Week 8, Lecture. Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937

Transcription

1 Week 8, Lecture Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937

2 Today s topics Northern Expedition (against warlord), The Nanjing Decades, The Chinese Communist Party, 1921 The First United Front (between CCP and KMT in against warlords and imperialists) KMT five extermination campaign against CCP The Long March The Xi an Incident The Second United Front (between CCP and KMT against Japanese invasion) The Sino-Japanese War,

3 Key terms to remember KMT (GMT, The Kuomintang, Nationalist party, National people party) Chiang Kai-Shek CCP (Chinese Communist Party) Mao Zedong (Chairman Mao)

4 The Chinese Communist Party, 1921

5 Communism Communism: a theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs (Oxford English Dictionary) A form of socialism

6 Marxism Historical materialism; economic factors are the chief dynamic of social change Means of production (economic base) determines political and ideological superstructure History developed in stages: Slave, feudal capitalist, socialist, communist History is class struggling for control of the means of production --revolution

7 Karl Marx,

8 Russian example: The October Revolution 1917, Russia, Bolsheviks ( members of the major faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party), revolution 1919 Karakhan Declaration:the Soviet government offered to annul the unequal treaties imposed on China by Imperial Russia

9 Communism in China 1899 an introduction of Marxism, and via Japanese work of Modern Socialism 1906 partial translation of Communist Manifesto 1909 Jiang Kanghu attended the Congress of the Second International at Brussel

10 Marxism-Leninism in China Comintern, the Communist International to spread communist revolution in the world Soviet Russia sent delegate, Gregory Voitinsky, to help with setting up a Chinese communist party Li Dazhao, 1920 wrote articles reporting and commenting on the Bolsheviks revolution; and introducing Marxism in New Youth,(later a communist journal, subsidized by the Comintern) Society for the Study of Marxism Mao Zedong, Hunan, study group Chen Duxiu, Shanghai, study group Deng Xiaoping, Zhou Enlai, in France, work-study programs, experienced socialist movement there

11 Gregory Voitinsky,

12 Li Dazhao,

13 Mao Zedong,

14 Funding of Chinese Communist Party 1921 July, founding congress in Shanghai French Concession; about 60 members, Chen Duxiu, secretary general Comintern provides revolutionary expertise and financial assistance

15 Location of the First Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921

16 Sun Yat-sen,

17 The unfinished nationalist revolution Sun Yat-sen wanted to build a revolutionary army to fight against warlords. Communist Russia knew they had to spread communism to other nations, not only for liberating them but also to achieve the revolution. They came to China. They can provide money and expertise to help Sun.

18 The First United Front

19 The united front 1921 December, Hendricus Sneevliet met Sun Yat-sen 1922 July the CCP Second Party Congress confirmed to participate in the united front. United Front: between the Chinese Communists, supported by Russians, and the Nationalist (KMT) in against warlords and imperialists Chinese communists joined in the Nationalist Party and they grew further from there communist block within KMT

20 Hendricus Sneevliet,

21 Russian help Sun met Adolf Joffe (Russian diplomat) in August 1922; 1923 January set down approaches for cooperation Russia provided financial support for the Nationalist Party Provide advice on restructuring Guomindang Michael (Mikhail) Borodin was sent to help Gumindang became a democratic centralism (a hierarchical party structure). Provide Soviet arms to the Guomindang government in Canton provided military training and fund: Whampoa (Huangpu) Military Academy was set up to train military officials in 1924

22 Michael (Mikhail) Borodin

23 16 June, 1924, funding of Huangpu Military Academy

24 Front gate of Huangpu Military Academy

25 Students and lecturers of Moscow Sun Yat-sen University, 1926

26 Nationalists: an incoherent party The core is from the Revolution Alliance, led by Sun Yat-sen But kinship, native place, alumni connections, friendship, teacher-students ties, and political patron-client ties, cut across party coherence. Political right believe the Soviet Union had too much power in shaping the Chinese revolution Political left had similar position of the Communists. Nevertheless, Sun led them preparing to reunite the nation, get rid of warlords and imperialists

27 Communists: the mass mobilization Block within KMT, Preparing for revolution Communist organized unions among urban workers ( the proletariat) 1925 they organized the National General Labor Union They went into countryside to organize farmers into unions (the peasantry) 1924 Farmer s Movement Training Institute. Mao Zedong served for few month as principal in 1926 Though encountered obstacles, the member of communists grew fast in this period, creating some base and accumulating experience.

