Chapter 1 Introduction

Transcription

1 Notes Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Christopher Fyfe, A History of Sierra Leone, London: Oxford University Press, 1962; Peter Pham, The Sierra Leonean Tragedy: History and Global Dimensions, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Paul Hair, A History of Sierra Leone by Christopher Fyfe, Sierra Leone Studies, 17 (June 1963): Note that Hair conveniently forgot that he was writing in a journal dedicated to Sierra Leone. 3 Available at: fs_sle.html (accessed on 29th January 2010). 4 Robert Kaplan, The coming anarchy: How scarcity, crime, overpopulation and disease are rapidly destroying the social fabric of our planet, Atlantic Monthly, 273(2) (February 1994): Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy, 5. 6 Malthus of course predicted that population growth would trigger catastrophe because it increased at a faster rate than food production. This is a long way from collapse of a post-colonial state. See Thomas Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, London: J. Johnson, See for example, Paul Richards, Fighting for the Rain Forest, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone, Oxford: James Currey, 1998 and Lans Gberie, A Dirty War in West Africa: The RUF and the Destruction of Sierra Leone, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005 and also David Keen, Conflict and Collusion in Sierra Leone, Oxford: James Currey, 2005, for alternative explanations and criticisms of Kaplan s approach. 8 It is not an accident that Foday Sankoh became Minister for Mineral Resources in Sierra Leone towards the end of the conflict. 9 Human Rights Watch, Getting Away With Murder, Mutilation and Rape, New York, See, for example, Berkeley, B., The Graves Are Not Yet Full: Race, Tribe and Power in the Heart of Africa, New York: Basic Books, 2001; Mkandawire, T., The terrible toll of post-colonial rebel; movements in Africa: Towards an explanation of the violence against the peasantry, Journal of Modern African Studies, 40(2): , 2000; Sawyer, A., Violent conflicts and governance challenges in West Africa: The case of the Mano River basin area, Journal of Modern African Studies, 42(3), See, for example, Richards, Fighting for the Rain Forest and also Pham, P. The Sierra Leonean Tragedy. 12 See Jackson, P., Reshuffling the deck? The politics of decentralisation in Sierra Leone, African Affairs, 106: , January Fanthorpe, On the limits of liberal peace. 14 See, for example, Jackson, Chiefs, money and politicians. 15 There is a lot of literature on this, but, for example, see Jimmy Kandeh, Ransoming the state: Elite origins of subaltern terror in Sierra Leone, Review of African Political Economy, 81(1999):

2 210 Notes 16 TRC findings quoted in Fanthorpe, On the limits of liberal peace. 17 Jackson, Chiefs, money and politicians, also reflected in Karen Moore, Chris Squire and Foday MacBailey, Sierra Leone National Recovery Strategy Assessment, Final Report, UNAMSIL, Freetown, DfID Summary of Reports on Consultation Workshops, Chiefdom Government Reform Programme, December 2001, Freetown. 19 It is quite common in the countryside to hear youths threatening to return to the bush if they do not like particular decisions. This is also mentioned by Fanthorpe in On the limits of liberal power. 20 See Jackson, Chiefs, money and politicians for a broader discussion of the dangers of going back to a pre-war image of government within Sierra Leone. 21 Richards, To fight or to farm. 22 Richards, To fight or to farm. 23 See Hanlon, Is the international community helping to recreate the preconditions for war in Sierra Leone? and Jackson, Chiefs, money and politicians. 24 Interview, Rosalind Hanson-Alp (draft, 2008), Civil Society s Role in Sierra Leone s Security Sector Reform Process Experiences from Conciliation Resources West Africa Programme, Working Paper Series, Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, , Paper No. 12, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR) and International Alert, Birmingham: University of Birmingham. 26 This is a complex picture, but see, for example, Gberie, A Dirty War in West Africa, for an overview. 27 The West Side Boys were fairly typical of many groups formed across West Africa including a self-mythology based on Tupac Shakur in this case, the name being taken from a rhyme in a song called Hit em up which states: So I ain t got no friendz, West side bad boys killaz, You know who the realist is, niggaz. Note that in the early days of the group they called themselves the West Side Niggaz. There is an excellent history of the West Side Boys: Utas, M. and Jorgel, M. The West Side Boys; military navigation in the Sierra Leone civil war, Journal of Modern African Studies, 46(3): , Peter Penfold, interview, March 2008, Freetown. 29 Johnny Paul Koroma was already in prison for treasonable activity, and the coup was orchestrated by Non-Commissioned Officers who released him and installed him as President of Sierra Leone. It remains, in fact, a moot point whether or not Johnny Paul Koroma orchestrated their actions. 30 Alfred Nelson-Williams (2008), Restructuring the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF), Working Paper Series, Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, , Paper No. 3, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR) and International Alert, Birmingham: University of Birmingham. 31 Peter Penfold, interview, March 2008, Freetown. 32 Peter Penfold, interview, March, Freetown. ECOMOG was deployed in 1997 with the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) receiving a mandate to restore Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. See Barry Le Grys (2008), Working Paper.

