Faculty of. Social Sciences

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2 The Caribbean Integration Movement Professor Kenneth O. Hall Office of the Principal, Mona Campus Research on Caribbean integration is of critical importance to governments, policy makers, researchers and other stakeholders. The findings from such research support decisionmaking regarding the current status and the future of the region. Proper dissemination of these findings is therefore vital so that stakeholders can be fully cognisant of the available options. The new millennium has begun with significant challenges for the Caribbean. Intense negotiations with traditional and non-traditional trading partners in the face of increased threat of marginalisation, the erosion of traditional models of governance, the threat to the population by the scourge of HIV/AIDS and the increase in narco-trafficking through the region are some that come readily to the fore. The leaders, scholars and peoples of the region have responded to these challenges by demonstrating their fortitude, capacity for learning and leadership, creativity and resourcefulness in devising mechanisms for survival. This research has unearthed much about the visions and aspirations of the men and women who dedicated their political lives in the service of the integration movement from 1963 to 1999 and these have been included in the book Integrate or Perish: Perspectives of Leaders of the Integration Movement, Together, these speeches constitute the ideological underpinnings of CARICOM s survival. This volume is currently being revised to include more recent speeches and profiles of the leaders, past and present. Contending with Destiny: The Caribbean in the Twenty-First Century was another product of the research effort and represents the deliberations of scholars, policy-makers, private sector leaders and representatives of Non Governmental Organisations and regional institutions, at a Conference on the Caribbean in the 21st Century, held at the Mona Campus in The book focuses on the challenges and opportunities facing the region in the new global environment. The historical progress of the integration movement is captured in the book The Caribbean Community: Beyond Survival. This book addresses the political and economic survival of the Community and is presented in a collection of writings by distinguished Caribbean personalities. Its companion, an essay entitled CARICOM: Unity in Adversity treats with the issue of the region s continuing desire for unity. A forthcoming volume will present an analysis of the instruments establishing the principal organs and institutions of the region and will be entitled The CARICOM System: Basic Instruments. It will include information on the recently established Caribbean Court of Justice and is primarily intended for use by scholars, researchers and members of the legal profession. CARICOM: Reinventing Itself is another volume in this series of Caribbean studies. It analyses the issues that have been addressed at the various Conferences of Heads of Government since The book presents a compilation of the communiqués issued by the Conference, grouped under the broad objectives outlined in the Treaty of Chaguaramas. It shows the Community s efforts to come to grips with issues such as Globalisation, the Free Trade Area of the Americas, as well as issues of human and social development and economic and political concerns affecting the Community. 53

3 The Windward Islands Banana Farmer: A Dying Breed? The Plight of the Banana Farmer Professor Barrington Chevannes Research Fellow: Dr. Patsy Lewis The study involved a survey research among banana farmers in the Windward Islands whose fortunes have been affected by the World Trade Organisation s negative ruling on the European Union s banana regime which resulted in significantly reduced preferences for their bananas on the European Market. To date, the project has yielded three journal articles and seven conference papers. The article, Making a Better Banana Farmer: Restructuring the Windward Islands Banana Industry, which appeared in Caribbean Dialogue, Vol. 4, Nos. 3&4, July/December 1998, pp. 1-20, assessed attempts by Windward Islands governments, supported by the European Union, to restructure the industry to increase its competitiveness and thus enhance its chances for survival in a less protected trade environment. The article presents a profile of the farmers deemed unlikely to succeed in the new environment and argues that these were likely to be the most marginal producers who comprised a large body of banana growers. This has serious implications for economic and political stability in these islands. The article, A Future for Windward Islands Bananas? Challenge and Prospect, published in the journal Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol. 38. No. 2, July 2000, pp , analyses the effects of price instability in the banana trade on the Windward Islands banana industry. It argues that price fluctuations had undermined the restructuring exercise, resulting in the haemorrhaging of not only inefficient farmers, but also of larger and more efficient ones as well. It also focuses on instability in the St. Lucian industry, a biproduct of the privatisation exercise that underpinned the restructuring programme, and argues that both factors threatened the industry s very existence. The article, Strategies for Survival: The Response of St. Lucian Banana Farmers to Attempts to Restructure the Industry, published in the Journal of Plantation Studies, Spring-Summer 2000, focuses on St. Lucia, the largest volume producer of Windward Islands bananas and the country that had made most progress in privatising the industry. Specifically, it looks at farmers responses to some of the measures introduced, as well as possible alternatives to the industry, particularly agricultural diversification and tourism. It concludes that while a majority of St. Lucian farmers were open to considering agricultural diversification, the overwhelming majority were closed to tourism as an option. It argues that strategies to promote agricultural diversification and tourism as alternative pillars of economic development were fraught with difficulties. 54