28 Sun passed away, 1 March 1925

29

30 Who to succeed Sun?

31 Liao Zhongkai,

32 Hu Hanmin,

33 Wang Jingwei,

34 Chiang Kai-Shek,

35 Chiang Kai-Shek After Sun s death in 1925, Chiang emerged as leader because he controlled Huangpu Military Academy A similar situation as Yuan Shikai emerged from Baoding academy A military man came to power at a time when military force was the key arbiter; and he holds the single biggest one the Huangpu Academy. He could be characterised as another warlord leading the KMT

36 Chiang as a military man Fighting four fronts of wars 1) Factionalism within KMT 2) Warlords 3) Chinese Communists 4) Japanese aggression in North China

37 Chinag Kai-Shek He saw himself as selfless and moral; KMT is Chinag and Chiang is KMT ; Chinag is China, and China is Chiang, dictatorship Opposing him means opposition KMT led revolution and betraying China (dictatorship) Marring Soong Meiling, forming connections with one of the most powerful families in China. (Soong family was at the centre of a close-knit family group at the top of government). In 1930s, he was head of state (chair of the State Council), military (Commander in Chief), and

38 Chiang and Soong, 1927

39 The Soong sisters

40 Chiang Kai-Sheik inspecting Huangpu Military Academy

41 The Northern Expedition

42 The Northern Expedition National Revolutionary Army, 100,000 troops 9 July 1926 the Northern Expedition started Better trained, well behaved soldiers, 24 Mar 1927 reached Nanjing Vasily Blyukher major Russian advisor Communist organization in countryside and cities made the expedition easier August 1928 Chiang and the his army reached Beijing

43

44

45 9 July, Final rally in Guangzhou, 1926

46 9 July, Final rally in Guangzhou, Chiang

47 National Revolutionary Army, entered Hankou

48 Vasily Blyukher,

49 6 July 1928, commemorating the dead

50 The Red Purge Chiang became suspicious of the aims of the Communists 20 March 1926, an allegedly coup in Huangpu; Chiang arrested about 30 Soviet advisers and declared martial law 12 April 1927, in Shanghai, communist leaders were killed, union headquarters were attacked, protests about these were gunned down by NRA soldiers, around 5,000 were killed; nationwide killing of communists Borodin and other Soviet advisors left China.

51 Autumn Harvest Uprisings Communist staged rebellions against Chiang, Hunan, Hubei, Nanchang (Jiangxi) Zhejiang, about 1,000 people were excuted in Canton were killed Chiang assumed greater control The First United Front ended

52 Documentaries China in revolution , (1989 by Kathryn Pierce Dietz, Sue Williams)

53 The Nanjing Decade, (Residual Warlords)

54 Residual Warlords, (meaning: after Nanjing has become capital of the Nationalists) October to November 1929, Feng fighting Chiang May to September 1930, Yan Xishan, alternative government in Beiping (Beijing Chiang bought or fought off these and other challenges by silver bullet policy

55 Chiang s nation building Between 1926 and 1934, Chiang added to his control of another 7 provinces (Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiansu, Zhejian, and Fujian), in addition to Guangdong and Guizhou

56 Chiang s nation building Economic development (Infrastructure) o Extra 1080 mils of railways were built o Highway (motorways) construction produced 115,000 kilometres road o Airlines with regular air routes were established o Telegraph lines were expanded Agriculture reforms o Farmers if rent land, rents to 37.5 percent of the harvest

57 Chiang s nation building Ending unequal treaties 1929 regain tariff control Gain control over the Maritime Customs Service By 1931, foreign concession reduced to 13 (31 at its peak) The hopeful Nanjing Decade

58 The CCP

59 CCP s rural soviet, farmer revolution There were rural organizers when party founded. But party leaders based on urban, and on Soviet Russia revolution experience and theory As Chiang Red Purge intensived, moving away from urban workers to peasant mobilization China s situation CCP leadership based in Shanghai; as it moving into country side Comintern links weakened; China s local leaders emerged

