties of the methods and also provides an empirical illustration using data generated from the ICP 2005 at the basic heading level. Robustness of the results to different methods and to alternative methods of similarity is examined. 6 April, 2010
2 1. Introduction There is on-going research on methods for international comparisons of prices, purchasing power parities (PPPs) and real incomes. Compilation of PPPs within the International Comparison Program (ICP) is usually undertaken in two stages. In the first stage, data on prices collected from different countries for products with specific characteristics are aggregated to yield PPPs at the basic headings (BH). Within the ICP there are 158 basic headings. The main feature of aggregation at this stage is that there are no commodity-specific weights available. The main aggregation method used at this stage is the countryproduct-dummy (CPD) method. In the OECD-Eurostat region, the EKS method is used. In the second stage, these BH parities are aggregated to yield PPPs for various aggregates such as Consumption, Investment, Government Expenditure and so on. Aggregation at this stage makes use of weights at the BH level available from the national accounts data from the participating countries. The adopted aggregation procedure in the second stage is the EKS method based on Fisher binary index numbers. As the Fisher binary indexes have axiomatic and economic theoretic properties and that Fisher indices are considered exact and superlative, the ICP uses transitive indices generated from the non-transitive binary Fisher indices using the EKS method. The EKS method has the least-squares property that it provides transitive indices that are the closest possible (in terms of logarithmic distance) to the binary Fisher indices. Additive methods such as the Geary-Khamis and Ikle indices are recommended if there is need for additively consistent international comparisons. The basic philosophy that underpins the EKS methodology is that the Fisher binary indices are the best way to make price comparisons for any given pair of countries and that imposing transitivity should respect this feature of the Fisher binary indices. However, there is now a growing realization that within the context of international comparisons involving countries from different regions and subregions and also at different levels of development. There are data related issues with respect to the comparability of the products within the basic heading levels and with respect to the similarity of the price and quantity structures when aggregation above the basic heading level is considered. It is generally recognized that some binary comparisons have more reliability or are considered more meaningful than some others. Without placing a finer point on it, for example we may consider a binary comparison between the United States and Germany may be more reliable than a comparison between United States and Nepal or Kenya. In this case, the basic premise that the binary comparisons should be preserved to the extent possible is no longer tenable. There have been a few developments in this direction in the recent years. Some of these are summarized in several contributions in Rao (2009a). Balk (2009a and 2009b) also provides an overview of the developments in this Field. Rao (2009b) pursues the EKS method further and suggests the use of the Generalised EKS and Weighted CPD methods of aggregation. The Generalised EKS method is pursued further in Section 2 of this paper. Robert Hill has been a strong proponent of the use of chained linking methods based on the use of Minimum Spanning Trees (MST) constructed using the PaascheLaspeyres spread as a measure of reliability of a given binary price of quantity comparison. Hill (2009) provides a good summary of the MST approach and discusses issues relating to the stability of the MST procedure. The MST procedure relies on the optimization criterion that the sum total of PLS measures involved in the chained comparisons is minimized over all possible spanning trees. While the MST procedure has an optimality property with respect to the overall spanning tree, there is no guarantee that any given binary comparison constructed using the chain of links implied by the MST is the best possible approach. If the main objective is to obtain the best possible comparison between any given pair of countries, then it is necessary to look beyond the MST method. In this paper, we pursue the minimum distance (MD) approach instead of the MST approach. Though Hill (2009) hints at a possible minimum distance approach, the idea for this goes further back to discussions when the Hill paper was first discussed at the CRIW conference in 1996 where the MST approach was first presented.
3 The actual implementation of either the generalised EKS or the MST approach requires adequate measures of price or quantity similarity. While Hill (1999, 2009) anchors the work on the well-known Paasche-Laspeyres spread, Diewert (2009) examines the construction of dissimilarity indices and proposes a number of measures that can be used in practice. In this paper, we consider the PLS measure and also two additional measures proposed in Diewert (2009), the weighted relative price dissimilarity measure and the weighted absolute quantity dissimilarity measure. The robustness of the price comparisons to the use of different dissimilarity measures is examined using international comparison data drawn from the 1996 OECD comparison. The outline of this paper is as follows. In section 2, we describe the generalised EKS (WEKS) procedure and implement with three different measures of dissimilarity and reliability. In Section3 we present and discuss three measures of dissimilarity used in the paper. Section 4 is devoted to a quick review of the MST approach. We focus on the minimum distance approach in Section 5. Empirical results and concluding remarks are provided in Section The Weighted-EKS procedure The following notation is used in this paper. Let pij and qij represent, respectively, the price and quantity of i th commodity in j th country. We consider a multilateral comparison with M countries and N commodities. The EKS1 method starts with a matrix of binary indexes computed using the Fisher formula. Let Fjk represent the Fisher price index (PPP) for country k with country j as the base. The Laspeyres (Ljk), Paasche (Pjk) and the Fisher index are given by. N L jk pik.qij i 1 N p.q i 1 ij N and Pjk ij p i 1 N ik.qik p.q i 1 ij 1/2 ; Fjk L jk.pjk (1) ik The matrix of Fisher binaries, Fjk, j,k = 1,2,,M, does not satisfy transitivity property. The EKS procedure essentially constructs a transitive set of comparisons from the Fisher binaries. The computational form for the EKS index, for a pair of countries j and k is given by EKS jk M F jl l 1 Flk 1M (2) where Fjk denotes the Fisher price index number for country k with country j as the base. The main 2 property of the EKS index is that it minimises (ln I jk ln F jk ) subject to the transitivity restriction: j k I jk I jl I lk j, k, l The main weakness of the EKS method is that it considers all Fisher binary indexes as equally meaningful or reliable. An EKS-based comparison between j and k given in equation (2) is a simple unweighted geometric mean of all the indirect comparisons computed using all the countries in the comparison. In this case, the EKS method can be seen to be giving the same weight irrespective of which 1 Even though the method is being referred to as Gini EKS or GEKS, in this paper we refer to it simply as EKS.