4 Psychological Correlates of Jamaican Youth Involved in Sport and Physical Activity Research Co-ordinator: Dr. Brigitte Matthies Department of Sociology, Psychology and Social Work Research Fellow: Dr. Leapetswe Malete The Jamaican people are extremely sport-oriented and they have enjoyed a high level of visibility and achievement on the world stage. Still many Jamaican adults do not participate in sport and physical activity and the levels of obesity, diabetes and hypertension in the population are high. Why is this so? Much of the existing research on the psychological factors that predict the involvement of young people in sport and physical activity has been done with American and Western-European middle class youth, as such, little is known about other populations outside these contexts. This study examined the relationship among motivating factors namely: the impact of social influences, achievement goal orientations (I feel good when I am the best versus when I have fun), physical selfperception (I am physically stronger than most), nutritional status, aggressive behaviour and the involvement of Jamaican youth in sport and physical activity. A stratified random sample of 1,176 Jamaican adolescents between the ages of 12 and 19 years from 22 urban and rural schools in 11 parishes completed a series of questionnaires. They were also weighed and measured. Participants were separated into three groups on the basis of their reported level of physical activity and involvement in sport. The three defined groups comprised those persons involved in competitive sport, some type of recreational physical activity and no sport and physical activity. The results, not surprisingly, have so far shown that the most popular sports among Jamaican youth are Track and Field, Football and Netball. The main reasons for participating in sport included a desire to learn sport skills, compete, be with others and have fun. In fact, skill development, athletic competence, winning, staying in shape and having fun were all rated as very important by the participants. Most sport participants rated themselves as good or very good at their best sport. Teachers/coaches were perceived as most interested, involved and encouraging in the participants sporting activities, followed by peers and parents. The results also showed that mothers had the most influence on and also provided more encouragement for sports activities when compared with the fathers. Twenty-eight per cent of participants reported dropping out of a sport. Student s height and weight being taken as part of study. 55

5 Psychological Correlates of Jamaican Youth Involved in Sport and Physical Activity continued Research Co-ordinator: Dr. Brigitte Matthies Department of Sociology, Psychology and Social Work Research Fellow: Dr. Leapetswe Malete Further examination of the data is being done to determine how youth who participate in competitive and recreational physical activity differ from non-participants. Preliminary results suggest that task goal orientation of Jamaican youth is positively correlated with enjoyment of sport, recreational physical activity and perceived sport ability. Also, Jamaican youth who participate in competitive sport and recreational physical activity report higher physical self perception in sport-related domains than non-participants. Findings from this study should assist in the development of Jamaican policy on youth sport for the 21st century. The findings should also guide the development of sport programmes and infrastructure aimed at enhancing the health and social welfare of youth, while increasing their competitive desire in the local and international sporting arenas. 56

6 Financial Modelling and Projection Evaluation for Privately Promoted Infrastructure Projects - A Developing Country Approach Dr. Hilton A. McDavid Department of Management Studies During the past decade through the influence of the multilateral and bilateral institutions, the state has been progressively giving up its role of planner, financier and manager, and assuming the role of grantor (privatisation, concession, management) and regulator of the provision of services by the private sector. Multilateral funding agencies are now providing direct financing to the private sector for infrastructure development in developing countries, with or without government endorsed guarantees. The private promotion of infrastructure projects is a key mechanism for providing new facilities and has advantages for both the private and public sectors. This private sector participation is being promoted not only because of its financing but also because of its catalytic effect in attracting outside financing through risk guarantees and umbrella protection on perceived political risk. This study represents the second phase of the research on Privately Promoted Infrastructure Projects. The first phase (Development of a Desirability Model for Privately Promoted Infrastructural Projects Utilising the Analytical Hierarchy Process), addresses the issues of project selection and private sector promotion, which lead to the development of a model using the Analytical Hierarchy Process approach. The second phase of the project goes further to examine the fundamentals of privately promoted infrastructure projects and focuses on the development and structure of the one-project company. This involves the mathematical formulation for determining the value of debt to equity. The study investigates the issues of borrowing, infusion of own funds and the raising of capital from investors. Figure 1: Commercial Framework (Source: National Development Bank of Jamaica ) 57