60 Major Soviets Soviet: council, a political organization, area under control communit control implemented communism A base area its also a military base, and base for organize and mobilize people Eyuwan Soviet; Zhang Guotao run, 1929 took first county seat. 1928, Xiang-exi (west Hubei and Huna) soviet He Long Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet (Yan an), Liu Zhidan, Gao Gang, 1935 Jiangxi Soviet

61 Yan an Eyuwan Xiang-exi Jiangxi

62 Zhang Guotao,

63 Liu Zhidan, Gao Gang 高岗

64 Jiangxi Soviet Mao Zedong, Zhu De Took first two county seat in 1928, implemented communist ideas First All-China Soviet Congress, in Ruijin, 1931 November; The congress established Chinese Soviet Republic By 1932; ruled over 17 counties with 9 million people under Jianxi Soviet control.

65 Mao Zedong,

66 Zhu De,

67 Chinese Soviet Republic,

68 One dollar note issued by the Soviet Republic of China, 1930s

69 The first meeting of the Chinese Soviet Republic

70 Mao Zedong,

71 Mao Zedong, Would be architect and founding father of the PRC. Born into a rich peasant family; Founding member of the CCP; Charismatic leader, leading Chinese communist revolution Ruthless in Futian incident (December 1930) in Jianxi Soviet about several hundred members were killed.

72 Chiang s five extermination campaign against the Communists Jiangxi Ruijin; 1) December 1930, failed 2) May to June 1931, failed 3) July to October 1931, failed 4) January to March 1933, failed 5) October 1933 to October 1934, succeeded The Long March of the Chinese Communists, By October 1835, CCP leaders settled in Yan an

73 Yan an Eyuwan Xiang-exi Jiangxi

74

75

76

77 China and Japan Second Sino-Japanese War

78 Japan s reform and militarization 1868 Maiji Restoration 1895 won First Sino Japanese War, gained Taiwan as colony; Korea as protectorate 1905 won Russo-Japanese War, controlling South Manchurian Railroad (former Russian sphere of influence in China) 1910 Made Korea a colony 1920s supporting warlord Zhang Zuolin in Manchuria Late 1920s Japan became a military government

79 China and Japan 1895 First Sino-Japanese War 1900 Boxer War 1915 Twenty-One Demands ( anti-japanese sentiments, movements of boycott Japanese products (still happening now) 1919 holding on to Shangdong Many Forth protests on street, But, at the same time, many students went to Japan; Japanese support of the revolution and reform; personal friendship and tie.

80 Japanese aggression, 1920s s

81 Japan s interests in China Two areas: Manchuria and Shandong During the Northern Expedition: sent in troops to Shandong twice: May 1927, before the expedition arrived at Nanjing April 1928, 2000 troops fight broke out, several thousands of Chinese killed occupied Ji nan Ji nan incident news spread, protests and boycott.

82

83 Japanese in Manchuria 4 June 1928 assassinated Chinese warlord Zhang Zuolin in order to easy the control of Manchuria panicking turned into action His son Zhang Xueliang took over and cooperated with Chiang, who started to take control of Manchuria and want to get rid of Japanese influences there.

84 Japan s role 4 June 1928, Manchuria warlord Zhang Zuolin assassinated by Japanese planed bomb in his train. Japan fear Zhang would join Chiang to form a united China 29 December 1928 Zhang Xueliang plagued to bring Manchuria to the united Republic

85 Zhang Zuolin , Received Japanese support

86 The train that carried Zhang

87 Zhang Xueliang,

88 Mukden Incident and others July 1931, Wanbaoshan incident dispute between Chinese and Korean farmers violence broke out false news of Korean killed excited anti Chinese movement in Korea (Korea was under Japanese control August 1931, news of Captain Shintaro Nakamura possibly spy arrested and executed 2 months earlier Tension developing in Manchuria; Japanese officials there were anxious of Japanese interests 18 September 1931, Mukden Incident (plotted by field officials, bomb exploded on Japanese railway in Manchuria pretext to occupy the whole Manchuria