3 Notes Emmanuel Osho Coker (draft, 2008), Governance and Security Sector Reform, Working Paper Series, Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, , Paper No. 2, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR) and International Alert, Birmingham: University of Birmingham. 34 Mitikishe Maxwell Khobe (2 December 1998), Brief for UK Second Security Sector Mission. 35 Kellie Conteh, Working Group meeting, 8 May 2008, London. 36 Alfred Nelson-Williams (draft, 2008). 37 Keith Biddle, Working Group meeting, 7 May 2008, London. 38 Peter Penfold, interview, March 2008, Freetown. 39 James Vincent, Working Group meeting, 8 May, 2008, London. 40 Usually described as a hunter militia, the CDF was effectively a group of local militias comprised of Kamajors, Donsos, Gbethis, Kapras, Tamaboros and from the Freetown peninsula, the Organised Body of Hunting Societies, that used methods similar to the RUF s in fighting fire with fire. Their leader, Sam Hinga Norman, was put on trial at the end of the war, but died during the process. 41 Kamajors refer to one of the groups of traditional hunters in Sierra Leone, many of whom joined the Civil Defence Force (CDF). They were predominantly of the Mende tribe, southern-based, and Sam Hinga Norman s main strength. Other tribal fighters were the Gbethis in the centre of the country, the Donzos in the East, the Kapras in the West and the Tamaboros in the North. 42 Peter Penfold, interview, March 2008, Freetown. 43 Peter Penfold, interview, March 2008, Freetown. 44 Keith Biddle, Working Group meeting, 7 May 2008, London. 45 Kellie Conteh, Working Group meeting, 7 May 2008, London. 46 The Treasury Solicitor (communication to DfID), 6 April Italics in original. Proposed British Military Advisory and Training Team Sierra Leone (BMATT (SL)), 13 October Underlined in original note attached to Proposed British Military Advisory and Training Team Sierra Leone (BMATT (SL)), 13 October DfID (December 2000), Eliminating World Poverty: Making Globalisation Work for the Poor, White Paper on International Development, see Accessed 2 October Chapter 2 How did SSR in Sierra Leone Impact on International Policy-Making on SSR? 1 DfID (2010) Building State and Securing the Peace, Unpublished draft Clare Short, interview, Interview, Anthony Howlett-Bolton, Chapter 3 Security and Sierra Leone Up Until the End of the Conflict 1 Garth Glentworth, Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2008, London. 2 Garth Glentworth, Working Group meeting, 7 May 2008, London.