7 Financial Modelling and Projection Evaluation for Privately Promoted Infrastructure Projects - A Developing Country Approach continued Dr. Hilton A. McDavid Department of Management Studies The study further analyses the economic, financial and currency risks, their implications for project financing and how these risks can be mitigated through the concession agreements with consequences to the promoter s return on equity. The Highway 2000 Project (H2K) was used as a case study and the debt capacity of the project calculated. Figure 1 shows the Commercial Framework of H2K, while Figure 2 describes the Financial Structure. Figure 2: Financial Structures (Source: National Development Bank of Jamaica ) 58

8 Social and Economic Implications of Tourism Development in the Caribbean: an Empirical and Theoretical Study Dr. Ian Boxill Department of Sociology, Psychology and Social Work This study sought to contribute to the body of research on tourism in the Caribbean by examining the empirical, theoretical and developmental aspects of the industry as a single or as a component of a development strategy. The findings from this research should help policy makers, researchers and theorists in this field. In order to achieve this goal, the research project was implemented as a collaborative effort between the University of the West Indies and the University of Quintana Roo (UQROO), Mexico. Both universities signed an agreement, which was intended to facilitate a greater level of institutional collaboration. The study involved an in-depth analysis of the experiences emanating from tourism development in several countries in the region including Antigua, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Jamaica and Mexico. This gave rise to a number of policy recommendations that could guide efforts and planned development of the industry. One of the most significant recommendations is that a democratic approach to decision-making, incorporating those persons who will be most affected by the planned changes, should be used. Policy planners should also ensure that the growth of the tourism industry should proceed at a pace that minimizes socio-cultural conflicts between tourists and locals. There is also the need to ensure an equitable distribution of tourism earnings in the host country. In addition, care should be taken to ensure that any expansion in the tourist sector is supported by an adequate provision of social infrastructure. Finally, tourism development should be planned in a manner that is not disruptive to the way of life of the participating communities in both an economic and socio-cultural sense. Carib craft shop - Dominica Carib craft shop owner- Dominica 59

9 Social and Economic Implications of Tourism Development in the Caribbean: an Empirical and Theoretical Study ( ) continued Dr. Ian Boxill Department of Sociology, Psychology and Social Work Several papers resulted from the research and include the following: * Ian Boxill and Osbert Frederick Old Road, New Road: Community Protests and Development in Antigua in A. Pereira, J. Maerk and I. Boxill (eds) Tourism, Development and Natural Resources in the Caribbean. Mexico: Plaza y Valdez. (Forthcoming) * Ian Boxill Space and Place: Social Impacts of Tourism in Barbados and Jamaica in A. Pereira, J. Maerk and I. Boxill (eds) Tourism, Development and Natural Resources in the Caribbean. Mexico: Plaza y Valdez. (Forthcoming) * Ian Boxill and Philip Castillo Socioeconomic Impacts of Tourism in Dangriga and Hopkins, Belize in A. Pereira, J. Maerk and I. Boxill (eds) Tourism, Development and Natural Resources in the Caribbean. Mexico: Plaza y Valdez. (Forthcoming) * Ian Boxill and Edith Hernandez. How Tourism Transforms Language: the Case of Playa del Carmen, Mexico, Social and Economic Studies,.vol 51, no. 1. * Ian Boxill and Griselda Murietta. Turismo del Sexo y del Romatico en Cozumel Tropo a la Una, Cancun, Mexico. Nov-Dec. Tourist shop - Belize 60 A new hotel owned by American investors, Hopkins, Belize

