Simon, Marjorie. Fact Sheet on William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham. 2016
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1 Simon, Marjorie. Fact Sheet on William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham Born November 15, He was a younger son. Father Robert Pitt of Boconnoe in Cornwall. Mother Harriet who was the younger daughter of the Honorable Edward Villiers of Dromana Education Attended Eton and Trinity College in Oxford Pitt suffered from gout. His health remained an issue for him throughout his life. Since Pitt was a younger son he needed to find a profession so that he could earn a living. He chose the army. February 1735 Pitt was elected to Parliament as the representative from Old Sarum. April 29, 1736 Pitt spoke to Parliament for the first time, giving a supposedly congratulatory speech in honor of the marriage of the Prince of Wales. In doing so he lost his position in the army because King George II took offense to his remarks. Pitt tried to make up for this by supporting an annual allowance for the Prince of Wales of 100,000l September 1736 Pitt appointed groom of the bedchamber for the Prince of Wales Pitt spoke out in Parliament against foreign subsidies, particularly those to Germany. (George II had been born in Hanover, Germany) This made Pitt popular with the public but not with King George II. Pitt resigned his position as groom of the bedchamber. Pitt supported the government and eventually the support paid off. On May 6, 1746 he was promoted to the post of paymaster-general of the forces. May 24, 1746 Pitt became a member of the privy council The post of paymaster-general was a position that was traditionally ripe for corruption. Greatly to his honour, and unlike his predecessors, Pitt declined to accept a farthing from his new office beyond the salary legally attaching to it. (pg 1242) As a result of this, Pitt became popular with the public. Pitt remained unpopular with King George II. However, he had a good relationship with the Princess of Wales (the Prince of Wales had died). Her son became King George III. November 16, 1754 Pitt married Hester, the only daughter of Richard Grenville of Wotton Hall Buckinghamshire and Hester, Countess Temple. Her brothers were Richard, earl Temple and George Grenville. Pitt and Hester had three sons and two daughters. She died April 3, 1803 at the age of 82.
2 Pitt continued to oppose subsidies to foreign powers. This led to him being dismissed from his office on November 22, Pitt had so little money that he needed to borrow money from his brother-in-law (Temple). In 1756, due to Pitt s popularity the King was forced to ask Pitt to form a government. However, Pitt found that without the King s support and with little support in the House of Commons it was difficult to govern. However, he did pass legislation that increased the army, dismissed the Hessians and established a national militia. The King still disliked Pitt and dismissed him again on April 6, There was such a negative reaction from the pubic that after 11 weeks of no government the King had to accept Pitt s return. June 29, 1757 Pitt returned to his post of secretary of state with the supreme direction of the war and of foreign affairs. Since 1756 England and Prussia were in a war against France, Austria, the Empire (DNB does not specify, but I assume this refers to the Ottoman Empire), Russia and Spain. This war did not start well for the English and Pitt was determined to make England victorious. Pitt s conduct of the war led to the culminating point of English power in the eighteenth century, and made England as much an object of jealousy and dread to all Europe as Spain and France had been formerly. (pg 1245) George III came to power in 1760 and looked to Bute. (I read in several other sources that George III considered Bute to be his mentor). Bute wanted an immediate end to the war while Pitt did not want the hostilities to end until France was completely defeated. September Pitt proposed stating a war with Spain. The cabinet did not support him. On October 5, 1761 Pitt resigned. In May 1762 Bute became Prime Minister. In April 1763 Bute resigned and Grenville (Pitt s brother-in-law) became Prime Minister. Pitt did not get along with Grenville. November 24, 1763 While Pitt did not like the North Briton publication authored by John Wilkes he had sympathy with Wilkes s argument that he should be granted immunity from criminal charges due to his position as a member of Parliament. Pitt wanted to retain all of the privileges of Parliament. On February 17, 1764 Pitt supported a motion stating that general warrants (like the ones used to charge Wilkes) were not legal. Pitt s was ill at the beginning of 1765 and missed the whole session of Parliament. It was during this time that the Stamp Act was passed. July 1765 Rockingham succeeded Grenville as prime minister.