4 212 Notes 3 Jeff Bredemear, Roundtable, 18 December Prior to 1996, the UK had provided training assistance to the SLP for many years. However, this had been as short-term inputs and unrelated to any form of strategic development. Joint DfID and FCO Synthesis and Review of UK Funded Safety and Security Programmes, Sierra Leone Case Study, November From Crisis to Confidence Re-establishing the Sierra Leone Police, The Development of a Local Policing Model, Information paper, Police Council Meeting, Thursday 12 November Notes from various interviews with Adrian Horn, Senior Police Adviser, London, May CPDTF (1998), Operation B to B (back to basics), p Garth Glentworth, Roundtable, 18 December Arie van Roon, interview, 2008, UK. 10 When the project came to an end in mid-2007, a total of 2.3 million had been spent on vehicle and communications equipment through two projects. Project Completion Report, September 2007, Sierra Leone Police Vehicles and Communications Project, and the Sierra Leone Police Infrastructure Project. 11 Sierra Leone Police Re-Introduction of Effective Operational Policing, internal paper prepared to inform planning meeting to be held at the Commonwealth Task Force Office in Police HQ on 15 September Kadi Fakondo (draft, 2008), Reforming and Building Capacity of the Sierra Leone Police, , Working Paper Series, Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, , Paper No. 8, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR) and International Alert, Birmingham: University of Birmingham. 13 Desmond Buck, Working Group meeting, 15 January 2008, Freetown. 14 Kadi Fakondo, Working Group meeting, 16 January 2008, Freetown. 15 Kadi Fakondo, Working Group meeting, 16 January 2008, Freetown. 16 Brima Acha Kamara, interview, Brima Acha Kamara, interview, Keith Biddle, interview, 2008, UK. 19 Kadi Fakondo, Working Group meeting, 8 May 2008, London. 20 Kadi Fakondo, Working Group meeting, 8 May 2008, London. 21 This was also controversial in terms of donor support, which, before the formation of the conflict pools in 2000, meant that DfID could only support non-arms-related activities and non-covert operations, so funding had to go through the FCO. 22 It has been suggested that the joint RUF-AFRC attack on Freetown happened because they felt that the SLPP government did not honour the Conakry Peace Accord relating to amnesty. After returning from exile, the government oversaw the execution of 24 Senior Officers of the armed forces who had been involved in the coup. Plans were also under way to execute 72 civilians found guilty of treason, including the current Minister of Information and Broadcasting in the APC government. See Alfred Nelson-Williams (draft, 2008). 23 Keith Biddle, interview, 2008, UK. 24 Anthony Howlett-Bolton, Working Group meeting, 15 January 2008, Freetown. 25 Anthony Howlett-Bolton (2008), Aiming for Holistic Approaches to Justice Sector Development, Working Paper Series, Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, , Paper No. 7, Global Facilitation Network for Security

5 Notes 213 Sector Reform (GFN-SSR) and International Alert, Birmingham: University of Birmingham. 26 Sierra Leone Governance Reconstruction and Reform Progress Report, October Sierra Leone Governance Reconstruction and Reform Progress Report, October 2002, p See, for example, Bruce Baker, The African post-conflict policing agenda in Sierra Leone, Conflict, Security & Development, 6(1) (2006): No official statistics were available to the authors, but numbers as low as 1500 were mentioned. 30 Alfred Nelson-Williams (draft, 2008). 31 Kellie Conteh, interview, UK, Alfred Nelson-Williams (draft, 2008). 33 Now General Richards. 34 David Richards, interview, 2008, UK. Very few UK citizens were in the country at the time, unlike in 2000, when this was clearly part of the UK forces brief. 35 Mike Dent, notes, Mike Dent, notes, SILSEP-MODAT, Project Report for Period October 1999 (weeks 18 19). 38 SILSEP-MODAT, Sierra Leone Future UK Military Commitment in Support of DfID s Security Sector Reform Programme (SILSEP), 30 November MODAT, Future UK military commitment in support of DfID s SILSEP, November MODAT, Future UK military commitment in support of DfID s SILSEP, November Mike Dent, notes, Communication between the IGP and DfID, 12 July In fact, conditions of employment were becoming a broader worry. In 2000, the Government of Sierra Leone noted in its draft National Security Policy Proposals and Recommendations that the conditions of service of the SLP and army personnel would be crucial to the stability of Sierra Leone in terms of perceived fairness, pride in their profession and provision for their families. However, within the SLP, there was a feeling that the military were benefitting from their rather chequered political history and receiving more resources. The Government, fearing a third military coup within a decade, authorised more resources for the military. 43 About this particular incident, Keith Biddle (September 2008) recalls: The MODAT team decided to refurbish the partially derelict Paramount Hotel to become the new civilian-led Ministry of Defence and Finance the DfID desk handling MODAT and SILSEP issues made the necessary finances available. There had not been any detailed consultation and communication on this issue with either the IGP or CCSSP or the DfID desk that managed the CCSSP s affairs. The premises that previously housed the CID and the SSD had been completely destroyed during the events of January Indeed, several police personnel were murdered by the rebels whilst on duty in the former CID building. In February 1999, in consequence of a Sierra Leone Cabinet directive, the CID and SSD were housed in the Paramount Hotel and SLP budget funds were utilised to make it reasonably waterproof and habitable. The dispute was not that the SLP wanted to remain in the Paramount Hotel, which until the

