RUSI DEFENCE STUDIES SERIES PUBLISHED BY MACMILLAN

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1 RUSI DEFENCE STUDIES SERIES PUBLISHED BY MACMILLAN General Editor David Bolton, Director, Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies Editor Dr Brian Holden Reid Questions on defence give rise to emotion, sometimes to the detriment of balanced judgement. Since 1831 the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies has been noted for its objectivity, independence and initiative; the views of its members sharpened by responsibility and experience. In continuance of the Institute's aims, the RUSI Difence Series seeks to provide a wider understanding and better informed debate of defence and national security issues. However, the views expressed in the books are those of the authors alone. Published Works Richard Clutterbuck THE FUTURE OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE: Destabilization, Disorder and Terrorism Christopher Coker NATO, THE WARSAW PACT AND AFRICA THE FUTURE OF THE ATLANTIC ALLIANCE US MILITARY POWER IN THE 1980s Michael Hobkirk THE POLITICS OF DEFENCE BUDGETING: A Study of Organisation and Resource Allocation in the UK and USA Michael Leifer (editor) THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EAST ASIA K. G. Robertson (editor) BRITISH AND AMERICAN APPROACHES TO INTELLIGENCE.J ames Sherr (editor) SOVIET POWER: The Continuing Challenge E. S. Williams THE SOVIET MILITARY: Political Education, Training and Morale

2 Forthcoming Works Christopher Coker NATO'S OUT-Of-AREA OPERATIONS US MILITARY POWER IN THE 1990s Anthony H. Cordesman from LEBANON TO THE f ALKLANDS: The Lessons of five Wars farooq Hussain THE DEfENCE Of EUROPE Series Standlft, Order If you would like to receive future titles in this series as they are published, you can make use of our standing order facility. To place a standing order please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address and the name of the series. Please state with which title you wish to begin your standing order. (If you live outside the UK we may not have the rights for your area, in which case we will forward your order to the publisher concerned.) Standing Order Service, Macmillan Distribution Ud, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG212XS, England.

3 CAMPAIGNS AGAINST WESTERN DEFENCE NATO's Adversaries and Critics Clive Rose Second Edition M

4 Royal United Services Institute 1985, 1986 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First Edition and Reprint 1985 Second Edition 1986 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world Typeset by Wessex Typesetters (Division of The Eastern Press Ltd) Frome, Somerset British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Rose, Clive Campaigns against western defence: Nato's adversaries and critics.-2nd ed.-(rusi defence studies series) I. North Atlantic Treaty Organization 2. Strategy I. Title II. Series 355'.031' UA646.3 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI /

5 Contents Acknowledgements Glossary rif Abbreviations Preface to the Second Edition PART I INTRODUCTION 1 Adversaries and Critics 2 Western Defence Vll Vlll x 3 19 PART II ADVERSARIES: INTERNATIONAL FRONT ORGANISATIONS AND SOVIET PEACE CAMPAIGNS '3 The Origin of the International Front Organisations, The International Front Organisations since the Second World War 52 5 The World Peace Council 64 6 The International Department of the Soviet Communist Party and Related KGB Activities 77 7 Campaigns Against NATO 94 PART III CRITICS: PEACE MOVEMENTS IN THE WEST 8 Origin of the Peace Movement in the United Kingdom, The Peace Movement in the United Kingdom since

6 VI Contents 10 Peace Movements in Western Europe The Freeze Campaign in the United States and the Bishops' Letter 188 PART IV CONCLUSION 12 Unofficial Peace Activities in Eastern Europe Future Conditional 237 II ANNEXES I The United Kingdom Nuclear Deterrent 243 Profiles of the Principal International Front Organisations 246 III Estimated Soviet Subsidies to International Front Organisations, IV Generals for Peace and Disarmament 293 Notes 295 Index oj Names 303 General Index 311

7 Acknow ledgemen ts A number of people have contributed advice and practical help in the preparation of this book and thanks are due to all of them. Four require special mention. First I am indebted to the late Professor Leonard Schapiro, who generously made available to me the results of research undertaken under his auspices when he was chairman of the Institute for the Study of Conflict and encouraged me to take the development and publication of this work through to completion. This provided the basis for Chapters 3 to 7 and also much factual material incorporated in Chapters 10 and 12; it was originally put together in book form by Nigel Clive, who has continued to give me the benefit of his advice throughout. I am also grateful to Rosemary Baker, lately of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, for the major contribution she made to Chapter 8 and for her help with Chapter II; and to Brigadier Kenneth Hunt for his valuable advice on Chapter 2. While I gratefully acknowledge their help, I should make it clear that I alone am responsible for the content of the book and the views expressed in it. CLIVE ROSE Vll

8 Glossary of Abbreviations AAPSO Afro-Asian Peoples' ICESC International Committee Solidarity Organisation for European Security AFSC American Friends' and Cooperation Service Committee ICFTU International AGDF Action Group Service for Confederation of Free Peace (West Germany) Trade Unions ASF Action Group for Peace ID International and Reconciliation Department of the (West Germany) Central Committee of BPA British Peace Assemhly the CPSU CALC Clergy and Laity lid International Concerned (USA) Information Department CND Campaign for Nuclear of the Central Disarmament (UK) Committee CPC Christian Peace lip International Institute Conference for Peace CPGB Communist Party of IKV Interchurch Peace Great Britain Council (Netherlands) CPSU Communist Party of the ILF International Liaison Soviet Union Forum of Peace Forces CPUSA Communist Party of the IMEMO Institute of World USA Economy and DAC Direct Action International Relations Committee (UK) (USSR) DEMYC Democrat Youth INF Intermediate Range Community of Europe Nuclear Forces DKP West German IUS International Union of Communist Party Students END Campaign for European LNU League of Nations Nuclear Disarmament Union ERW Enhanced Radiation MIRV Multiple Independently Warhead - targetahle Re-entry FIR International Federation Vehicle of Resistance Fi,ghters OIRT International Radio and GLCM Ground Launched Television Organisation Cruise Missiles SED Socialist Unity Party IADL International (East Germanv) Association of WFDY \\'orld Fednation of Democratic Laywers Democratic Youth Vlll

9 Glossary if Abbreviations IX WFSW World Federation of WILPF Scientific Workers WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions WPC WIDF Women's International WSP Democratic Federation Women's International League for Peace and Freedom World Peace Council Women Strike for Peace

10 Preface to the Second Edition In preparing the text for this Second Edition, a number of changes have been made to take account of developments since it was written. These include amendments to names and data and the addition of some of the more important recent events. The opportunity has also been taken to recast two passages in Chapter 2 for greater clarity. Although this is in no sense a major revision, it does represent a revised and updated version of the original. January 1986 CLIVE ROSE x