10 Marcus Garvey s Assessment of Daily Life in Jamaica and the West Indies in the Early 1930s Professor Rupert Lewis Department of Government While emphasis has been placed on the achievements of the Garvey movement in the United States, the content and scope of the movement in Jamaica and the West Indies have not been adequately researched and are therefore not sufficiently well integrated into regional history. The aim of this study is to select, thematise, annotate, and edit Marcus Garvey s writings in the Blackman newspaper ( ) and the New Jamaican ( ) publications. This collection of writings demonstrates the depth of Garvey s knowledge of concrete issues that faced the West Indian peoples on the eve of the labour and political upheavals of the late 1930s. They also illustrate his response to a wide range of political, economic, cultural and environmental issues. The collection contains unique autobiographical pieces and political commentary gleaned from speeches, columns, and articles relating to colonial governors, colonial secretaries, legislative council members, local government representatives, as well as religious, sports and criminal personalities. To date 946 articles have been transcribed and the list below outlines the thematic breakdown for which annotations are being prepared and photographic archives researched: Politics 285 Patriotism and Nationhood 18 The Nature of Jamaicans 26 Local Industries, Trade and Labour 137 Poverty and the Economy 15 Social Order 20 Crime 39 Natural Disasters 14 Philosophy 36 International Issues 39 Global Racial Concerns 94 West Indian Concerns 41 Migration Issues 30 The Arts and Education 29 Entertainment and Sports 29 Religious Matters 24 Personal 24 Personalities 56 61

11 Marcus Garvey s Assessment of Daily Life in Jamaica and the West Indies in the Early 1930s continued Professor Rupert Lewis Department of Government The collection, which is being prepared for print publication and CD-ROM, will be used in Jamaica and the United States in the teaching of undergraduate and graduate courses on Marcus Garvey and twentieth century Caribbean political history. It will also serve as source material for the Library of the Liberty Hall Centre, located at 76 King Street, Kingston. Liberty Hall, which was originally Marcus Garvey s headquarters after his deportation from the United States in 1927, is being rebuilt by the Jamaican Ministry of Education, Youth and Culture as a national heritage site. Research on Marcus Garvey will contribute to positive self-identity and our knowledge of the efforts of people of Africa and of African descent to uplift themselves. This research will not only build a scholarly tradition of Pan-African investigation but also of global heritage studies because of the diverse national heritages that fed into the Garvey movement. It also documents a significant part of the Caribbean intellectual tradition and its impact on the modern world. Liberty Hall at 76 King Street, Kingston 62

12 Accounting Education, Practices and the Profession in the Commonwealth Caribbean, Regionalisation or Internationalisation: Which is the Way Forward? Owolabi M. Bakre Department of Management Studies This study seeks to examine the regional and global factors responsible for the failed attempts at reshaping and integrating the accounting profession in the Commonwealth Caribbean. At independence, the various accountants in the Commonwealth Caribbean recognised the need to have an accounting educational system and profession, which suited the needs of the newly independent economies. The individual countries made commitments to form an independent accounting profession, capable of establishing its own system of examination, relevant to their own economic conditions. However, it was observed that after independence, some of the newly formed professional bodies retained their linkages with the parent bodies, particularly the UK-based Association of Certified Chartered Accountants. Still others forged new relationships with other global professional bodies, particularly the US-based Certified Public Accountants and the Canadian-based Certified General Accountants. Efforts made to create national and regional accounting institutes have met with little success. This study posits that integration of the Caribbean accountancy profession would serve to project the Caribbean identity, regional unity and the survival of Caribbean economies in the global system. It is hoped that the findings from this study will provide the basis and the ingredients for making appropriate suggestions on how a lasting regionalised accountancy practice and profession can be achieved in the Caribbean. 63