6 214 Notes decision to use it for the new MoD was intended to be returned to its original purpose. The dispute was around the fact that neither MODAT nor DfID had provided for any alternative accommodation for some 300 police personnel and their administrative requirements. The problem was solved by President Kabbah personally, moving the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Local Government and the Ministry of Tourism into smaller and less suitable premises to accommodate the CID. The SSD was housed in temporary barracks, with families, 15 miles outside of Freetown. There were professional tensions between the MODAT team and the IGP, although a sense of humour and personal relations survived! The lesson learned by DfID was that of ensuring cooperation between elements of the SSR process to avoid such embarrassing problems in the future. 44 Mike Dent, notes, David Richards, Operation Palliser (draft article). 46 David Richards, interview, 2008, UK. 47 Mike Dent, notes, David Richards, Expeditionary operations: Sierra Leone lessons for the future, World Defence Systems, 3(2) (July 2001): David Richards, interview, 2008, UK. The West Side Boys were a group of ex-combatants and civilian criminals claiming loyalty to the former AFRC regime and its former leader Major Johnny Paul Koroma, living in the bush outside Freetown. Their main area of operations was in the Okra Hills close to the main Freetown-to-Masiaka highway. They predominately relied upon robbery and looting of local villages and other criminal activities, to fund their lifestyle. 50 Mike Dent, notes, Notes by David Richards on a draft article, later to be published as: Sierra Leone Pregnant with lessons? (2004), in Richard Cobbold and Greg Mills (eds), Global Challenges and Africa: Bridging Divides, Dealing with Perceptions, Rebuilding Societies, RUSI Whitehall Paper 62, Royal United Service Institute. 52 Mike Dent, notes, Garth Glentworth, Roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. 54 Clare Short, interview, 2008, UK. 55 Kellie Conteh, interview, Barry Le Grys (draft, 2008), United Kingdom (UK) Military Intervention and Progress in Sierra Leone , Working Paper Series, Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, , Paper No. 11, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR) and International Alert, Birmingham: University of Birmingham. 57 Barry Le Grys (draft, 2008). 58 Mike Dent, notes, Barry Le Grys (draft, 2008). 60 Barry Le Grys, interview, Sierra Leone Security Sector Reform Project II, Output to Purpose Review, June July Mike Dent, notes, Adrian Freer, Roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. In fact, it should be added, the original structure was changed in late 2000 and again in 2001 to