89 Irrigation ditch by Korean farmers in Jilin, 1931

90 Shintaro Nakamura

91 18 September 1931, Mukden incident

92 Lytton Commission, League of Nations, Dec 1831

93 Japan s control of Manchuria 18 February 1932 established Manchukuo, emperor Puyi as puppet Puyi became emperor for the 3rd time (1908; 1916; 1932) International condemnation: Lytton Report commissioned by the League of Nations condemn Japan as an aggressor ( February 1933) Chiang s government lost 15% of its revenue generated from Manchuria Chinese newspapers excited patriotism and boycott

94 Henry Puyi, Emperor of Manchukuo, reign

95 Puyi and empress Wanrong in military uniform

96 Shanghai Incident, 1932 Manchuria situation boycott slashed the sale of Japanese products by two-thirds, tensions were high, esp. Shanghai (30,000 Japanese citizens there). 28 January 1932, the Japanese military declared boycott illegal. Navy bombed Shanghia; 70,000 troops sent in. By March, 4,000 Chinese, 800 Japanese soldiers killed, along with countless civilians. League of Nation intervened; negotiation started 5 May, China and Japan signed the Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement

97 Shanghai 1932, Nineteenth Route Army

98 Further Japanese action Military political actions o Shanhaiguan, January 1933 o March 1933, Rehe Province (Inner Mongolia) o August 1933, Eastern Chahar, (Inner Mongolia) Establishing second puppet regime Hebei-Chahar Council Through treaty negotiations with the KMT o May 1933 Tanggu Truce o April Amo Doctrine o June 1935 He-Umezu Agreement; Chin Doihara Agreement

99

100

101 Chinese government, people, and military responses

102 Chiang s reaction When Mukden incident happened. Chiang was fighting communists (in the mid of his third extermination campaign against Jianxi Soviet. Chiang believed he had to fight communists first, for they directly threatened his holding on to power; he saw them as too revolutionary Japan was too strong for Chiang s troops There were no resistance when Japanese troops took over Manchuria

103 , Chinese society reaction Patten of Sino-Japanese relations: Japanese aggression; Chiang s appeasement National celebrities: Madame Sun Yat-sen, Hu Hanmin urged resistance to Japan. Mass Chinese demonstration, boycott, Chiang invited students leaders to come Nanjing and promised would fight Japan soon. Chiang brutal suppression of demonstration; assassinated civil society leaders; arrest students; close down university camps, strict control over media

104 Chiang Kai-Shek,

105 The Xi an Incident

106 The Xi an Incident The National Salvation movement was building up pressure on Chiang to change his policy from appeasement to resisting Japanese aggression. Two persons took drastic measure to do so. Former Manchuria warlord Zhang Xueliang sympathetic to the National Salvation movement: Manchuria is his and his armies home land; want to fight Japanese. Yang Hucheng agreed with communists leaders who he came to contact: fight Japanese first.

107 Zhang Xueliang,

108 Yang Hucheng,

109 4 December 1936, Chiang came from Nanjing to Xi an to inspect troops fighting Communists in Yan an, Zhang and Yang urged him; no avail; 12 Dec, Zhang s bodyguards arrest Chinag and others, urged him to fight Japan now. 24 December reached agreement; 25 Zhang escorted Chiang and others back to Nanjing. Agreed two major points: stop campaign against communists; once war broke out united front fighting Japanese Second United Front between KMT and CCP Dramatically changed fate of CCP.

110

111

112 Chiang first came to Xian, October, 1936

113 The Second Sino-Japanese War

114 In war, dehumanising enemy / others Japanese Major General Sakai Ryu, chief of staff of the Japanese forces in North China, 1938 during the war: The Chinese people are bacteria infesting world civilization.