4 country is used as the link country. For example, in a comparison between the USA and Germany the EKS method gives the same weight to the indirect comparisons derived using UK as the link and another using India as the link. It is clear that the indirect comparison through UK would be more reliable as it involves comparisons among similar countries compared to a comparison through India. Rao (2009b) proposed a method of addressing this problem associated with the EKS method. In the first instance, Rao has shown that the EKS indices can be derived as: EKS jk exp( ˆ k ) exp( ˆk ˆ j ) exp( ˆ j ) (3) where s are the ordinary least squares estimators of s (which are the best linear unbiased estimators) in the following model specification ln F jk k j u jk with E (u jk ) 0 and (4) v(u jk ) 2 In equation (4), we can see that the regression model postulates equal variance for all the binary Fisher indices. Once this assumption of homoscedasticity is relaxed and if variance of each disturbance is treated as different, we can derive weighted EKS (WEKS) indices. The corresponding specification is: ln F jk k j u jk with E (u jk ) 0 and v(u jk ) 2 w jk (5) The specification in equation (5) implies that each Fjk has a different variance and therefore reliability attached to each binary comparison is different. The generalised least squares estimator of π s can then be used in finding WEKS indices.2 3. Measures of Reliability or Dissimilarity In order to implement the WEKS method, we need to specify our measure of reliability. We may use measures of dissimilarity as a measure of reliability. Hill (1999) uses the Paasche Laspeyres spread as it reflects variability in the price and quantity ratios as well as the strength of the correlation between the price and quantity ratios over time or across countries. The dissimilarity between two countries j and k (djk) is measured for all j and k by L jk d jk ln Pjk (6) where Ljk and Pjk respectively refer to Laspeyres and Paasche index numbers. It can be noted that the distance measure in equation (6) is the same whether the price index numbers or quantity index numbers are used. Since a large value of djk represents a larger spread between the Laspeyres and Paasche indices, and therefore the corresponding binary comparison is considered less reliable. 2 See Rao (2009b?) for further details of the implementation of the WEKS method WGEKS mehod?.
5 Recognising a major issue with the Paasche-Laspeyres spread which may take a value equal to zero (suggesting perfect similarity) even when the price vectors in countries j and k are quite dissimilar, Diewert (2009) offers an axiomatic treatment of the construction of price and quantity dissimilarity measures.3 Without revisiting the technical material presented by Diewert4, we select the following two measures, one based on quantity dissimilarity and another based on price dissimilarity, for further application. Weighted asymptotically quadratic index of absolute quantity dissimilarity (WAQD) This index is defined as: 2 2 q qij 1 ik DWAQD ( p, p, q, q ) d jk sij sik 1 1 qij qik i 1 2 j k j k N (7) where sij is the expenditure share of i-th commodity in j-th country. Implementation of equation (7) requires all the quantities are positive. In practice, quantities can be zero and in that case the ratios are well-defined. In the empirical implementation, we replaced zero quantities by a small non-zero quantity of 0.5. Weighted asymptotically quadratic index of relative price dissimilarity (WRPD) 2 2 P( p j, p k, q j, q k ). pij p ik DWPRD d jk 1/ 2 sij sik 1 1 pik P( p j, p k, q j, q k ). pij i 1 N (8) The relative price dissimilarity index requires the use of a suitable binary index to reduce the price data into a comparable form. In our empirical implementation we make use of the Fisher binary price index for this purpose. However, given the premise that the Fisher binary price index5 may not be reliable in all the cases, we may consider the use of Fisher index as a first stage approximation. One may then revise the index in the light of an improved binary index computed using the weighted EKS or some other method. 4. The Minimum Spanning Trees The minimum spanning tree is a graph theoretic concept. First we start with a graph with M vertices, with each vertex representing a country. In an international comparison context, we are interested in making price and real income comparisons between countries. For any binary comparison, we can use the Fisher index. For multilateral comparisons, Hill (1999) proposes the construction of a spanning tree. Main Features: 1. Spanning tree is a graph that covers all the vertices (countries) with the property that between any two countries there is only one path that links the two countries. Therefore, there are no cycles in the graph. 3 As is the case with Diewert, we also opt to use dissimilarity measure in preference to similarity measures. Diewert states a number of axioms including: continuity; identity; positivity; symmetry; invariance to changes in units of measurement; montonicity; invariance to ordering of commodities, etc. 5 In fact this would be true for any other price index like the Tornqvist index. 4
6 2. With M countries, we can construct many spanning trees. The maximum number of spanning trees possible is MM-2. Out of all the possible spanning trees, we wish to select one that is optimal in some sense. 3. Hill proposes uses the Paasche-Laspeyres (PLS) spread as a measure of distance between two countries. That means, for each j and k we have d(j,k) as a weight attached to the edge connected j and k. The LPS is given by L jk d jk ln Pjk where Ljk and Pjk are the Laspeyres and Paasche index numbers Hill suggests that the Minimum Spanning Tree is selected for use it is that tree that minimizes the sum of distances attached to the edges of the tree. If all the distances are different, then the MST is unique. The MST can be constructed using Kruskal s algorithm. In this paper we implement the MST approach using the relative price similarity and absolute quantity similarity indices discussed in Section 3. We make use of data from the 1996 OECD comparison with basic heading PPPs and implicit quantities for 158 basic haedings. 5. Comparisons based on minimum distance paths While the MST has some optimality properties with respect to the tree as a whole, there is no guarantee that the comparison between countries j and k derived using the MST is necessary best for the pair of countries. In order to guarantee this, we suggest that we identify an optimal path of countries to link country j and k based on the distances defined in Section 3 above. Suppose we start with a similarity measure denoted by d(xj,xk) or simply djk. Suppose a subset of (distinct) countries {i1, i2,,ip }, a subset of {1,2,,M}, defines a path between countries j and k. Then the distance associated with the path that links these two countries is simply the sum of the distances between the links. Thus the distance associated with a path is: P 1 d path ( x j, xk ) d ( x j, xi1 ) d ( xil, xil 1 ) d ( xip, xk ) l 1 In a complete graph where each pair of countries are directly compared using an index similar to the fisher index, there are numerous paths that link countries j and k. Out of all such paths, we choose the path that has the minimum distance. P 1 d Min ( x j, xk ) min path d path ( x j, xk ) d ( x j, xi1 ) d ( xil, xil 1 ) d ( xip, xk ) l 1 min path Sum of w ' s over all paths connecting x and y Once the minimum distance path is identified, then the price comparison between two countries j and k with a minimum path defined by countries with labels {i1, i2,,ip } is defined as: P 1 MD jk ( Fisher ) Fj,i1. Fil,il 1.FiP,k l 1 (9) It is possible to use any other binary index number formula as long as it satisfies the country-reversal test.