7 Notes 215 reflect the latest UK thinking this was not in the original concept laid out by MODAT in late In passing, it should be noted that prior to the conflict, there was an operating paymaster in the military, [but] we didn t have a Ministry of Defence [all matters military were managed from Defence Headquarters]. Before the war, the military would go and discuss their budget with the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Finance would determine what they wanted to give to the army like all of our departments. The difference is that the military had its whole budget in its account, while the rest would have theirs on a monthly or a quarterly basis (Kellie Conteh, Working Group meeting, 8 May 2008, London). 65 Work on State House was completed in Indeed, among some parts of the population there was a very positive public perception of the CDF as having been far more effective than the RSLMF in combating the RUF. 67 Government of Sierra Leone, National Security Policy Proposals and Recommendations, Mike Dent, communication. 69 The Multi-Donor Trust Fund was the Government of Sierra Leone s principal mechanism for mobilising donor resources in support of the DDR programme. It was administered by the World Bank, which also provided institutional support to the National Committee for DDR. 70 Rosalind Hanson-Alp (draft, 2008). 71 Visit Report, Sierra Leone Security and Intelligence Service Reform, September Robert Ashington-Pickett (2008), National Security and Intelligence Reform in Sierra Leone , Working Paper Series, Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, , Paper No. 10, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR) and International Alert, Birmingham: University of Birmingham. 73 Robert Ashington-Pickett (draft, 2008). 74 Similar ideas would resurface in 2006 with the concept of a Ministry of Security. However, this was effectively seen as unnecessary politicisation of the sector, and was rebuffed by the ONS (as well as the UK). 75 Robert Ashington-Pickett, roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. 76 Kellie Conteh, Working Group meeting, 15 January 2008, Freetown. 77 Robert Ashington-Pickett, interview, 2008, London. 78 Robert Ashington-Pickett, notes, Both Sierra Leonean staff and International advisers faced death threats at this time. 80 Robert Ashington-Pickett, roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. 81 Kellie Conteh, Working Group meeting, 15 January 2008, Freetown. 82 It could be argued that an example of CISU s efficiency came with the successful anti-narcotics operation against Colombian organised crime in 2008, which netted a substantial haul of drugs and ended in the arrest of a number of Colombians and Mexicans as well as anti-corruption investigations against Sierra Leonean officials implicated in the crime. 83 Robert Ashington-Pickett, roundtable, 18 December 2008, London.

8 216 Notes 84 Peter Penfold, interview, 2008, Freetown. 85 Robert Ashington-Pickett, roundtable, 18 December 2008, London. 86 Kellie Conteh, interview, 2007, Freetown. 87 Garth Glentworth, interview, 2007, UK. 88 Robert Ashington-Pickett, interview, 2008, UK. Keith Biddle, interview, 2008, UK. Garth Glentworth, interview, 2007, UK. 89 Kellie Conteh, Working Group meeting, 8 May 2008, London. 90 Keith Biddle, Working Group meeting, 8 May 2008, London. 91 Clare Short, interview, 2008, UK. 92 Clare Short, interview, 2008, UK. Chapter 4 The Development of an SSR Concept, DAT Visit to Sierra Leone February 2004 (5 March 2004). 2 Adrian Freer, end-of-tour report (2003). 3 Mark White (draft, 2008), The Security and Development Nexus: A Case Study of Sierra Leone , Working Paper Series, Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, , Paper No. 4, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR) and International Alert, Birmingham: University of Birmingham. 4 Adrian Horn, Working Group meeting, 7 May 2008, London. 5 Mark White (draft, 2008). 6 Keith Biddle, interview, 2008, UK. 7 Community Safety and Security Project (CSSP), Visit Report, June 2004, p Joint DfID and FCO synthesis and review of UK funded safety and security programmes, Sierra Leone Case Study, November Keith Biddle, interview, 2008, UK. 10 Brima Acha Kamara, interview, 2008, Sierra Leone. Oliver B. M. Somasa, interview, 2008, Sierra Leone. 11 Since mid-2003, the UK had provided a team of ten police officers to the UN contingent of over 150 police officers (UN CIVPOL). The agreement to provide these officers coincided with a change of emphasis in UN CIVPOL s mandate from one of mentoring and monitoring to one focused more on involvement in SLP capacity-building. UK officers came under the command of the Commissioner of UN CIVPOL. 12 Brima Acha Kamara, interview, 2008, Sierra Leone. 13 Oliver B. M. Somasa, interview, 2008, Sierra Leone. 14 Brima Acha Kamara, interview, 2008, Sierra Leone. 15 Brima Acha Kamara, interview, 2008, Sierra Leone. 16 Brima Acha Kamara, interview, Both have since risen to AIG rank and have had very prominent and successful careers. 18 Notes from discussions with Keith Biddle, Output to Purpose Review, 30 May 6 June, Sierra Leone Community Safety Security Project (CSSP). 20 Output to Purpose Review, 30 May 6 June, Sierra Leone Community Safety Security Project (CSSP). 21 Brima Acha Kamara, interview, 2008, Sierra Leone.