115 7 July Macro Polo Bridge Incident 7 July 1937, during night manoeuvre one Japanese soldier missing; requested to search a nearby town and then it turned into a fight 11 July negotiation of cease fire. End of July, a full blown war 27 July Japanese PM Konoe Fumimaro: fundamental solution 30 July, Chiang: struggle to the last

116

117 Macro Polo Bridge

118 Japan s knowledge of China and war plan The militarization of Japanese government Limited knowledge about China s real situation Sakai: China she is not a nation (not united, weak) The military leaders thought in three month China would be conquered. They were wrong about China s resilience and the difficulties involved in the conquering

119 7 July to early th October Shanghia fell 13 th December Nanjing fell, General Iwane Matsui symbolically rides into the city with a military parade. Nanjing Massacre (Rape of Nanjing)

120

121 General Iwane Matsui symbolically rides into the city

122 The Massacre (Rape) of Nanjing, Nanjing Massacre: 200,000 people were killed 20,000 women were raped. Reasons of massacre and rape 1. War of shock and awe: to destroy will to fight 2. Vengeance over Chinese resistance (when the war started predicted a few months war) 3. Brutality was the norm: Japanese soldiers lived in a brutal hierarchical social order. When discipline broke down, they lacked any sense of humanity and individual responsibility for their actions. 4. Japanese at this time also assumed their superiority over other races in Asia. They regarded Chinese as animals and compared killing of Chinese to slaughtering pigs

123 Toshiaki Mukai, Takeshi Noda competition, 7-14 Dec, 1937

124

125 Memorial Hall of the Nanjing Massacre

126 Chiang s war plan Chiang s war plan: At first, Shanghai as major defence line; but lost 60 per cent (27,000) of the modernised core army Chiang adopted the strategy of trading space for time. Moving to interior: Moved from Nanjing to Wuhan (until October 1938), then to Chongqing Japanese troops from the north moved along railroad lines heading south End 1938, most coastal cities, industrial areas under Japan (October Guangzhou,) A situation of stalemate ageist Japan

127

128

129 1940 Japanese occupation in China

130 Communists against Japanese The second united front? 1940, Eighth Route Army attacked by Nationalist troops: 3,000 killed Fast expanding, membership 40,000 (1937) to 800,000 (1940). Mao consolidated his power and developed his version of communism: Maoism

131 Japan s war strategy Traditional warfare: deploying of soldiers and gun fight. Occupy cities and railways. Bombing attacks: Chongqing 268 bombing raids ( ) demoralize residents Biological warfare: dropping bubonic plague (1940 in Zhejiang); poison gas Economic blockade: not working well Setting up puppet regimes: (Collaboration) Wang Kemin, Liang Hongzhi, Wang jingwei (69 general defeated, between ) Psychological War destroy enemy s will to fight.

132 Wang Kemin,

133 Liang Hongzhi,

134 Wang Jingwei,

135 Supply lines of Chongqing Before Guangzhou (Canton) fell (October 1938) it could come alone railways. Then briefly through Hanoi; but controlled by Japan from Sep Burma Road (Mandalay to Kunming), completed in late But, early 1942 Japan seized Burma. Airlift of supplies

136

137

138 Feng Zikai s representation of the war and suffering

139 Feng Zikai s catoon on puppet regime Study The Feng Zikai s Comic of Anti-Japanese: From the Factor of Modern Popular Culture Fong-sen Cheng

140

141 Wishing to be an angel intercepting bombs )

142

143 After Pearl Harbour, 7 Dec 1941 Hong Kong fell, 24 December 1941 China started to gain support of Allied troops American military advice and air force arrived in Chongqing to assist China s war effort. On February 18, 1943, Soong May-ling (Madame Chiang) addressed both houses of the U.S. Congress

144 Attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese planes view, 7 Dec 1941

145 Japanese troops enterin Hong Kong, 24 December 1941

146 Soong May-ling,

147 February 18, 1943, Soong May-ling (Madame Chiang) addressed both houses of the U.S. Congress

148 Hiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right)

149 The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right),

150 Death toll of Sino-Japanese war Japanese troops, 480,000 death, Japan Defence Ministry Nationalist Chinese Army 3.2 million Civilian and military about 20 million dead and 15 million wounded

151 Other death during the war Nationalists blasted open the Yellow River dikes in June 1938 to stop Japanese advance; 300,000 to 800,000 ; drowned; 4000 to 5000 villages flooded. two million homeless Famine in Henan in , two to three million died of starvation. Forced conscription: over a million men died on the way to their units

152 China remembers Nanjing massacre - 13-Dec-07, Al Jazeera English