3 January 14, 1766 Pitt returned to the House of Commons. He made a speech in which he stated that he could not give the Rockingham government his support. He argued that while England had rightful authority over the colonies in terms of government and legislation, England did not have the right to tax the colonies. Pitt responded to charges that he had been responsible for causing the colonies to rebel against the British by saying that the colonists were justified in rebelling. In Pitt s second speech after his return to the House of Commons he pushed to have the Stamp Act repealed. February 1766 Pitt worked with Rockingham s government to repeal the Stamp Act, but he refused to join Rockingham s cabinet even though he agreed with most of Rockingham s positions. His conduct in declining this opportunity of forming an honourable coalition with Rockingham is one of the most disastrous incidents of Pitt s political career. (pg 1246). Pitt s actions may have been a result of his poor health. Rockingham was forced to resign in July Pitt agreed with the King s wish to form a government not aligned with any particular political party. However, Pitt s health was very bad and made it impossible for him to spend much time in the House of Commons. August 4, 1766 Pitt was given the title of Viscount Pitt of Burton-Pynsent in the county of Somerset and Earl of Chatham in the county of Kent. This move was very unpopular with the public. Pitt did not treat his colleagues well and by November 1766 those individuals in the cabinet originally appointed by Rockingham all resigned. May October 1768 Pitt was so ill that he was unable to carry out his duties. There was much dissension in the government and in Parliament. This dissension played out when the annual land tax was defeated. Pitt s policy of not taxing the American colonies was overturned. Charles Townshend, chancellor of the exchequer, proposed legislation which passed (Townshend Acts) that taxed the American colonies. The King wanted Pitt to remain in office despite his ill health but on October 14, 1768 Pitt requested permission to resign. The King reluctantly agreed. In November 1768 Pitt settled his differences with Grenville and Temple. Pitt returned to Parliament in On February 2 nd he supported Rockingham in his efforts to stop the House of Commons from prohibiting Wilkes from taking his seat in the House of Commons after being re-elected by the people of Middlesex.
4 Pitt s health declined again and he was rarely in the House of Lords over the next three years. He focused the energy he did have on crafting a peaceful resolution to the difficulties with the American colonies. (pg 1248) May 26, 1774 Pitt argued that Parliament had no right to tax the colonies. January 20, 1775 Pitt proposed requesting that the King withdraw the British troops from Boston. He argued that the only way the British could maintain control of the American colonies would be, according to Cobbett s Parliamentary History of England, volume XVIII, pages , ), repeal her fears and her resentments, and you may hope for her love and gratitude (as quoted on pg 1248). Shelbourne, Camden, Rockingham and Richmond supported Pitt, but the motion was defeated by a vote of 68 to 18. Pitt met with Franklin and subsequently introduced a bill with the following provisions England would maintain her supremacy over the colonies in all areas except taxation The acts that had passed that the colonists objected to would be annulled England would authorize a general assembly in Philadelphia where the Colonists would acknowledge the supremacy of the British and would agree to a regular payment to the King. This bill was defeated by the House of Lords.. Pitt had it printed and circulated to the public in the hopes that he could win public approval and perhaps pressure the House of Lords to reconsider. November 1777 At the opening of Parliament Pitt made a speech in which he denounced the use of American Indians against the colonists. By 1778 Rockingham and Richmond supported American Independence. Pitt continued his opposition. On April 7, 1778 Richmond made a motion to request that the King withdraw British troops from the colonies. Against doctor s orders Pitt appeared to argue against Richmond s motion. Pitt collapsed, as he argued against independence for the colonies. Pitt died on May 11, Works Cited (MLA 7 th edition) Barker, George Fisher Russell. "Pitt, William, First Earl of Chatham ( )." Dictionary of National Biography. Ed. Sir Leslie Stephen and Sir Sidney Lee. Vol. 15. Oxford: Oxford UP, Print. Works Cited (MLA 8 th edition) Barker, George F. R. "Pitt, William, first Earl of Chatham ( )." Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Sir Leslie Stephen and Sir Sidney Lee. vol. 15, Oxford UP, 1973.
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and France in North America between 1754 and The French and Indian War was the American phase
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