9 Notes Anthony Howlett-Bolton, interview, 2008, UK. 23 Brima Acha Kamara, interview, 2008, Sierra Leone. 24 Rosalind Hanson-Alp (draft, 2008). 25 CCSSP, CID Sierra Leone, 29 November The February 2000 ORBAT was predicated on the need to provide the military capability required to fulfil the identified and endorsed Defence Missions and Military Tasks, which had been established following the mini-strategic Defence Review undertaken by MODAT in This Review was necessary in order to assist with the development of a Defence Policy, which was required to underpin the National Security Policy being developed by the National Security Adviser. It was anticipated that the RSLAF would be established in slow time in a secure and peaceful atmosphere and that the threat level would be minimal. 27 Alfred Nelson-Williams (draft, 2008). 28 Alfred Nelson-Williams (draft, 2008). 29 Emmanuel Osho Coker, Working Group meeting, 8 May 2008, London. 30 Emmanuel Osho Coker, Working Group meeting, 8 May 2008, London. 31 Alfred Nelson-Williams (draft, 2008). 32 Management and Functional Review of the Ministry of Defence, November Aldo Gaeta, Roundtable, 18 December Management and Functional Review of the Ministry of Defence, November Al-Hassan Kondeh (draft, 2008), Formulating Sierra Leone s Defence White Paper, Working Paper Series, Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, , Paper No. 6, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR) and International Alert, Birmingham: University of Birmingham. 36 Aldo Gaeta, Roundtable, 18 December Much of this analysis is based on interviews and written documentation produced by Sierra Leonean staff, particularly Al-Hassan Kondeh, who was in the Ministry at the time, and also UK staff involved in the process itself. 38 Al-Hassan Kondeh (draft, 2008). 39 Al-Hassan Kondeh (draft, 2008). 40 IMATT, International Military Advisory Training Team (Sierra Leone) Plan 2010, 17 July IMATT, International Military Advisory Training Team (Sierra Leone) Plan 2010, 17 July For more information on Operation Pebu, please see Aldo Gaeta (draft, 2008), Operation Pebu, Working Paper Series, Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, , Paper No. 5, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR) and International Alert, Birmingham: University of Birmingham. 42 David Santa-Olalla, interview, 2008, UK. 43 Robert Musk, interview, 2008, UK. 44 Barry Le Grys (draft, 2008). 45 Following negotiations with Paramount Chiefs, it was decided to build Battalion barracks at Simbakoro, Moyamba, Yele, Kambia, Kabala, Pujehun and Kailahun. The Brigade HQs would be at Kenema, Makeni and Bo. 46 Pebu means shelter in the mende language. 47 Barry Le Grys, notes, September 2008.

10 218 Notes 48 Barry Le Grys, Working Group meeting, 8 May 2008, London. 49 Peter Albrecht and Mark Malan (2006), p Kellie Conteh, Working Group meeting, 8 May 2008, London. 51 Kellie Conteh, Working Group meeting, 8 May 2008, London. 52 Andrew Cordery, interview, October 2007, Sierra Leone. 53 The Attorney-General s Office and Parliament would insist that the delay in the Act s formal introduction was the result of the failure by the Minister for Presidential Affairs to request a slot on the parliamentary calendar. In turn, the Minister for Presidential Affairs would insist that he had to wait for Parliament to offer him such a slot. In the words of a review at the time: Result: impasse. 54 Kellie Conteh, Working Group meeting, 8 May 2008, London. 55 Robert Ashington-Pickett, Working Group meeting, 8 May 2008, London. 56 Mark White (draft, 2008). 57 PASCO coordinated the preparation of the Sierra Leone PRSP under the direct supervision of the Ministry of Development and Economic Planning (MODEP) until January In February 2004, a Technical Working Group chaired by the Director of the Development Assistance Coordination Office (DACO) was established to supervise and fast track the completion of the PRSP. 58 Mark White (draft, 2008). 59 Mark White (draft, 2008). 60 Mark White (draft, 2008). 61 Rosalind Hanson-Alp (draft, 2008). 62 Defence Advisory Team, Draft Terms of Reference for the Sierra Leone Security Sector Review Briefing Paper on the Security Sector Review, Desmond Buck, Working Group meeting, 2008, Freetown. 64 Vision 2025 provides Sierra Leone with a national vision for long-term development and projects future scenarios for political and economic progress. It gives direction to the country s medium long-term strategies such as Sierra Leone s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. 65 Mark White (draft, 2008). 66 Mark White (draft, 2008). 67 Kellie Conteh, interview, 2008, Sierra Leone. Chapter 5 Consolidation and Development, Robert Ashington-Pickett, Roundtable, 18 December David Santa-Olalla, interview, 2008, UK. 3 While JSDP has focused a small fraction of its programme on non-state providers or what DfID refers to as service delivery as opposed to statebuilding a project was developed in 2010, which will attempt to engage the chiefs, non-state actors, in justice reform. This is the first time that this happens. The exact outline of the project, let alone the impact of implementation, is not available at the time of writing, since implementation has not begun. project is currently under development, which will begin implementation in The novelty of the program should not be underestimated, however. For the first time in justice transformation in Sierra Leone, state and non-state security and justice providers will be formally linked in programming.