7 Properties of the minimum distance approach: 1. For all pairs of countries, j and k, we have d MD ( x j, xk ) d MST ( x j, xk ) for all j and k This means that the minimum distance approach comparisons between j and k are always at least as good as those derived using MST. 2. d MD ( x j, xk ) provides Pareto optimal comparisons relative to the direct binary comparisons. We have d MD ( x j, xk ) d ( x j, xk ) j, k Equality holds for all x and y if and only d ( x j, xk ) satisfies the triangular inequality. 3. d MD ( x j, xk ) is a proper distance metric that satisfies the basic distance axioms including triangular inequality. These can be seen from the definitions. 4. The MDFisherjk based on the links generated by d MD ( x j, xk ) is generally not transitive but provides the best possible comparison (even when compared to the direct comparison). One may use the EKS transformation on this to generate transitive comparisons. We denote the EKS generated using MDFisher as the MDEKSjk index. As the work is motivated by the fact that the Fisher binary indices may not be the best binary comparisons and the fact that the MD approach generates the best possible comparison, the idea of preserving the MD binaries in generating transitive comparisons is consistent with the general purpose of the EKS procedure. The MDEKS procedure is implemented and the results presented here. The process of identifying minimum path from a given country (source country) to a destination country is based on Dijkstra s algorithm drawn from Jungnickel (2008) entitled Graphs, Networks and Algorithms. Dijkstra s algorithm is coded in MATLAB and is based on the general greedy algorithm. The Disjkstra s algorithm finds the shortest paths from a given source country to all the countries in the comparison at the same time. We have also coded the Kruskal s algorithm in MATLAB for constructing the MSTs. 6. Empirical Results In this section we present estimated PPPs derived using the WEKS, MST and MD approaches described in the paper derived using the 1996 OECD data. The price information that we have is in the form of PPPs at the basic heading level for 158 basic headings, with US dollar used as the numeraire currency. In addition we have expenditure, in national currency units, for each basic heading in all the OECD countries. These nominal expenditures provide the expenditure share data used in deriving the weighted maximum likelihood estimators under alternative stochastic specification of the disturbances. In Table 1 we present PPPs derived using the WEKS procedure and the three distance measures, PLS, WRPD and WAQD measures of dissimilarity. For purposes of comparison, we also present the Fisher and EKS PPPs. The results are quite interesting. When US is used as the reference currency, the PLS based EKS are above those derived using WRPD and WAQD measures of dissimilarity. While the percentage differences are small for the high income countries like France and Germany the differences are around 5 to 6% for countries like Portugal and Spain. We also find the standard EKS and the weighted EKS based on the weighted relative price dissimilarity measure are almost equal. These results indicate that even in the case of OECD the use of different dissimilarity measure has the potential to generate
8 significant differences. However, these differences could be much larger when the countries in the comparison are at different levels of development which is the starting point for the purpose of WEKS. We present the MSTs generated using the three measures of dissimilarity described in Section 3. Figure 1 shows the PLS-based MST. As is generally the case with MSTs, there are a number of counter intuitive paths. For example, Spain and Greece are connected through Portugal, Denmark, USA, UK, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, Italy. Similarly Australia and New Zealand are connected through the UK, Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Now we turn to Figure 2 where MST based on relative price distance measure is provided. The links in WRPD based MST are a lot more intuitive and are consistent with the notion of price similarity of the countries. For example, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece and Turkey are all connected directly, USA-Canada has a direct link so is the pair Ireland-United Kingdom. Countries like Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Denmark are all connected together. The main conclusion emerging from Figure 2 is that the WRPD is a better measure of price similarity than the PLS used in the standard MST applications. In Figure 3 we have the MST generated using the weighted quantity dissimilarity measure which shows quite different paths linking pairs of countries compared to those in Figure 2. As absolute quantities drive this measure, we have similar size countries bunched up together. For example, Australia and Canada, Spain and Italy, USA and Germany and Luxembourg and Belgium are all directly connected. As mentioned in our discussion of the quantity dissimilarity measure, we encountered a problem as there are several basic headings with zero quantities in several countries. The WAQD measure in Diewert (2009) assumes positive quantities. So, in order to implement the WAQD measure, we arbitrarily replaced zero quantities with 0.5 which still retains the main flavor of the absolute quantity dissimilarity measure. In the next step we set out to make a comparison of the distances between pairs of countries under the MST and the MD approach. We have computed these matrices of percentage differences for all the three measures of dissimilarity. In Table 2, we present a comparison of the percentage differences and the differences in the paths for a few selected pairs of source and destination countries, all computed using the PLS spread as the measure of dissimilarity. For example, Greece and Spain are connected through a long chain and the MST distance (sum of the PLS measures) is In comparison the MD approach uses a direct comparison with a distance of only 0.133, roughly a third of the MST distance. Similarly in the case of Italy and France, the MST distance is compared to the MD distance of 0.79, less than half of the MST distance. We also find similar difference between the MST and MD distances when we consider the absolute quantity dissimilarity measure. But an interesting feature is that when we use the weighted relative price dissimilarity measure (WRPD), there is considerable agreement between the MST and MD distances. The main conclusion we draw from the MST and MDs identified for different measures is that the choice of dissimilarity measure is likely to affect the MST links to a larger degree. However, the use of MDs are likely to produce more robust set of links as the minimization is undertaken separately for each pair of countries. Finally, we present in Table 3, PPPs from the MST, MD and MDEKS methods are presented along with the Fisher and EKS PPPs. As expected PPs from the MST and MD approaches based on PLS differ for some pairs of countries. We find the resulting differences between MST and MD parities when the relative price dissimilarity is used to be counter intuitive. We are currently rechecking the calculations. However, when it comes to the use of absolute quantity dissimilarity measure, the results from the MST and MD approaches are quite similar.