13 Poverty and Violence in Jamaica and Britain : A Trans-Atlantic Study of Jamaican Inner-City Violence. Research Co-ordinator: Professor Barrington Chevannes Research Fellow: Mr. Herbert Gayle The comparative-tracer design of this study is based on the observation that Jamaican inner-city violence is best understood by examining its manifestations at home and abroad. Four inner-city communities form the core of the research: a high and low violence community in Kingston and the same in London. The methodology involves a comparative study of four communities, which focuses on the major factors responsible for their high or low violence characteristics. These factors in both countries include police operations, the presence and operation of Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Community Based Organisations (CBOs), formation and operation of gangs and deportation and migration patterns across the Atlantic. Some important findings have emerged from the work done to date in Jamaica. These findings are helping to explain why some inner-city communities remain low violence in character while others become high violence and remain in this state. Firstly, inner-city communities in Jamaica continue to operate within a political framework. Garrison communities of like political affiliation establish alliances with each other. Sources of income, including those from the drug trade and those with connections within prisons and abroad are managed within this political framework. The more violent communities are considered to be the stronger ones and those with lower levels of violence, the weaker ones, of the same political affiliation seek protection and directives from their stronger counterparts. Furthermore, communities in Britain with a large Jamaican population such as Brixton, London, have sections that are directly connected to political garrisons in Kingston. The end result is that these communities in Britain are being populated with inner-city youths from their violent counterpart communities in Kingston and these youths in turn influence the violent characteristics of these London boroughs. The study shows that youths who migrate from low violence communities in Kingston are more likely to go to communities in London, which are also low in violence. Secondly, the cocaine drug trade has become a major factor influencing the high rate of violence within some communities. This too is organised within the political framework, in that activists from the community of a particular political affiliation hinder or reduce competition from others, especially from those persons from communities of opposing affiliations. Thirdly, the nature of police operations in the inner-city is usually influenced by the community type. Community-style policing is more likely to be attempted in communities with low-violence characteristics. On the other hand, the fear factor among officers has a significant impact on the way that police operations are carried out in high violence communities and police officers, especially young ones, are usually driven by instincts of survival. Finally, communities without CBOs and NGOs seem more likely to remain violent, since the character of the community leadership is more important. In high violence communities the leadership is often purely political, whereas in low violence communities, it is usually non-political and diffused. Here the role of the CBOs and the NGOs is critical. The London phase of the research, which will commence shortly, is aimed at testing the findings which emerged from the Jamaican communities. It will also serve to assess the successes of the London intelligence - Operation Trident - and see how best British and Jamaican co-operation can help to reduce violence in the capital cities of both countries. 64

14 Strengthening Caribbean Democratic Governance: Constitutional Dimensions Professor Trevor Munroe Department of Government This study is predicated on the recognition that the Caribbean people, not unlike people in other parts of the world, are greatly disaffected with governance at the national and global levels, at the work place and in the community. This disaffection is based on increasingly acknowledged deficiencies in the dominant structures, relationships and philosophies, largely unchanged throughout most of the post-colonial period, through which authority and power continue to be exercised. Political reform and social transformation are clearly on the Caribbean Agenda. The study examines one important dimension of change, namely constitutional reform, now underway at various stages in eleven Anglo-phone Caribbean states. It recognises that for forty years, constitutional instruments in the region have remained substantially unchanged and provided a framework for the consolidation of democracy. The work also acknowledges that during this period the Caribbean has been more free than any other area of the world from extra-constitutional coups, military dictatorship, one party rule, political assassination and civil war phenomena that have scarred old and new democracies alike. Against the background of this unique record, a critical policy issue is now posed for the region and its people viz., how to revise existing constitutions so as to preserve that which remains relevant and transform that which, in fundamentally changed circumstances, may have become a fetter on the strengthening of democratic governance. The research explores this policy issue within a theoretical framework which assumes that the design of institutions does significantly affect the quality of governance and more generally, the level of human development. It is hoped that the study will identify best practices from an empirical examination of underlying forces, the course, content and outcomes of the constitutional reform processes across the Region. The analysis and evaluation shall relate Caribbean experience to lessons now being learnt and to generalisations emerging from widespread constitutional engineering currently underway in old and new democracies alike across the post-cold war world. Policy relevant recommendations for constitutional reform in the Region are anticipated from the research work. 65

15 Small State Diplomacy in a Globalised World: Barbados, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic and Trinidad and Tobago Dr. Jessica Byron Department of Government This research project examines the questions of globalisation, adjustment strategies and small size in the Greater Caribbean area. It focuses in particular on the role of innovative foreign policies and diplomacy in this process, since small countries are even more reliant than others on external markets, external sources of finance, technology and human capital. Their external stances are therefore crucial and they are faced with the challenge of strategic global repositioning (Bernal, 2000) in light of the major structural changes in the international political economy at both the global and hemispheric levels since the mid-1980s. The research will also examine issues of leadership within the four countries, institutional and administrative restructuring, state and non-state coalitions for effective diplomacy, the roles of external actors, countries use of regional or bilateral relations and finally, the close linkages between foreign policy strategies and domestic social and economic policy choices. The research project uses four case-studies drawn from both the English-speaking and Hispanic Caribbean, as it is felt that there are many policy issues which can best be explored by doing a comparative study of this nature. 66