11 Notes Emmanuel Osho Coker, interview, Keith Biddle, interview, Mark White, For example, it inherited and continued the funding of Commonwealth Judges and Prosecutors as well as, critically, the post of a legal draughtsman. 8 Output to Purpose Review, Sierra Leone Security Reform Programme III (SILSEP III), September Robert Bradley, January 2008, interview by Alison Thompson, Freetown. 10 Moses A. Showers, January 2008, interview by Alison Thompson, Freetown. 11 Moses A. Showers, January 2008, interview by Alison Thompson, Freetown. 12 Output to Purpose Review, SILSEP III, September Almost 1500 officers were trained as rapid reaction crowd control units. 14 Mark White, 2008, interview. 15 Anthony Howlett-Bolton, 2008, interview. 16 Sierra Leone Presidential and Parliamentary Elections 2007, Sierra Leone Police Policing Plan, presentation to IMATT, Freetown, undated. 17 Kellie Conteh, 2008, Working group meeting, London. 18 In fact the Sierra Leonean Army had been deliberately and explicitly kept out of domestic politics until 2000 through a joint policy between the Government of Sierra Leone, UNAMSIL and IMATT. 19 Output to Purpose Review, 2007, Sierra Leone Security Sector Reform Programme III, April. 20 Mark White, draft, Kadi Fakondo, draft working paper, Kadi Fakondo, draft working paper, This is also echoed by further SLP officers who were promoted through the ranks during this period. 23 Barry Le Grys, notes, Output to Purpose Review, 2005, SILSEP III, September. 25 Output to Purpose Review, 2007, SILSEP III, April. 26 David Santa-Ollala, interview, Aldo Gaeta, draft working paper, Arie Van Roon, interview, Alfred Nelson-Williams, Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2008, London. 30 Defence Intelligence Report, Sierra Leone: Assessment of Effectiveness of EX GREEN EAGLE in managing perceptions in Sierra Leone, undated. 31 David Santa-Ollala, interview, 2008, UK. 32 David Santa-Ollala, interview, 2008, UK. 33 Defence Intelligence Report, Sierra Leone: Assessment of Effectiveness of EX GREEN EAGLE in managing perceptions in Sierra Leone, undated. 34 Defence Intelligence Report, Sierra Leone: Assessment of Effectiveness of EX GREEN EAGLE in managing perceptions in Sierra Leone, undated. 35 Alfred Nelson-Williams, Working Group Meeting, London Barry Le Grys, end of tour report, 2007, Freetown. 37 Peter Albrecht and Mark Malan, 2006, p Note that a small number of officers have already been employed as UN military observers. 38 David Santa-Ollala, interview, Alfred Nelson-Williams, interview, 2008, Freetown. 40 David Santa-Ollala, interview, Kellie Conteh, interview, 2008, Freetown.