9 7. Conclusions In this paper we revisit the use of EKS and MST approaches to the computation of PPPs. We make use of the newly proposed dissimilarity measures by Diewert (2009), the WEKS approach in Rao (2009) and using the minimum distance approach proposed here. The feasibility of the MD approach and the likely superiority of this approach are demonstrated using the 1996 OECD data set. The results confirm the need for further research and empirical applications of the MD approach involving a more dissimilar set of countries. Currently work is underway to examine the 2005 basic heading level data set to see how these approaches influence the PPP estimates. References Diewert, W.E. (2009), Similarity Indexes and Criteria for Spatial Linking, pp in Purchasing Power Parities of Currencies: Recent Advances in Methods and Applications, D.S. Prasada Rao (ed.), Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar. Jungnickel, D. (2008), Graphs, Networks and Algorithms (3rd Ed.), Springer, Berlin. Hill, R.J. (1999a), Comparing Price Levels across Countries Using Minimum Spanning Trees, The Review of Economics and Statistics 81, Hill, R.J. (2009), Comparing Per Capita Income Levels Across Countries Using Spanning Trees: Robustness, Prior Restrictions, Hybrids and Hierarchies, pp in Purchasing Power Parities of Currencies: Recent Advances in Methods and Applications, D.S. Prasada Rao (ed.), Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar. Prasada Rao, D.S., (2009) "Generalised Elteto-koves-Szulc (EKS) and Country-Product-Dummy (CPD) Methods for International Comparisons" in Prasada Rao (ed.) Purchasing Power Parities: Recent Advances In Methods And Applications, Edward Elgar Publishing Company,
10 Country Table 1: Purchasing Power Parities of Currencies OECD Countries, 1996 (USA = 1.0) WEKS Indices PLS WRPD WAQD Fisher Indices EKS Indices GER FRA ITA NLD BEL LUX UK IRE DNK GRC SPA PRT AUT SUI SWE FIN ICE NOR TUR AUS NZL JAP CAN
11 Source Des. MST Dist MD Table 2: The MST and MD Paths for Selected Countries Using the Paasche-Laspeyres Spread % diff b/w MST and MD MST path Min Dist path GRC SPA {GRC,ITA,SWE,AUT,SUI,GER,UK,US,DNK,PRT,SPA} {GRC,SPA} FIN UK {FIN,SWE,AUT,SUI,GER,UK} {FIN,UK} ITA FRA {ITA,SWE,AUT,SUI,GER,FRA} {ITA,FRA} TUR IRE {TUR,IPRT,DNK,USA,UK,GER,SUI,IRE} {TUR,IRE} DNK AUT {DNK,USA,UK,GER,SUI,AUT} {DNK,AUT}
12 Table 3: Purchasing Power Parities of Currencies OECD Countries, 1996 (USA = 1.0) Country MST MD MD EKS Fisher EKS PLS WRPD WAQD PLS WRPD WAQD PLS WRPD WAQD GER FRA ITA NLD BEL LUX UK IRE DNK GRC SPA PRT AUT SUI SWE FIN ICE NOR TUR AUS NZL JAP CAN
13 Figure 1: MST with PLS distance measure IRE JAP BEL NLD NOR SUI LUX ICE FRA GER AUT SWE ITA GRC NZL FIN AUS UK USA CAN DNK TUR PRT SPA
14 Figure 2: MST with weighted relative price distance measure ICE IRE UK DNK SWE FIN NOR AUS NLD SUI NZL JAP LUX BEL GER AUT FRA USA CAN SPA GRC TUR PRT ITA
15 Figure 3: MST with weighted absolute quantity distance measure JAP NOR GRC NLD CAN AUS FIN ICE FRA UK AUT IRE LUX BEL SPA ITA PRT DNK NZL USA GER TUR SWE SUI
Spatial Chaining Methods for International Comparisons of Prices and Real Expenditures D.S. Prasada Rao The University of Queensland
Spatial Chaining Methods for International Comparisons of Prices and Real Expenditures D.S. Prasada Rao The University of Queensland Jointly with Robert Hill, Sriram Shankar and Reza Hajargasht 1 PPPs
More informationDANMARKS NATIONALBANK
DANMARKS NATIONALBANK TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND THE DANISH LABOUR MARKET Niels Lynggård Hansen, Head of Economics and Monetary Policy May 22, 218 Outline 1) Past trends 2) The Danish labour-market model
More informationOECD ECONOMIC SURVEY OF LITHUANIA 2018 Promoting inclusive growth
OECD ECONOMIC SURVEY OF LITHUANIA 218 Promoting inclusive growth Vilnius, 5 July 218 http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-lithuania.htm @OECDeconomy @OECD 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211
More informationSocial capital and social cohesion in a perspective of social progress: the case of active citizenship
Busan, Korea 27-30 October 2009 3 rd OECD World Forum 1 Social capital and social cohesion in a perspective of social progress: the case of active citizenship Anders Hingels *, Andrea Saltelli **, Anna
More informationGlobalisation and flexicurity
Globalisation and flexicurity Torben M Andersen Department of Economics Aarhus University November 216 Globalization Is it Incompatible with High employment Decent wages (no working poor) Low inequality
More informationSupplementary figures
Supplementary figures Source: OECD (211d, p. 8). Figure S3.1 Business enterprise expenditure on R&D, 1999 and 29 (as a percentage of GDP) ISR FIN SWE KOR (1999, 28) JPN CHE (2, 28) USA (1999, 28) DNK AUT
More informationEU Innovation strategy
EU Innovation strategy In principle fine, in particular recognising EU s limited powers Much is left to Member States, but they disappointed in Finland Good points: Links between research and markets Education
More informationCommission on Growth and Development Cognitive Skills and Economic Development
Commission on Growth and Development Cognitive Skills and Economic Development Eric A. Hanushek Stanford University in conjunction with Ludger Wößmann University of Munich and Ifo Institute Overview 1.
More informationCuring Europe s Growing Pains: Which Reforms?
Curing Europe s Growing Pains: Which Reforms? Luc Everaert Assistant Director European Department International Monetary Fund Brussels, 21 November Copyright rests with the author. All rights reserved.