16 Caribbean Economic Thought: Establishing a Firmer Foundation for the Field of Study Mr. Mark Figueroa Department of Economics This study seeks to compile a body of scholarly work on the history of Caribbean economic thought in a collaborative venture across the four main Caribbean language sub-regions. It is hoped that the project will contribute to the consolidation of the history of Caribbean economic thought as an established field of study. Research on the development of Caribbean economics as a discipline will be presented in a comparative framework. A number of articles and edited collections on the subject will be completed in collaboration with a broad team of researchers across the Region. The immediate beneficiaries of this study will be students in the subject area and researchers interested in the history of Caribbean economic thought. These persons should have a much richer source from which to draw information, which will now include work with a genuinely Pan-Caribbean perspective. The project should also lead to the establishment of links between the various departments, research institutes and universities from which the collaborators are drawn. This will undoubtedly be useful for future collaborative ventures. The University of the West Indies, through its Department of Economics at the Mona Campus, also stands to benefit by establishing itself as the hub for collaboration in this field. This should prove vital in an increasingly globalised world where academic institutions need to offer something special if they are to justify their independent existence. In time, the Mona Campus should be able to offer courses in Caribbean economic thought through its distance education programme, to the wider world. This should help to establish the University as a centre for Caribbean studies. Ultimately the Caribbean people stand to benefit from the insights that will flow from a more thorough study of their intellectual history within the field of economics. 67

17 Homicidal Violence in the Caribbean: A Comparative Study Dr. Anthony Harriott Department of Government Criminal violence, particularly that of a lethal nature, is now recognised as an important regional problem and a major public policy concern for a number of Caribbean countries. Despite the recognition of the importance of this issue however, research on it is still very limited. Much of the scholarly literature is characterised by a generalised treatment of crime, or a discussion of violent crime that encapsulates criminal homicide in the broader categories of social violence and/or political violence. There has been very little research on specific types of violent crime. This research project seeks to undertake a comparative analysis of recent patterns of criminal homicide in three Commonwealth Caribbean nations (Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados) during the period The project has two primary objectives. Firstly, it will attempt to map the basic patterns of criminal homicide in the three countries over that period. Secondly, it will try to identify and explain the variations in homicidal patterns by analysing the differences in social structure and culture while taking into account the hot spots in social relations. In developing an explanation, the study will explore the relationship between the cross-national variation in homicide patterns, the interplay between structure and culture and the resulting variation in the adaptive responses to social disadvantage. In so doing, it will seek to isolate the combination of factors or convergent conditions that give rise to high homicide rates. The policy implications of this analysis for the control of lethal violence in the Caribbean setting will then be explored and broad directions for social policy sketched. By exploring the interrelationships between the structures and culture that contribute to high homicide rates, the study points to murder as a window on society and its most violence-prone conflict points and relationships. The analysis is not primarily concerned with why individuals kill or commit murder. Instead, it focuses on why some societies tend to generate high murder rate or what macro-social features account for high homicide rates. It will also examine why some societies are better able to control this problem and why even after experiencing extraordinarily high homicide rates, some are able to successfully reverse this trend, while others are confronted with an even more intractable and volatile problem. The Jamaican and other Caribbean experiences are thus treated as cases of general interest. 68

18 Sustainable Tourism Development in the Caribbean Dr. Chandana Jayawardena Department of Management Studies The research project seeks to develop a model for improving the co-operation amongst and strengthening the linkages between regional organisations, national tourism organisations and academic institutions in the Caribbean. All key players in the tourism sector are expected to benefit from the research findings, which should be useful in making tourism in the Caribbean more community oriented. The research involved 52 elite interviews, which were conducted with experts from 25 countries including 17 Caribbean countries. A Literature Review on the subject was also done. The following four articles were published during the 2000/01 academic year: * An Analysis of Tourism in the Caribbean, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Trends, Vol. 1, No. 3 HCIMA, UK, October 2000, pp * Creating Hospitality Management Educational Programmes in Developing Countries, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 13, No. 6, MCB University Press, UK, June * Strategic Planning and Management in Caribbean Tourism: Recent Research by Graduate Students, Journal of Education & Development in the Caribbean, Vol. 5, No. 1, Education and Research Associates, Jamaica, July * Challenges in International Hospitality Management Education, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 13, No. 7, MCB University Press, UK, July The general public and tourism practitioners from both the public and private sectors, as well as the academic community, should benefit from four forthcoming books, edited by the researcher and entitled: * Tourism and Hospitality Education and Training in the Caribbean * Caribbean Tourism: Visions, Missions and Challenges * Caribbean Tourism: People, Service and Hospitality * Caribbean Tourism: Special Interests and Communities 69