12 220 Notes 42 Mark White, interview, 2008, London. 43 Kellie Conteh, interview, Freetown, Output to Purpose Review, SILSEP III, April Output to Purpose Review, SILSEP III, April Gary Horlacher, notes, Rosalind Hanson-Alp, interview, Rosalind Hanson-Alp, draft working paper, Rosalind Hanson-Alp, draft working paper, Anthony Howlett-Bolton, Working Group Meeting, 15 January 2008, Freetown. 51 Rosalind Hanson-Alp, draft working paper, This is stated in the Sierra Leone Presidential and Parliamentary Elections 2007, Sierra Leone Policing Plan (presented to IMATT) unpublished. 53 Adrian Freer, Roundtable, 18 December 2008, London. 54 This is something that is understood by other donor agencies like Danida, which commit for longer timeframes explicitly to encourage confidence in their presence. Chapter 6 Cross-Cutting Themes Throughout the Period in Sierra Leone and Beyond 1 For example, see Ghani and Lockhart, Fixing failed states. 2 Clare Short, interview, 2008, UK. 3 David Richards, interview, 2008, UK. 4 Garth Glentworth, Roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. 5 Clare Short, interview, 2008, London. 6 Adrian Freer, Roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. 7 Adrian Freer, Roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. 8 This phrase was coined early in the process for the joint meetings at the beginning of the week between the different UK departments. It is a phrase that has stuck for some time. 9 Adrian Freer, Roundtable, interview, 2007, London. 10 Garth Glentworth, Roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. 11 Sierra Leone Security Sector Reform Project II, Output to Purpose Review, 25 June 5 July Robert Ashington-Pickett, Roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. 13 Robert Ashington-Pickett, interview, 2007, UK. 14 Garth Glentworth, interview, 2007, UK. 15 Clare Short, interview, 2008, UK. 16 Sierra Leone Security Sector Reform Project II, Output to Purpose Review, 25 June 5 July Adrian Freer, Roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. 18 Keith Biddle, interview, 2008, UK. 19 Garth Glentworth, Roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. 20 Peter Penfold, interview, 2007, Sierra Leone. 21 Clare Short, interview, 2008, UK. 22 Garth Glentworth, interview, 2008, UK. 23 Garth Glentworth, Roundtable, 18 December 2007.

13 Notes Output to Purpose Review, Sierra Leone Security Sector Reform Programme, April Adrian Freer, Roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. 26 Robert Ashington-Pickett, roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. 27 Statement by His Excellency, Dr Ahmad Tejan Kabbah at the Official Launching of Three Key Security Sector Reform Documents for Sierra Leone, 26 May, See Accessed 26 February The two other documents were the Protective Security Manual and the Standards Response Guidelines for the National Security Architecture. 28 Middlebrock and Miller (September 2006), Sierra Leone Security Sector Expenditure Review (SS-ER). 29 Middlebrock and Miller (September 2006), Sierra Leone Security Sector Expenditure Review (SS-ER). 30 Management and Functional Review of the Ministry of Defence, November Middlebrock and Miller (September 2006), Sierra Leone Security Sector Expenditure Review (SS-ER). 32 Adrian Freer, Roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. 33 Adrian Freer, Roundtable, 18 December 2007, London. 34 H. E. President Kabbah s Address on the Occasion of the State Opening of the 3rd Session of the First Parliament of the Second Republic of Sierra Leone, 11 June See Accessed 2 October UNCTAD, Drug Trafficking as a Security Threat in West Africa, November David Chandler (2006) Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-Building (London: Pluto Press), raises the question of whether in fact this is a de facto Empire. 37 The current position, in September 2008, is that the Government of Sierra Leone is aware of the UK s planned withdrawal from ONS and CISU by 2012, with incremental reduction in donor support commenced in The National Security Council is discussing with the Ministry of Finance to enable the Government to take over donor elements of the funding from January Adviser support is planned until At time of writing this has yet to be finalised within the UK Government. 39 Poate, D., Balogun, P., Rothmann, I., Knight, M. and Sesay, F. Evaluation of DfID Country Programmes: Sierra Leone, Evaluation Report EV690, DfID, It does point out that there are two informal documents that have informed strategic choices: the draft country strategy paper of 2002, and the Joint EC/DfID Country Strategy for Sierra Leone, drafted in 2006 but approved in January Chapter 7 Conclusions 1 Available at SLE.html (accessed on 29 January 2010).

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