More informationSize and Development of the Shadow Economy of 31 European and 5 other OECD Countries from 2003 to 2013: A Further Decline
January 31, 2013 ShadEcEurope31_Jan2013.doc Size and Development of the Shadow Economy of 31 European and 5 other OECD Countries from 2003 to 2013: A Further Decline by Friedrich Schneider *) In the Tables
More informationLabor Market Laws and Intra-European Migration
European Journal of Population manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Labor Market Laws and Intra-European Migration The Role of the State in Shaping Destination Choices ONLINE APPENDIX Table
More informationApplication of PPP exchange rates for the measurement and analysis of regional and global inequality and poverty
Application of PPP exchange rates for the measurement and analysis of regional and global inequality and poverty D.S. Prasada Rao The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia d.rao@uq.edu.au Abstract
More informationWorking Party on Territorial Indicators
For Official Use GOV/TDPC/TI(2008)3/PART2/REV2 GOV/TDPC/TI(2008)3/PART2/REV2 For Official Use Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
More informationOPPORTUNITY AND DISCRIMINATION IN TERTIARY EDUCATION: A PROPOSAL OF AGGREGATION FOR SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica Volume LXXII n. 2 Aprile-Giugno 2018 OPPORTUNITY AND DISCRIMINATION IN TERTIARY EDUCATION: A PROPOSAL OF AGGREGATION FOR SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Francesco
More informationGDP per capita in purchasing power standards
GDP per capita in purchasing power standards GDP per capita varied by one to six across the Member States in 2011, while Actual Individual Consumption (AIC) per capita in the Member States ranged from
More informationUpgrading workers skills and competencies: policy strategies
Federation of Greek Industries Greek General Confederation of Labour CONFERENCE LIFELONG DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETENCES AND QUALIFICATIONS OF THE WORKFORCE; ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Athens 23-24 24 May 2003
More informationImproving the accuracy of outbound tourism statistics with mobile positioning data
1 (11) Improving the accuracy of outbound tourism statistics with mobile positioning data Survey response rates are declining at an alarming rate globally. Statisticians have traditionally used imputing
More informationLABOUR-MARKET INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANTS IN OECD-COUNTRIES: WHAT EXPLANATIONS FIT THE DATA?
LABOUR-MARKET INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANTS IN OECD-COUNTRIES: WHAT EXPLANATIONS FIT THE DATA? By Andreas Bergh (PhD) Associate Professor in Economics at Lund University and the Research Institute of Industrial
More informationDeterminants of the Trade Balance in Industrialized Countries
Determinants of the Trade Balance in Industrialized Countries Martin Falk FIW workshop foreign direct investment Wien, 16 Oktober 2008 Motivation large and persistent trade deficits USA, Greece, Portugal,
More informationTaiwan s Development Strategy for the Next Phase. Dr. San, Gee Vice Chairman Taiwan External Trade Development Council Taiwan
Taiwan s Development Strategy for the Next Phase Dr. San, Gee Vice Chairman Taiwan External Trade Development Council Taiwan 2013.10.12 1 Outline 1. Some of Taiwan s achievements 2. Taiwan s economic challenges
More informationHealth Workforce and Migration : an OECD perspective
Health Workforce and Migration : an OECD perspective Jean-Christophe Dumont Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs International Migration Division OECD, Paris Sixth coordination meeting
More informationRelationship between Economic Development and Intellectual Production
Relationship between Economic Development and Intellectual Production 1 Umut Al and Zehra Taşkın 2 1 umutal@hacettepe.edu.tr Hacettepe University, Department of Information Management, 06800, Beytepe Ankara,
More informationOff to a Good Start? Youth Labour Market Transitions in OECD Countries
ISBN 978-92-64-4632- Employment Outlook 28 Chapter 1 Off to a Good Start? Youth Labour Market Transitions in Countries The chapter first provides an overview of youth labour market performance over the
More informationInclusive global growth: a framework to think about the post-2015 agenda
Inclusive global growth: a framework to think about the post-215 agenda François Bourguignon Paris School of Economics Angus Maddison Lecture, Oecd, Paris, April 213 1 Outline 1) Inclusion and exclusion
More informationPolitical Skill and the Democratic Politics of Investment Protection
1 Political Skill and the Democratic Politics of Investment Protection Erica Owen University of Minnesota November 13, 2009 Research Question 2 Low levels of FDI restrictions in developed democracies are
More informationAid spending by Development Assistance Committee donors in 2015
Aid spending by Development Assistance Committee donors in 2015 Overview of key trends in official development assistance emerging from the provisional 2015 Development Assistance Committee data release
More informationAngus Deaton, Princeton University 4 th OECD World Forum, Delhi, October 16 th, 2012 MATERIAL CONDITIONS PROGRESS AND PUZZLES IN MEASUREMENT
Angus Deaton, Princeton University 4 th OECD World Forum, Delhi, October 16 th, 2012 MATERIAL CONDITIONS PROGRESS AND PUZZLES IN MEASUREMENT This talk Measurement in three areas Material well-being: purchasing
More informationImmigration Policy In The OECD: Why So Different?
Immigration Policy In The OECD: Why So Different? Zachary Mahone and Filippo Rebessi August 25, 2013 Abstract Using cross country data from the OECD, we document that variation in immigration variables
More informationThe Flow Model of Exports: An Introduction
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive The Flow Model of Exports: An Introduction Jiri Mazurek School of Business Administration in Karviná 13. January 2014 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/52920/
More informationDirk Pilat:
Note: This presentation reflects my personal views and not necessarily those of the OECD or its member countries. Research Institute for Economy Trade and Industry, 28 March 2006 The Globalisation of Value
More informationWidening of Inequality in Japan: Its Implications
Widening of Inequality in Japan: Its Implications Jun Saito, Senior Research Fellow Japan Center for Economic Research December 11, 2017 Is inequality widening in Japan? Since the publication of Thomas
More informationCourse: Economic Policy with an Emphasis on Tax Policy
Course: Economic Policy with an Emphasis on Tax Policy Instructors: Vassilis T. Rapanos email address: vrapanos@econ.uoa.gr Georgia Kaplanoglou email address: gkaplanog@econ.uoa.gr Course website: http://eclass.uoa.gr/courses/econ208/
More informationarxiv:physics/ v1 [physics.data-an] 25 Aug 2005
Cross-country hierarchical structure and currency crisis Guillermo J. Ortega Department of Physics, arxiv:physics/0508188v1 [physics.data-an] 25 Aug 2005 Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET Ciudad
More informationWhat Are the Social Outcomes of Education?
Indicator What Are the Social Outcomes of Education? Adults aged 25 to 64 with higher levels of al attainment are, on average, more satisfied with life, engaged in society and likely to report that they
More informationNETWORK ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
NETWORK ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Working Paper WP7/2016/06 Series WP7 Mathematical methods for decision making in economics, business and politics Моscow 2016 УДК 325:303 ББК 60.7 N46 Editors
More informationOn aid orphans and darlings (Aid Effectiveness in aid allocation by respective donor type)
On aid orphans and darlings (Aid Effectiveness in aid allocation by respective donor type) Sven Tengstam, March 3, 2017 Extended Abstract Introduction The Paris agenda assumes that the effectiveness of
More informationImpact Of Economic Freedom On Economic Development: A Nonparametric Approach To Evaluation
Impact Of Economic Freedom On Economic Development: A Nonparametric Approach To Evaluation Andrea Vondrová, Ing., PhD Elena Fifeková, Ing., PhD University of Economics, Faculty of National Economy, Department
More informationGDP per capita was lowest in the Czech Republic and the Republic of Korea. For more details, see page 3.
International Comparisons of GDP per Capita and per Hour, 1960 9 Division of International Labor Comparisons October 21, 2010 Table of Contents Introduction.2 Charts...3 Tables...9 Technical Notes.. 18
More informationEducation, financial markets and economic growth
Education, financial markets and economic growth Lucas Papademos European Central Bank 35th Economics Conference on Human Capital and Economic Growth Österreichische Nationalbank Vienna, 21 May 1 Outline
More informationRevista Economica 65:6 (2015) ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AS AN INTERRELATION BETWEEN WEALTH, COMPETITIVENESS, AND INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL EMPIRICAL EVIDENCES
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AS AN INTERRELATION BETWEEN WEALTH, COMPETITIVENESS, AND INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL EMPIRICAL EVIDENCES Mihaela HERCIU 1 Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu Abstract The present article is
More informationOECD Health Data 2009 comparing health statistics across OECD countries
OECD Centres Germany Berlin (49-3) 288 8353 Japan Tokyo (81-3) 5532-21 Mexico Mexico (52-55) 5281 381 United States Washington (1-22) 785 6323 AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BELGIUM CANADA CZECH REPUBLIC DENMARK FINLAND
More informationThe Israeli Economy: Current Trends, Strength and Challenges
The Israeli Economy: Current Trends, Strength and Challenges Dr. Karnit Flug Governor of the Bank of Israel 30.06.2017 1 GDP per capita Growth Rates 8 GDP per capita annual % change (2000-2018F) 6 4 2
More informationRegional and Sectoral Economic Studies
PRODUCTION BY SECTOR IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: ANALISYS OF FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, SPAIN, POLAND AND THE UNITED KINGDOM, 2000-2005 GUISAN, M.C. * AGUAYO, E. Abstract: We analyze the evolution of sectoral
More informationIs the Great Gatsby Curve Robust?
Comment on Corak (2013) Bradley J. Setzler 1 Presented to Economics 350 Department of Economics University of Chicago setzler@uchicago.edu January 15, 2014 1 Thanks to James Heckman for many helpful comments.
More informationNetworks and Innovation: Accounting for Structural and Institutional Sources of Recombination in Brokerage Triads
1 Online Appendix for Networks and Innovation: Accounting for Structural and Institutional Sources of Recombination in Brokerage Triads Sarath Balachandran Exequiel Hernandez This appendix presents a descriptive
More informationThe WTO Trade Effect and Political Uncertainty: Evidence from Chinese Exports
Abstract: The WTO Trade Effect and Political Uncertainty: Evidence from Chinese Exports Yingting Yi* KU Leuven (Preliminary and incomplete; comments are welcome) This paper investigates whether WTO promotes
More informationEstimating the foreign-born population on a current basis. Georges Lemaitre and Cécile Thoreau
Estimating the foreign-born population on a current basis Georges Lemaitre and Cécile Thoreau Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development December 26 1 Introduction For many OECD countries,
More informationWORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF PRIVATE FINANCIAL ASSETS
WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF PRIVATE FINANCIAL ASSETS Munich, November 2018 Copyright Allianz 11/19/2018 1 MORE DYNAMIC POST FINANCIAL CRISIS Changes in the global wealth middle classes in millions 1,250
More informationThe Math Gender Gap: The Role of Culture. Natalia Nollenberger, Nuria Rodriguez-Planas, Almudena Sevilla. Online Appendix
The Math Gender Gap: The Role of Culture Natalia Nollenberger, Nuria Rodriguez-Planas, Almudena Sevilla Online Appendix Table A. 1. Sample Size by Country of Ancestry and Destiny ARG AUS AUT BEL CHE ISR
More informationIndex for the comparison of the efficiency of 42 European judicial systems, with data taken from the World Bank and Cepej reports.
FB Index 2012 Index for the comparison of the efficiency of 42 European judicial systems, with data taken from the World Bank and Cepej reports. Introduction The points of reference internationally recognized
More informationCouncil of Europe Annual Penal Statistics SPACE I & SPACE II Facts, figures and tendencies. Marcelo F. Aebi & Natalia Delgrande
Council of Europe Conference of Directors of Prison Administration (CDPC) Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics SPACE I & Facts, figures and tendencies Marcelo F. Aebi & Natalia Delgrande Categories
More informationApril aid spending by Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors in factsheet
April 2017 aid spending by Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors in 2016 factsheet In this factsheet we provide an overview of key trends in official development assistance (ODA) emerging from
More informationDETERMINANTS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION: A SURVEY ON TRANSITION ECONOMIES AND TURKEY. Pınar Narin Emirhan 1. Preliminary Draft (ETSG 2008-Warsaw)
DETERMINANTS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION: A SURVEY ON TRANSITION ECONOMIES AND TURKEY Pınar Narin Emirhan 1 Preliminary Draft (ETSG 2008-Warsaw) Abstract This paper aims to test the determinants of international
More informationUNDER EMBARGO UNTIL 9 APRIL 2018, 15:00 HOURS PARIS TIME
TABLE 1: NET OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FROM DAC AND OTHER COUNTRIES IN 2017 DAC countries: 2017 2016 2017 ODA ODA/GNI ODA ODA/GNI ODA Percent change USD million % USD million % USD million (1) 2016
More informationIMF research links declining labour share to weakened worker bargaining power. ACTU Economic Briefing Note, August 2018
IMF research links declining labour share to weakened worker bargaining power ACTU Economic Briefing Note, August 2018 Authorised by S. McManus, ACTU, 365 Queen St, Melbourne 3000. ACTU D No. 172/2018
More informationThe Extraordinary Extent of Cultural Consumption in Iceland
1 Culture and Business Conference in Iceland February 18 2011 Prof. Dr. Ágúst Einarsson Bifröst University PP 1 The Extraordinary Extent of Cultural Consumption in Iceland Prof. Dr. Ágúst Einarsson, Bifröst
More informationISSUE BRIEF: U.S. Immigration Priorities in a Global Context
Immigration Task Force ISSUE BRIEF: U.S. Immigration Priorities in a Global Context JUNE 2013 As a share of total immigrants in 2011, the United States led a 24-nation sample in familybased immigration
More information2. Welfare economics and the rationale for public intervention 2.3. Equity: From Social Efficiency to Social Welfare
2. Welfare economics and the rationale for public intervention (Stiglitz ch.3, 4, 5; Gruber ch.2,5,6,7; Rosen ch. 4,5,6, 8; Salverda et al. (2009), The Oxford handbook of economic inequality, Oxford University
More informationPURC CONFERENCE FEBRUARY
Broadband Rankings, Broadband Policy GEORGE S. FORD CHIEF ECONOMIST PURC CONFERENCE FEBRUARY 4, 2009 PHOENIX CENTER www.phoenix-center.org It is unacceptable that the United States ranks 15 th in the world
More informationWomen in the Labour Force: How well is Europe doing? Christopher Pissarides, Pietro Garibaldi Claudia Olivetti, Barbara Petrongolo Etienne Wasmer
Women in the Labour Force: How well is Europe doing? Christopher Pissarides, Pietro Garibaldi Claudia Olivetti, Barbara Petrongolo Etienne Wasmer Progress so Far Women have made important advances but
More informationEducated Preferences: Explaining Attitudes Toward Immigration In Europe. Jens Hainmueller and Michael J. Hiscox. Last revised: December 2005
Educated Preferences: Explaining Attitudes Toward Immigration In Jens Hainmueller and Michael J. Hiscox Last revised: December 2005 Supplement III: Detailed Results for Different Cutoff points of the Dependent
More informationWhat Creates Jobs in Global Supply Chains?
Christian Viegelahn (with Stefan Kühn) Research Department, International Labour Organization (ILO)* Employment Effects of Services Trade Reform Council on Economic Policies (CEP) November 25, 2015 *All
More informationBig Government, Small Government and Corruption: an European Perspective. Alina Mungiu-Pippidi Hertie School of Governance
Big Government, Small Government and Corruption: an European Perspective Alina Mungiu-Pippidi Hertie School of Governance www.againstcorruption.eu Outline of this talk What is corruption in Europe? Big
More informationEmployment Outlook 2017
Annexes Chapter 3. How technology and globalisation are transforming the labour market Employment Outlook 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS ANNEX 3.A3 ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE ON POLARISATION BY REGION... 1 ANNEX 3.A4
More informationWhich policies for improved access to employment? Main findings of the OECD project JOBS for YOUTH
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Transition to adulthood: How does it affect demographic trends? Seminar with the Expert Group on Demographics Issues, 25 November 2009, Brussels,
More informationParents, Schools and Human Capital. Differences across Countries
Parents, Schools and Human Capital Differences across Countries Marta De Philippis and Federico Rossi November 2018 ONLINE APPENDIX A Data Appendix A.1 Data Construction Given that individual host countries
More information8. REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN GDP PER CAPITA
8. REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN GDP PER CAPITA GDP per capita varies significantly among OECD countries (Figure 8.1). In 2003, GDP per capita in Luxembourg (USD 53 390) was more than double the OECD average
More information2.2. From social efficiency to social welfare - Equity issues (Stiglitz ch.5, Gruber ch.2)
2.2. From social efficiency to social welfare - Equity issues (Stiglitz ch.5, Gruber ch.2) We have discussed how to achieve social efficiency (Pareto efficiency): according to the first theorem of welfare
More informationThe Transmission of Economic Status and Inequality: U.S. Mexico in Comparative Perspective
The Students We Share: New Research from Mexico and the United States Mexico City January, 2010 The Transmission of Economic Status and Inequality: U.S. Mexico in Comparative Perspective René M. Zenteno
More informationVolume 30, Issue 1. Corruption and financial sector performance: A cross-country analysis
Volume 30, Issue 1 Corruption and financial sector performance: A cross-country analysis Naved Ahmad Institute of Business Administration (IBA), Karachi Shahid Ali Institute of Business Administration
More informationSearch and Cross Country. Analyses of Unemployment
Search and Cross Country Analyses of Unemployment 1 Previous sections focused on business cycle fluctuations. This section focuses on low frequency changes in labor market outcomes. Most of the search
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationHow many students study abroad and where do they go?
1. EDUCATION LEVELS AND STUDENT NUMBERS How many students study abroad and where do they go? More than 4.1 million tertiary-level students were enrolled outside their country of citizenship in 2010. Australia,
More informationEducation and Wage Inequality in Europe. Fifth EU Framework Programme for Research. Centre des Conferences Brussels. Final Meeting 22 nd Sept 2005.
Education and Wage Inequality in Europe. Fifth EU Framework Programme for Research. Centre des Conferences Brussels Final Meeting 22 nd Sept 2005. Prof Peter Dolton LSE Education and Wage Inequality in
More informationHow does education affect the economy?
2. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BENEFITS OF EDUCATION How does education affect the economy? More than half of the GDP growth in OECD countries over the past decade is related to labour income growth among
More informationImproving International Migration Statistics Selected examples from OECD
CARIM-East Methodological Workshop II Warsaw, 27-28 October 2011 Improving International Migration Statistics Selected examples from OECD Jean-Christophe Dumont Head of International Migration Division
More informationAssessing Intraregional Trade Facilitation Performance: ESCAP's Trade Cost Database and Business Process Analysis Initiatives
WTO/ESCAP Seventh ARTNeT Capacity Building Workshop for Trade Research, 12-16 16 September 2011, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Assessing Intraregional Trade Facilitation Performance: ESCAP's Trade Cost Database
More informationA Competitive Denmark:
The Voice of Foreign Companies A White Paper A Competitive Denmark: Short and long term solutions to the shortage of highly qualified labor January 29, 2008 Introduction In recent years, Denmark has been
More informationLONG RUN GROWTH, CONVERGENCE AND FACTOR PRICES
LONG RUN GROWTH, CONVERGENCE AND FACTOR PRICES By Bart Verspagen* Second draft, July 1998 * Eindhoven University of Technology, Faculty of Technology Management, and MERIT, University of Maastricht. Email:
More informationVoter Turnout, Income Inequality, and Redistribution. Henning Finseraas PhD student Norwegian Social Research
Voter Turnout, Income Inequality, and Redistribution Henning Finseraas PhD student Norwegian Social Research hfi@nova.no Introduction Motivation Robin Hood paradox No robust effect of voter turnout on
More informationAnalysing Economic and Financial Power of Different Countries at the End of the Twentieth Century
Modern Economy, 212, 3, 25-29 http://dx.doi.org/1.4236/me.212.3228 Published Online March 212 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/me) Analysing Economic and Financial Power of Different Countries at the End
More informationFafo-Conference One year after Oslo, 26 th of May, Migration, Co-ordination Failures and Eastern Enlargement
Fafo-Conference One year after Oslo, 26 th of May, 2005 Migration, Co-ordination Failures and Eastern Enlargement Herbert Brücker DIW Berlin und IZA, Bonn Economic theory: large potential benefits associated
More informationIgnacio Molina and Iliana Olivié May 2011
Ignacio Molina and Iliana Olivié May 2011 What is the IEPG? The Elcano Global Presence Index (IEPG after its initials in Spanish) is a synthetic index that orders, quantifies and aggregates the external
More informationSPACE I 2015 Facts & Figures
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MARCH 2017 SPACE I 2015 Facts & Figures Marcelo F. Aebi (PhD), Christine Burkhardt (MA), Mélanie M. Tiago (MA) www.unil.ch/space Project SPACE at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland
More informationIs This Time Different? The Opportunities and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence
Is This Time Different? The Opportunities and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence Jason Furman Chairman, Council of Economic Advisers The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Washington,
More informationInclusion and Gender Equality in China
Inclusion and Gender Equality in China 12 June 2017 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development
More informationBUILDING RESILIENT REGIONS FOR STRONGER ECONOMIES OECD
o: o BUILDING RESILIENT REGIONS FOR STRONGER ECONOMIES OECD Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations 11 List of TL2 Regions 13 Preface 16 Executive Summary 17 Parti Key Regional Trends and Policies
More informationA Global Perspective on Socioeconomic Differences in Learning Outcomes
2009/ED/EFA/MRT/PI/19 Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2009 Overcoming Inequality: why governance matters A Global Perspective on Socioeconomic Differences in
More informationGlobal Imbalances 2017 External Sector Report
International Monetary Fund Global Imbalances 2017 External Sector Report Gustavo Adler and Luis Cubeddu IMF Research Department Bruegel Brussels, September 26, 2017 Roadmap I. Recent developments II.
More informationSTATE OF THE WORLD S TOURISM STATISTICS D. C. Frechtling, George Washington University Tad Hara, University of Central Florida
1lite STATE OF THE WORLD S TOURISM STATISTICS 2013 PRESENTED TO THE 13 TH MEETING OF THE UNWTO COMMITTEE ON STATISTICS AND TOURISM SATELLITE ACCOUNT 2 JULY 2013 D. C. Frechtling, George Washington University
More informationAsylum Levels and Trends: Europe and non-european Industrialized Countries, 2003
Asylum Levels and Trends: Europe and non-european Industrialized Countries, 2003 A comparative overview of asylum applications submitted in 44 European and 6 non-european countries in 2003 and before 24
More informationThe High Cost of Low Educational Performance. Eric A. Hanushek Ludger Woessmann
The High Cost of Low Educational Performance Eric A. Hanushek Ludger Woessmann Key Questions Does it matter what students know? How well is the United States doing? What can be done to change things? Answers
More informationThe effect of a generous welfare state on immigration in OECD countries
The effect of a generous welfare state on immigration in OECD countries Ingvild Røstøen Ruen Master s Thesis in Economics Department of Economics UNIVERSITY OF OSLO May 2017 II The effect of a generous
More informationPerceptions of Corruption in Mass Publics
Perceptions of Corruption in Mass Publics Sören Holmberg QoG WORKING PAPER SERIES 2009:24 THE QUALITY OF GOVERNMENT INSTITUTE Department of Political Science University of Gothenburg Box 711 SE 405 30
More informationTrends in inequality worldwide (Gini coefficients)
Section 2 Impact of trade on income inequality As described above, it has been theoretically and empirically proved that the progress of globalization as represented by trade brings benefits in the form
More informationHuman Capital Policy for Europe
Human Capital Policy for Europe Pedro Carneiro University College London and Institute for Fiscal Studies October 1, 24 1 Low Skills - A Problem for Europe We live in a time of turbulence. 1 There are
More informationPOPULATION AND MIGRATION
POPULATION AND MIGRATION POPULATION TOTAL POPULATION FERTILITY DEPENDENT POPULATION POPULATION BY REGION ELDERLY POPULATION BY REGION INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IMMIGRANT AND FOREIGN POPULATION TRENDS IN
More informationBahrain Telecom Pricing International Benchmarking. December 2018
Bahrain Telecom Pricing International Benchmarking December 2018 1 CONTENTS OF THIS REPORT Report overview 3 PSTN basket results for GCC countries, including time series 4 Mobile basket results for GCC
More informationMeasuring the impact of entrepreneurship policies: the contribution of the Index of Systemic Conditions for Dynamic Entrepreneurship (ICSEd-Prodem)
Measuring the impact of entrepreneurship policies: the contribution of the Index of Systemic Conditions for Dynamic Entrepreneurship (ICSEd-Prodem) Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission 7 th
More informationCorporatism and the Labour Income Share
Etica e Economia & Sapienza University Rome, 21 June 2018 Corporatism and the Labour Income Share Econometric Investigation into the Impact of Institutions on the Wage Share of Industrialised Nations by
More information